Absher (application)
{{Short description|Saudi Arabian government application}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Absher
| logo = Absher.svg
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| logo caption = Absher for Individuals
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| developer = Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)
| released = 2010
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| operating system = Windows, Android, IOS, macOS, Linux
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| genre = Governmental services
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| website = {{URL|absher.sa}}
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Absher ({{Langx|ar|أبشر}} ‘Absher, roughly meaning "good tidings" or "yes, done"{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5532221/absher-saudi-arabia-what-to-know/ |title=What to Know About Saudi Arabia's 'Woman-Tracking' App |magazine=Time}}) is a smartphone application and web portal which allows citizens and residents of Saudi Arabia to use a variety of governmental services. Amongst several other services with the Absher app, it can be used to apply for jobs and Hajj permits, passport info can be updated, and electronic crimes can be reported.{{Cite web |url=https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/portal/Home/Home/!ut/p/z1/04_iUlDgAgP9CCATyEEmKOboR-UllmWmJ5Zk5ucl5uhH6EdGmcVbBro7e3iYGHm7GzqaGTh6mhv5G3iaGrp7Gul76UfhVxCcmqdfkB2oCABPX762/ |title=Official Webpage |date=16 February 2019|website=Ministry of the Interior of Saudi Arabia}} The application provides around 280 services for residents of Saudi Arabia{{Cite web |last=Essani |first=Abdul Samad |date=August 11, 2023 |title=Change Your Mobile Number in Absher. |url=https://theksatoday.com/change-mobile-number-in-absher/ |website=The KSA Today}} including but not limited to making appointments, renewing passports, residents' cards, IDs, driver's licenses and others,{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1453341/saudi-arabia|title=How 'Absher' app liberates Saudis from government bureaucracy|date=2019-02-17|publisher=Arab News |language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}} and, controversially, enables Saudi men to track the whereabouts of women they control as part of the country's male guardianship system.{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/02/12/human-rights-groups-call-apple-google-review-saudi-app-that-can-restrict-womens-travel/|title=Critics call on Apple and Google to shut down Saudi app that can restrict women's travel|last=Shaban|first=Hamza|date=12 February 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post }}
The app can be downloaded from the Google Play Store and Apple App Store and is supplied by the Saudi Interior Ministry.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/02/12/human-rights-groups-call-apple-google-review-saudi-app-that-can-restrict-womens-travel/ | title=Critics call on Apple and Google to shut down Saudi app that can restrict women's travel | newspaper=The Washington Post | author= Hamza Shaban | date=13 February 2019 | access-date=13 February 2019}}{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/apple-google-slammed-for-sporting-app-that-allows-saudi-men-to-track-women/articleshow/67915339.cms | title=Apple, Google slammed for sporting app that allows Saudi men to track women | work=The Economic Times | date=9 February 2019 | access-date=13 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213185000/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/apple-google-slammed-for-sporting-app-that-allows-saudi-men-to-track-women/articleshow/67915339.cms | archive-date=13 February 2019 | url-status=dead }} According to the Ministry of the Interior, Absher has more than 20 million users. As of February 2019, Absher has been downloaded 4.2 million times from the App Store.{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/02/13/absher-app/|title=Tim Cook says unaware of Absher app, used to spy on Saudi women, promises to investigate|last=Lovejoy|first=Ben|date=2019-02-13|publisher=9to5Mac|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-17}} Some services provided through Absher can also be accessed through the website absher.sa.
In March 2021, Saudi Arabia launched the digital version of the Absher for individuals app through which the users can download a copy of their digital ID.{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Digital ID service launched for expats in Saudi Arabia|url=https://arab.news/59gxp|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Arab News|language=en}} Then, new services were added to the platform such as online birth and death registration services, requesting amendments to academic credentials, correcting names in English and marital status and requesting civil records of children.{{Cite web|date=2021-03-30|title=Saudi Interior Ministry launches new online services|url=https://arab.news/yp2hw|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Arab News|language=en}}
Impact on women's rights
The app has been criticized by various human rights activists, human rights organisations and international communities. The US and European countries have also condemned the app and urged the kingdom to end its male guardianship system.{{cite web|url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/absher-saudi-arabia-defends-app-investigated-by-apple-google-2019-2|title=Saudi Arabia tried to justify its app that lets men control where women travel amid a firestorm of criticism| publisher=The Insider|access-date=12 February 2019}} Absher gained media attention in 2019 for its functions supporting the Saudi policy of male guardianship following an investigation by Business Insider.{{Cite web|last=Bostock|first=Bill|title=Saudi Arabia runs a huge, sinister online database of women that men use to track them and stop them from running away|url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/absher-saudi-website-men-control-women-stop-escape-2019-1|access-date=2019-02-22|website=INSIDER}} The app allows for designated guardians to receive notifications if a woman under their guardianship passes through an airport and subsequently gives them the option to withdraw her right to travel.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/13/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-app-women.html|title=Apple and Google Urged to Dump Saudi App That Lets Men Track Women|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|date=2019-02-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-16|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} In a few cases, this system has been circumvented by women who have been able to gain control over its settings and use it to allow themselves to travel.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/apple-google-criticised-for-saudi-government-app-activists-say-fuel-discrimination-2019-2|title=Apple and Google accused of helping 'enforce gender apartheid' by hosting Saudi government app that tracks women and stops them leaving the country|last=Bostock|first=Bill|website=INSIDER|access-date=2019-02-22}}
US Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon wrote a letter to the CEO's of Apple and Google, criticizing the app and demanding for its removal immediately. Wyden said "American companies should not enable or facilitate the Saudi government's patriarchy," and called the Saudi system of control over women "abhorrent".{{cite web|url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/absher-senator-ron-wyden-demands-apple-google-remove-saudi-govt-app-2019-2|title=A US Senator has demanded that Apple and Google remove a Saudi Arabian government app that allows men 'abhorrent' control over women's lives|publisher=The Insider|access-date=12 February 2019}} According to the EU lawmakers, current rules imposed over the women by the Saudi government make women “second-class citizens”. The lawmakers also asked the EU states to continue to build pressure on Riyadh so as to improve the conditions of women and human rights.{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-saudi-women/eu-lawmakers-urge-saudi-arabia-to-end-womens-guardianship-system-idUKKCN1Q327T|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214203836/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-saudi-women/eu-lawmakers-urge-saudi-arabia-to-end-womens-guardianship-system-idUKKCN1Q327T|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 14, 2019|title=EU lawmakers urge Saudi Arabia to end women's guardianship system|publisher=Reuters|access-date=14 February 2019}} Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch accused Apple and Google of helping "enforce gender apartheid" by hosting the app.{{cite web|url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/apple-google-criticised-for-saudi-government-app-activists-say-fuel-discrimination-2019-2|title=Apple and Google accused of helping 'enforce gender apartheid' by hosting Saudi government app that tracks women and stops them leaving the country|publisher=The Insider|access-date=8 February 2019}}x US congresswomen Rep. Katherine Clark and Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney condemned the kingdom's male guardianship system that reflected from the app, calling Absher a "patriarchal weapon" and asking for its removal.
In response to the criticism received by Absher, Apple chief executive officer Tim Cook stated in February 2019 that he intended to investigate the situation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/12/693994447/apple-google-criticized-for-carrying-app-that-lets-saudi-men-track-their-wives|title=Apple, Google Criticized For Carrying App That Lets Saudi Men Track Their Wives|website=NPR.org|date=12 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-18|last1=Sydell |first1=Laura }} Similarly, Google announced that it would also review the application.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/13/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-app-women.html|title=Apple and Google Urged to Dump Saudi App That Lets Men Track Women|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|date=2019-02-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} After a prompt review, Google declined to remove the app from Google Play, citing that it did not violate the agreed upon terms and conditions of the store.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/absher-google-refuses-to-remove-saudi-govt-app-that-tracks-women-2019-3|title=Google, siding with Saudi Arabia, refuses to remove widely-criticized government app which lets men track women and control their travel|last=Bostock|first=Bill|website=INSIDER|access-date=2019-03-03}}
Saudi doctor Khawla Al-Kuraya supported this app an editorial in Bloomberg News. Kuraya wrote that Absher helped Saudi women avoid governmental bureaucracy as it allows their male guardians to process their travel permits anywhere and anytime through Absher. Although she believes that the guardianship system needs to be reconsidered, she thinks that Absher is an important step towards facilitating women-guardians related issues in Saudi Arabia.{{cite news |last=Al-Kuraya |first=Khawla |title=Let Saudi Women Find Their Way |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-03-06/why-the-controversial-absher-app-actually-helps-saudi-women |work=Bloomberg News |date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 20, 2019}}
Absher manager Atiyah Al-Anazy announced in 2019 that two million women were using the application in Saudi Arabia to facilitate their transactions.{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1459206/saudi-arabia|title=2 million women on Absher as Saudi app users surge|date=2019-02-28|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}} Some female users stated that the application has made their movement and travel-related issues easier.{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5532221/absher-saudi-arabia-what-to-know/|title=What to Know About Saudi Arabia's 'Woman-Tracking' App|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}
New measures were introduced that year to allow Saudi women above the age of 18 to travel without their male guardians, which ultimately released male authoritative rights on women.{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudis-plan-to-ease-travel-restrictions-on-women-11562837401|title=Saudis Plan to Ease Travel Restrictions on Women|last=Said|first=Summer|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 July 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-14}} A law was subsequently passed allowing women over the age of 21 to receive a passport and travel without prior male permission.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-01/saudi-to-allow-women-to-travel-without-permission-okaz-says?srnd=markets-vp|title=Saudi Arabia Gives Women Travel Rights in Major Policy Shakeup|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-01}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/02/middleeast/saudi-women-travel-passport-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Saudi Arabian women finally allowed to hold passports and travel independently|author=Jessie Yeung and Hamdi Alkhshali|website=CNN|date=2 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-02}}