Abyssinian cat

Image:Zula.jpg

What is thought to be the earliest known designated Abyssinian cat is in an exhibit still residing in the Leiden Zoological Museum in The Netherlands. It was purchased around 1834-1836 from a supplier of small wild cat exhibits as a taxidermy and was labeled by the museum founder as "Patrie, domestica India."{{cite web | url=https://www.thegreatcat.org/cat-breeds-and-species/abyssinian/ | title=Abyssinian | date=23 July 2013 }} The first example of a domesticated Abyssinian, however, involves the story of a cat being brought to England by the British Lt. General Sir Robert Napier in 1868 who had returned from the Abyssinia War. The cat was given the name "Zula" and won first prize in the December 1871 Crystal Palace cat show.{{cite web | url=http://www.abyssiniandatabase.com/history.php | title=All About Abyssinian Cats - History of the Abyssinian Cat }}

Many modern Abyssinian breeders dispute Zula as having been the first domestic Abyssinian, arguing that the existing illustrations of Zula portray the cat as having ears too small for an Abyssinian and a coat too waved and long.

The breed was nearly wiped out in the United Kingdom following the Second World War and an outbreak of feline leukaemia virus, resulting in cats being imported from places such as Holland, America, Scandinavia, Australia, and New Zealand.{{cite web |last1=Barnes-Hookey |first1=Jacquie |title=History of the Abyssinian Cat |url=https://www.abycatassociation.co.uk/About_Abys/about_abys.html |website=Abyssinian Cat Association |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101094108/https://www.abycatassociation.co.uk/About_Abys/about_abys.html |url-status=dead }}

The Abyssinian is one of the oldest established cat breeds, being recognised in 1929 by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy. The breed was developed in the United Kingdom with references dating back to the 1890s.{{cite web |title=Abyssinian |url=https://www.gccfcats.org/getting-a-cat/choosing/cat-breeds/abyssinian/ |website=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy |access-date=1 January 2024}}

The Abyssinian is a lithe, fine-boned, muscular, medium to large sized cat. The average weight is {{cvt|10|lb|kg}} ranging between {{cvt|8-12|lb|kg}} with height ranging between {{cvt|8-10|in|cm}}.{{cite web |last1=Leeson |first1=Janelle |title=Abyssinian |website=PetMD |url=https://www.petmd.com/cat/breeds/abyssinian |access-date=3 January 2024}} The head is moderately wedge-shaped, with a slight break at the muzzle, and nose and chin ideally forming a straight vertical line when viewed in profile. They have alert, relatively large pointed ears. The eyes are almond-shaped and are gold, green, hazel or copper depending on coat colour. The legs tend to be long in proportion to a graceful body, with small oval paws; the tail is likewise long and tapering.{{cite web |title=Abysinnian standard |url=http://www.abyssiniancatclub.com/breed-standard.html |website=Abyssinian Cat Club |access-date=3 January 2024}}

Image:Ticking makro.jpg

Abyssinian kittens are born with dark coats that gradually lighten as they mature, usually over several months.{{Citation needed|reason=Claim about coat not featured on GCCF or ACC although it is likely true|date=January 2024}} The coat is short, and is ideally fine, not soft, dense, close-lying and silky to the touch. The ticked or agouti effect that is the trademark of the breed—genetically a variant of the tabby pattern—should be uniform over the body, although the ridge of the spine and tail, back of the hind legs and the pads of the paws are always noticeably darker. Each hair has a light base with three or four bands of additional colour growing darker towards the tip. The base colour should be as clear as possible; any extensive intermingling with grey is considered a serious fault. A tendency to white on the chin is common but likewise must be minimal. The typical tabby M-shaped marking is often found on the forehead.

Image:Valentino.jpg

The breed's original colour standard is a warm deep reddish-brown base with black ticking, known as "usual" in the United Kingdom, "tawny" in Australia, and "ruddy" elsewhere. Sorrel (also called cinnamon or red), a lighter coppery base with chocolate brown ticking, is a unique mutation of this original pattern. Other variants have been introduced by outcrossing to the Burmese and other shorthaired breeds, notably blue (on a warm beige base) and fawn (on a softer creamy peach base). The less common chocolate and lilac are not recognized in the Cat Fancier's Association (CFA) breed standard{{cite web |title=Abyssinian : POINT SCORE |website=Cfainc.org |url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/abyssinian.pdf |access-date=15 December 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701085055/http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/abyssinian.pdf |url-status=dead }} but have been granted full champion status in The International Cat Association (TICA){{cite web |title=Abyssinian Breed Group Standard |date=2008-05-01 |website=tica.org |url=https://tica.org/phocadownload/ab.pdf |access-date=11 October 2024}} and in the UK. The UK also recognizes the Silver Abyssinian, in which the base coat is a pure silvery white with black (called "usual silver"), blue, cream or sorrel ticking. Various other colour combinations are in development, including the "torbie", in which a patched tortoiseshell pattern in any of these colours is visible under the tabby banding.

The breed owes their distinctive coat to a dominant mutant gene known as Ta. In 2007, the first cat to have its entire genome published was an Abyssinian named Cinnamon.{{cite news |last=Highfield |first=Roger |date=31 October 2007 |title=Cinnamon the cat could offer hope to the blind |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3312347/Cinnamon-the-cat-could-offer-hope-to-the-blind.html |access-date=26 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103024108/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=%2Fearth%2F2007%2F10%2F31%2Fscicat131.xml |archive-date=3 November 2007 |publisher=The Daily Telegraph}}

Image:Abykitten.jpg

Veterinarian Joan O. Joshua has written that the "dog-like attachment to the owners" of Abyssinian and Burmese cats causes "greater dependence on human contacts". This stands in contrast to the mere "tolerant acceptance of human company" based around "comforts" that multiple other breeds display.{{cite book |pages=1 |title=The Clinical Aspects of Some Diseases of Cats |first=Joan O. |last=Joshua |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yjLBAAAQBAJ&q=Abyssinian%20%22dog-like%22&pg=PA1 |isbn=9781483226002 |publisher=Elsevier}}

With their interest in playing with their owners combined with their curious intelligence, Abyssinians are sometimes called the "Clowns of the Cat Kingdom".{{cite web|url=http://www.vcahospitals.com/main/cat-care/cat-breeds/abyssinian|title=Abyssinian|access-date=9 September 2016|publisher=VCA Animal Hospitals}} They have soft chirrup-like vocalizations which do not sound like the expected "meow".{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

A study comparing Oriental, Siamese and Abyssinian kittens to Norwegian Forest cat kittens found that the former group was more likely to recede and hide as well as display other 'shy' behaviour.{{cite journal |last1=Marchei |first1=P. |last2=Diverio |first2=S. |last3=Falloci |first3=N. |last4=Fatjó |first4=J. |last5=Ruiz-de-la-Torre |first5=J. L. |last6=Manteca |first6=X. |title=Breed differences in behavioural development in kittens |journal=Physiology & Behavior |date=23 March 2009 |volume=96 |issue=4–5 |pages=522–531 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.11.015 |pmid=19101579 |s2cid=12358514 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938408003764 |access-date=6 January 2024|url-access=subscription }}

Familial renal amyloidosis or AA amyloidosis, a kidney disorder due to a mutation in the AA amyloid protein gene, has been seen in Abyssinians.{{cite journal | vauthors = Niewold TA, van der Linde-Sipman JS, Murphy C, Tooten PC, Gruys E | title = Familial amyloidosis in cats: Siamese and Abyssinian AA proteins differ in primary sequence and pattern of deposition | journal = Amyloid | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 205–9 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10524286 | doi = 10.3109/13506129909007328 }} The Abyssinian has had severe problems with blindness caused by a hereditary retinal degeneration due to mutations in the rdAc gene. However, the prevalence has been reduced from 45% to less than 4% in 2008 in the country of Sweden.{{cite web |url=http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS686%20Narfstrom%20.pdf|title=Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics |website=Dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217192834/http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS686%20Narfstrom%20.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}} An Australian analysis found the Abyssinian to be over-represented in cases of feline infectious peritonitis when compared to the expected frequency based on census data (4.4% versus 1.5%).{{cite journal |last1=Worthing |first1=Kate A |last2=Wigney |first2=Denise I |last3=Dhand |first3=Navneet K |last4=Fawcett |first4=Anne |last5=McDonagh |first5=Phillip |last6=Malik |first6=Richard |last7=Norris |first7=Jacqueline M |title=Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis in Australian cats |journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery |date=7 March 2012 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.1177/1098612X12441875 |pmid=22398460 |pmc=10822597 |hdl=2123/14691 |hdl-access=free }} An American study had similar results with an odds ratio of 8.98.

In a review of over 5,000 cases of urate urolithiasis the Abyssinian was significantly under-represented, with only one of the recorded cases belonging to an Abyssinian.{{cite journal |last1=Albasan |first1=H. |last2=Osborne |first2=C. A. |last3=Lulich |first3=J. P. |last4=Lekcharoensuk |first4=C. |title=Risk factors for urate uroliths in cats. |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |date=2012 |volume=240 |issue=7 |pages=842–847 |pmid=22443437 |doi=10.2460/javma.240.7.842 |pmc= |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22443437}}

The 2008 study "The Ascent of Cat Breeds: Genetic Evaluations of Breeds and Worldwide Random-bred Populations" by Lipinski et al. conducted at UC Davis by the team led by leading feline geneticist Dr Leslie Lyons found that the Abyssinian has a low level of genetic diversity, a heterozygosity value of 0.45 within a range of 0.34–0.69 for all breeds studied, and has genetic markers common to both Southeast Asian and Western breeds indicating that cats from both Asia and Europe were used to create the breed.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipinski MJ, Froenicke L, Baysac KC, Billings NC, Leutenegger CM, Levy AM, Longeri M, Niini T, Ozpinar H, Slater MR, Pedersen NC, Lyons LA | title = The ascent of cat breeds: genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations | journal = Genomics | volume = 91 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–21 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18060738 | pmc = 2267438 | doi = 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 }}

The Abyssinian was found to be predisposed to feline atopic dermatitis in a retrospective study of cases of the disease.{{cite journal | last1=Ravens | first1=Philippa A. | last2=Xu | first2=Bei J. | last3=Vogelnest | first3=Linda J. | title=Feline atopic dermatitis: a retrospective study of 45 cases (2001–2012) | journal=Veterinary Dermatology | volume=25 | issue=2 | date=2014 | pages=95-102, e27-8 | issn=0959-4493 | doi=10.1111/vde.12109 | pmid=24597491 }}

The Abyssinian is predisposed to psychogenic alopecia.{{cite book | last1=Hnilica | first1=Keith A. | last2=Patterson | first2=Adam P. | title=Small Animal Dermatology | publisher=Saunders | publication-place=St. Louis (Miss.) | date=2016-09-19 | isbn=978-0-323-37651-8 | page=}}

An American study found the Abyssinian to be at increased risk of aortic thromboembolism with an odds ratio of 6.03.{{cite book | last1=Gough | first1=Alex | last2=Thomas | first2=Alison | last3=O'Neill | first3=Dan G. | title=Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats | publisher=Wiley Blackwell | publication-place=Hoboken | date=2018 | isbn=978-1-119-22558-4 | pages=227–228}}

A retrospective study in the US found the Abyssinian to be predisposed to acquired myasthaenia gravis with an odds ratio of 4.97.

Mycobacterium avium complex infection is a very rare disease: 10/12 cases were Abyssinians.

A study of cases of patellar luxation in the USA and in Europe found 38% (26/69) Abyssinians had the condition compared to 1/84 for other breeds.

The Abyssinian is the cat breed most commonly affected by progressive retinal atrophy. The condition is caused by two separate mutations in the breed. Early onset PRA is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the CRX gene. Late onset PRA is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in the CEP290 gene.{{cite book |author1-first=James A.C. |author1-last=Oliver |author2-first=Cathryn S. |author2-last=Mellersh | editor1-first=Barbara | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Mullineaux |editor3-first=Lynn | editor3-last=Turner |title=BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing |date=2020 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910-44339-2 |edition=Sixth|chapter=Genetics| page=131}}

The Abyssinian is one of the more commonly affected breeds for pyruvate kinase deficiency. An autosomal recessive mutation of the PKLR gene is responsible for the condition in the breed.

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