Adelphoi Zangaki
{{Short description|Greek photographic studio active in Cairo and Port Said (1860s–1890s)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
|name = Adelphoi Zangaki (Zangaki Brothers)
|image = One of the Zangaki brothers.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption = One of the Zangaki brothers, sitting on a cannon and pointing to the initials G.Z. carved on its barrel, most likely George, 1870s
|native_name=
|native_name_lang=
|birth_name = (Probably) George and Constantinos Zangakis
|birth_date = Dates unknown
|birth_place=
|death_date = Unknown
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|resting_place=
|nationality = Greek
|known_for = Photographers
|notable_works=
|style=
|movement = Orientalist
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The Adelphoi Zangaki (Zangaki Brothers), known by their probable initials C. and G. Zangaki,{{cite book |last= Hannavy |first= John |title= Zangaki Brothers (active 1870s–1900s) |page= 1521 |editor= John Hannavy |work= Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography |publisher= Routledge |year= 2013 |orig-year= 2008 |isbn= 9781135873271 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1521 |access-date= 24 August 2021}}[http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Zangaki__Brothers/A/ Zangaki Brothers], Luminous-Lint were two brothers of Greek origin, active as photographers in Ottoman Egypt from the 1860s through to the 1890s. They specialized in photographing ancient monuments and scenes of everyday life, producing photographic prints for the tourist trade.[https://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/C0990 C. & G. Zangaki Photographs Collection, 1870–1875], Princeton University Library Finding Aids. Note: The Zangaki Collection Finding Aid at Princeton University lists them as functioning from 1870 to 1875[http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/rcs_photographers/entry.php?id=495 RCS Index to Photographers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305162503/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/rcs_photographers/entry.php?id=495 |date=5 March 2012 }}, Cambridge University Library. Note: The Royal Commonwealth Society Photographers Index database at Cambridge University lists them as in the 1880s and 1890s. They occasionally worked with the French photographer Hippolyte Arnoux in Port Said, documenting the works on the Suez Canal. Further, they were among the first commercial photographers to produce large scale images of late 19th- century Egypt.
Background
Little is known about the Zangaki brothers, except their initials, C. and G., and that they worked out of Port Said and Cairo from around the 1860s through to at least the 1890s. Many of the Zangaki photographs are signed with a brother's initial and/or a place of business, e.g., "C. Zangaki" or "Zangaki, Cairo" or occasionally "A. Zangaki".Perez, Nissan N. Focus East: Early photography in the Near East (1839–1885). New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988, p. 233.
For a long time, it was believed that "A. Zangaki" was a single photographer. However, with the discovery of a signboard with the name "Adelphoi Zangaki", it became clear that these were brothers. Scholars believe that their names were George and Constantinos (or Costas),Apostolou, Irini. "Photographes Français et Locaux en Orient Méditerranéen au XXIX siècle: Quelques cas de collaboration". Bulletin du Centre de Recherche Français à Jérusalem, Vol. 24, 2013 (translated from French) and that they were born on the Greek island of Milos, while others have suggested that they were Cypriot. However, no definitive evidence pertaining to their place and date of birth extists. How they came to learn photography is also unclear. However, shortly after their arrival in Egypt they had become established photographers with studios in Cairo and Port Said.
Early photographers in Egypt
By the 1850s, tourist travel to Egypt created strong demand for photographs as souvenirs. A small group of early photographers, mostly of French origin, made their way to Cairo and the Nile valley to capitalise on this demand. These pioneering photographers included Félix Bonfils (1831–1885); Gustave Le Gray (1820–1884), Emile Béchard (his brother Henri signed some of his photographs; active 1860–1890); the British-Italian brothers Antonio Beato (c. 1832–1906) and Felice Beato (1832–1909) as well as Hippolyte Arnoux (active between 1860 and 1890) and some years later, Gabriel Lekegian (1853–1920).{{cite book |last= Jacobson |first= Ken |title= Odalisques and Arabesques: Orientalist Photography, 1839–1925 |page= 277 |editor-last= |editor-first= |publisher=Bernard Quaritch Ltd |location= London |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-9550852-5-3}}
Career
Photographs taken by the Zangaki brothers are found in tourists' albums assembled in the Middle East in the second half of the 19th century. From their Port Said studio, they were ideally situated to sell to Europeans visiting Egypt as part of a Grand Tour. The Zangaki brothers traveled along the Nile, accompanied by a horse-drawn darkroom wagon to document the Egyptian scenery, architecture and events. Images included views of the pyramids at Giza or the Sphinx and cities, such as Suez or Alexandria, as well of Egyptians going about their daily lives, e.g., a teacher and pupils, men working by the Nile or women at home.Cavatorta, Claudia. [http://rivista.aft.it/aftriv/controller.jsp?action=rivista_browse&rivista_id=36&rivista_pagina=18#pag_18 "I fratelli Zangaki a Port Said"], AFT Rivista di Storia e Fotografia, Vol. 44, 2006.
They may have worked with the French photographer Hippolyte Arnoux to document the construction of the Suez Canal. Most scholars believe that Arnoux was the official Suez photographer and that the Zangaki Brothers may have assisted him. However, the precise nature of their relationship is unclear, since Arnoux's biography is just as enigmatic as that of the Zangaki brothers. Their relationship soured in 1874, when Arnoux instigated litigation against the Zangaki Brothers and one Spiridion Antippa, accusing them of usurping his intellectual property. Arnoux was successful, as on 29 June 1876, the Court of Ismailia recognized them as "guilty of usurpation of artistic and industrial property and unfair competition."
In Palestine they photographed areas of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Mar Saba, Mount Tabor and the Jerusalem railway. Some of their original glass negatives as well as prints are in the collection of the Palestine Exploration Fund.{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Lydia |date=1981 |title=Nineteenth-Century Photographs in the Palestine Exploration fund Collection |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/peq.1981.113.1.63 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |language=en |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=63–66 |doi=10.1179/peq.1981.113.1.63 |issn=0031-0328}}
Recognition
Art historian John Hannavy acknowledged that the Zangaki brothers "produced some of the finest images" of the late 19th century in Egypt. Mainly produced for the expectations of the flourishing European tourist trade in Egypt, they are highly prized by historians and collectors for their representations of life at the time.
File:Sphynx et la grande pyramide..jpg|The Sphynx and the Great Pyramid at Giza
File:Zangaki. 0975. Louxor ensemble des colonnades.jpg|Colonnade at Luxor
File:Zangaki. 0728. Isis (Dendérah).jpg|Dendera
File:Zangaki. 0297. Vue du Caire et mosque Sultan Hussan.jpg|Sultan Hassan Mosque, Cairo
File:Zangaki. 0335. Mosquee Kaïd bey.jpg|Kaïd Bey Mosque, Cairo
File:Inundation du Nil et palmiers..jpg|Inundated scene on the Nile
File:Zangaki. 0214. Dahabie sur le Nil Egypte.jpg|Nile boat (Dahabeah)
File:Zangaki. 0896. Arab with Three Wives and Two Servants cropped.jpg|Egyptian family with servants
File:MMoCA192a (MA) Photograph by C. Zangaki.jpg|Karnak, Gate of Ptolemy III
File:MMoCA192b (MA) Photograph by C. Zangaki.jpg|Philae Island
See also
References
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External links
{{commons category|Zangaki Brothers}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305162503/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/rcs_photographers/entry.php?id=495 Royal Commonwealth Society Photographers Index: Zangaki], accessed 5 January 2011.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20101212051820/http://www.vintageragtrader.com/vintage-photography-egypt/vintage-photography-the-zangaki-brothers/ Vintage Photography The Zangaki Brothers: Zangaki Brothers in Egypt], accessed 5 January 2011.
- [http://portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=5034;type=701 Adelphoi Zangaki Studio], Portland Art Museum's Online Collections
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Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Year of death uncertain
Category:19th-century Greek artists
Category:Greek photojournalists
Category:Pioneers of photography
Category:Photographers in Palestine (region)