Aerial lift

{{Main|Aerial tramway}}

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|image1=CH Furtschellas aerial tram.jpg

|caption1=Cable car in Engadine, Switzerland, suspended on two support cables with an additional haul rope.

|image2=Aiguille fg02.jpg

|caption2=Cable Car to the Aiguille du Midi, France, suspended on one support cable with an additional haul rope.

|image3=MountTsukuba-Ropeway-aerial lift-Japan-March5-2015.ogv

|caption3=Video of an aerial tramway going downhill at Mount Tsukuba in Ibaraki, Japan.

|image4=Cable car Gondola Ancol Jakarta Bay City.jpg

|caption4=Cable Car past the coastline at Ancol, Indonesia

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An aerial tramway, aerial tram (American English) or a cable car (British English), uses one or two stationary ropes for support while a separate moving rope provides propulsion.[http://gondolaproject.com/2010/04/24/technologies-module-5-aerial-trams/ The Gondola Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517212252/http://gondolaproject.com/2010/04/24/technologies-module-5-aerial-trams/ |date=2017-05-17 }} Aerial Technologies, Lesson 5: Aerial Trams - Retrieved on 2010-04-24 The grip of an aerial tramway is permanently fixed onto the propulsion rope. Aerial trams used for urban transport include the Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City, as well as the Portland Aerial Tram.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

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{{Main|Gondola lift}}

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|image1=Emirates Air Line towers 24 May 2012.jpg

|caption1=The London Cable Car over the River Thames, London.

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|caption2=A gondola lift in Tignes, France.

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A gondola lift consists of a continuously circulating cable that is strung between two or more stations, over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a bullwheel in a terminal, which is connected to an engine or electric motor.[http://adr.coalliance.org/cog/fez/eserv/cog:165/neumann.pdf Cable Propelled Systems in Urban Environments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314141047/http://adr.coalliance.org/cog/fez/eserv/cog%3A165/neumann.pdf |date=2012-03-14 }} Edward S. Neumann - Retrieved on 2010-08-05 Multiple gondola cabins are attached to the cable, usually with detachable grips, enabling them to slow down in the stations to facilitate safe boarding. Fixed-grip variants exist, although these are considerably less common. Lifts with a single cable are sometimes referred to as "mono-cable" gondola lifts. Depending on the design of the individual lift, the capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically. Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alpine regions of Europe, the French language name of télécabine is also used in an English-language context. Gondola lifts are also used for urban transportation. Examples include the Singapore Cable Car, Metrocable (Medellín), Metrocable (Caracas), Mi Teleférico (La Paz), and London Cable Car.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

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{{Main|Bicable gondola lift|Tricable gondola lift}}

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|caption1=The Ngong Ping 360 bicable gondola lift in Hong Kong, built by Leitner.

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|caption2=A tricable gondola lift at the Stubaier Gletscher, Austria.

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Gondola lifts which feature one stationary 'support' rope and one haul rope are known as bi-cable gondola lifts, while lifts that feature two support ropes and one haul rope are known as tri-cable gondola lifts. Examples include Ngong Ping Skyrail (Hong Kong) and the Peak 2 Peak Gondola (Canada).{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

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{{Main|Funitel}}

Image:Funitel Fond.JPG, France]]

A funitel differs from a standard gondola lift through the use of two overhead arms, attached to two parallel haul cables, providing more stability in high winds.{{Cite web|url=http://gondolaproject.com/funitel/|title=funitel « The Gondola Project|website=Gondolaproject.com|date=28 October 2011|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-22}} The name funitel is a blend of the French words funiculaire and telepherique. Systems may sometimes be referred to as "double monocable" (DMC), where two separate haul cables are used, or "double loop monocable" (DLM) where a single haul cable is looped round twice.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Funitels combine a short time between successive cabins with a high capacity (20 to 30 people){{Cite web|url=http://www.seilbahntechnik.net/lifte/Ort/funitel/page1.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210134151/http://www.seilbahntechnik.net/lifte/Ort/funitel/page1.php|url-status=dead|title=Lift-World :: Lift-Database - Funitels|archive-date=10 February 2012|access-date=26 June 2022}} per cabin.

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File:Funifor Arabba Porta Vescovo.jpg

File:Bezau Bergbahn5 TalstationSeilreiter.jpg

A funifor is a type of cable car with two support ropes and a haul rope, looped around. Each system is composed of a single cabin shuttling back-and-forth. Many installations are built with two parallel, but independent, lines. The funifor design was developed by the Italian manufacturer, Hölzl, which later merged with Doppelmayr Italia. Today, the design is therefore patented by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group.{{cite web |title= Funifor |publisher=Doppelmayr Garaventa Group |url=http://www.doppelmayr.com/nc/en/doppelmayr-international/products/funifor.html?country=all&sword_list%5B%5D=funifor |access-date= 2010-12-10}}

At the top of each track, the haul rope loops back to the bottom instead of looping over to serve the other track, as would occur with a normal aerial tramway. This is shown in the diagram below. This feature allows for a single cabin operation when traffic warrants. The independent drive also allows for evacuations to occur by means of a bridge connection between adjacent cabins.

{{cite web

| title = Doppelmayr: A convenient trip to the Portavescovo with the Funifor

| publisher = ropeways.net (SEC - Software Engineering Center, Wanker & Viehauser OEG)

| date = 2006-08-11

| url = http://www.ropeways.net/index.htm?karo=781

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928153115/http://www.ropeways.net/index.htm?karo=781

| archive-date = 2007-09-28

| access-date = 2007-01-13 }}

The main advantage of the funifor system is its stability in high wind conditions owing to the horizontal distance between the two support ropes.

File:Funifor diagram.svg

{{Main|Chairlift|Detachable chairlift}}

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|caption1=Fixed grip chairlift at Stresa, Italy.

|image2=Chair lift in Bad Hofgastein Austria.jpg

|caption2=A detachable chairlift with a bubble, in Bad Hofgastein, Austria.

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Chairlifts are continuously circulating systems carrying chairs, which usually enable skiers to board without removing skis. They are a common type of lift at most ski areas and in mountainous areas. They can also be found at some amusement parks and tourist attractions.{{Cite web|url=https://liftblog.com/scenic-skyway-knoebels-pa/|title=Scenic Skyway - Knoebels, PA}}

Detachable chairlifts usually move far faster than fixed-grip chairlifts, typically {{convert|5|m/s|ft/s|1|abbr=on}} compared with {{convert|2|to|2.5|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}. Because the cable moves faster than most passengers could safely disembark and load, each chair is connected to the cable by a powerful spring-loaded cable grip which detaches at terminals, allowing the chair to slow considerably for convenient loading and unloading at a typical speed of {{cvt|0.75|m/s|ft/s}}, a speed slower even than fixed-grip. Chairs may be fitted with a "bubble" canopy to offer weather protection.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

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{{Main|Hybrid lift}}

File:Cgd panoramabahn.jpg

A hybrid lift is a fusion of a gondola lift and a chair lift. The company Leitner refers to it as telemix,{{Cite web|url=https://www.leitner-ropeways.com/en/products/telemix-24/|title=Telemix - Products - LEITNER ropeways|website=Leitner-ropeways.com|language=de|access-date=2019-08-14}} while Doppelmayr uses the term combination lift.{{Cite web|url=https://www.doppelmayr.com/en/products/combination-lift/|title=Combination Lift {{!}} Products|website=Doppelmayr.com|access-date=2019-08-14}} An example is Ski Arlberg's Weibermahd lift in Vorarlberg (Austria) which alternates between 8-person chairlifts and 10-person gondolas.{{Cite web|url=https://www.doppelmayr.com/en/products/references/810-cgd-weibermahd/|title=8/10-CGD Weibermahd|website=Doppelmayr.com}}

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File:Aerial ropeways Nepal Tuin.jpg

In undeveloped areas with rough terrain, simple hand-powered cable-cars may be used for crossing rivers, such as the tuin used in Nepal.{{cite web|url=http://practicalaction.org/tuin-river-crossings-3|title=Tuin river crossings|publisher=Practical Action|access-date=2012-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411095735/https://practicalaction.org/tuin-river-crossings-3|archive-date=2019-04-11|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.appropedia.org/Aerial_Ropeways_in_Nepal|title=Aerial Ropeways in Nepal|publisher=Appropedia|access-date=2012-06-09}}

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File:Kalklinbanan-Granhammar.jpg, Sweden]]

{{Main|Material ropeway}}

A material ropeway or ropeway conveyorErnst, Dr.-Ing. Richard (1989). Wörterbuch der Industriellen Technik (5th ed.). Wiesbaden: Oscar Brandstetter, 1989, p. 659. {{ISBN|3-87097-145-2}}. is an aerial lift from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended. These are usually monocable or bicable gondola lifts.

Material ropeways are typically found around large mining concerns, and can be of considerable length. The COMILOG Cableway, which ran from Moanda in Gabon to Mbinda in the Republic of the Congo, was over 75 km in length. The Norsjö aerial tramway in Sweden had a length of 96 kilometers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

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The following abbreviations are frequently used in the industry:{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

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style="background: none;" ! width="5%" |en !! English !! width="5%" |fr !! French !! |de !! German

style="text-align:center" |ATW | Aerial Tramway | style="text-align:center" |TPH | Téléphérique | style="text-align:center" |PB | Pendelbahn

style="text-align:center" |MGD | Monocable gondola detachable | style="text-align:center" |TCD | Télécabine débrayable | style="text-align:center" |EUB | Einseilumlaufbahn

style="text-align:center" |BGD | Bicable gondola detachable | style="text-align:center" |TPH 2S | Téléphérique 2S | style="text-align:center" |ZUB | Zweiseilumlaufbahn

style="text-align:center" |TGD | Tricable gondola detachable | style="text-align:center" |TPH 3S | Téléphérique 3S | style="text-align:center" |3S | 3S-Bahn

style="text-align:center" |MGFP | Monocable gondola fixed grip pulsed | style="text-align:center" |TCP | Télécabine pulsée | style="text-align:center" |GUB | Einseil-Gruppenumlaufbahn

style="text-align:center" |MGFJ | Monocable gondola fixed grip jigback | style="text-align:center" |TCV | Télécabine à va-et-vient | style="text-align:center" |GPB | Einseil-Gruppenpendelbahn

style="text-align:center" |BGFP | Bicable gondola fixed grip pulsed | style="text-align:center" |TPH P | Téléphérique pulsé | style="text-align:center" | | Zweiseil-Gruppenumlaufbahn

style="text-align:center" |CLF | Chairlift fixed grip | style="text-align:center" |TSF | Télésiège à pince fixe | style="text-align:center" |SB | Sesselbahn fix geklemmt

style="text-align:center" |CLD | Chairlift detachable | style="text-align:center" |TSD | Télésiège débrayable | style="text-align:center" |KSB | kuppelbare Sesselbahn

style="text-align:center" |CGD | Chairlift gondola detachable | style="text-align:center" |TSCD or TMX | Téléporté débrayable avec sièges et cabines or Télémix | style="text-align:center" | | Kombibahn (Sessel + Gondel)

style="text-align:center" |FT | Funitel | style="text-align:center" |FUN | Funitel | style="text-align:center" | | Funitel

style="text-align:center" |FUF | Funifor | style="text-align:center" |FUF | Funifor | style="text-align:center" | | Funifor

style="text-align:center" |RPC | Rope conveyor | style="text-align:center" | | Télécorde | style="text-align:center" | | Materialseilbahn

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• Blondin (quarry equipment)
• Cable car (railway)
• Funicular
• List of aerial lift manufacturers
• Space elevator
• Surface lift, another transportation technology

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