African Union Mission to Somalia

During 2005 the Transitional Federal Government was deeply divided over the issue of a possible deployment of foreign troops in Somalia. Various prominent Somali leaders and groups threatened to forcefully oppose such an intervention.{{Cite web |date=9 Feb 2005 |title=Somalia: Don't Cross the Mogadishu Line |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2005/0209jeopardise.htm |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Global Policy Forum |publisher=International Crisis Group}} The IGAD planned on deploying in March 2005 despite significant opposition, though the operation was cancelled.[http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_10145.html "IGAD to deploy peacekeepers despite opposition by faction leaders"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918213557/http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_10145.html|date=2006-09-18}}, IRIN, 16 March 2005 As early as 25 March 2005 the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a rising Islamist group fighting warlords in Mogadishu, warned that any foreigner peacekeepers deployed to Somalia would be unwelcome and face death.{{Cite news |date=2005-03-25 |title=Somali 'jihad' on foreign troops |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4382311.stm |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} Faced with the ascendancy of the ICU after taking over the capital in the Battle of Mogadishu between May and June 2006, UN-watchers were growing concerned with the level of hostility of the ICU towards the proposed foreign deployment.[http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.1816671/k.B3AC/July_2006BRSomalia.htm Security Council Report: July 2006: Somalia] Security Council Report The African Union adopted a plan to deploy troops to Somalia on 14 September 2006.{{cite web |title=Humanitarian – Thomson Reuters Foundation News |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/2e06722a1a1ba530d77bcf352c87ebd6.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926065707/http://mobile.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/2e06722a1a1ba530d77bcf352c87ebd6.htm |archive-date=2006-09-26 |access-date=13 July 2017 |website=www.Alertnet.org}} Plans for a foreign deployment continued, though the ICU was clearly opposed, as they saw IGASOM as a US/Western means to curb their growth. Until December 2006, the UN Security Council had imposed an arms embargo on the group,{{cite web |title=Sam Kutesa: We call on the Security Council to lift the arms embargo to enable deployment of IGASOM and AU Forces. |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/uganda-e.pdf |access-date=13 July 2017 |website=UN.org}} but the embargo was partially lifted and a mandate for foreign troops was issued on 6 December 2006 for six months.{{cite web |date=7 December 2006 |title=U.N. approves troops for Somalia |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-somalia7dec07,1,5006337.story?coll=la-headlines-world |access-date=7 December 2006 |website=Los Angeles Times}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

The African Union's involvement in the war came at the insistence of both Ethiopia and the United States for the organization to take over the role of ‘regime changer’. In effect, the newly planned AU military operation in Somalia was an attempt to legitimize the Ethiopian invasion and TFG. According to Cocodia, "AMISOM was more a tool for regime change than it was a peace operation."{{Cite journal |last=Cocodia |first=Jude |date=2021-04-03 |title=Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |journal=African Security |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |issn=1939-2206 |quote=The AU’s involvement was an attempt to legitimize the Ethiopian invasion and the TFG. The dominant narrative of the AUs peace operation has masked the intervention for what it truly was. AMISOM was more a tool for regime change than it was a peace operation.|url-access=subscription }}{{cite web |title=AMISOM background |url=https://amisom-au.org/amisom-background/ |publisher=AMISOM}} AMISOM's deployment served as an exit strategy for Ethiopian troops, as their presence was inflaming an insurgency.{{Cite book |last=Cocodia |first=Jude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHE3DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22ethiopian+occupation%22+mogadishu&pg=PT82 |title=Peacekeeping and the African Union: Building Negative Peace |date=2017-09-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-59757-9 |language=en}} On 20 February 2007, the United Nations granted authorization for the deployment of a peacekeeping mission by the African Union, known as the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM). The mission's stated primary objective was to provide support for a national reconciliation congress in Somalia. File:Burundi peacekeepers prepare for next rotation to Somalia, Bjumbura, Burundi 012210 (4324781393).jpgFrom 2007 to 2009, AMISOM was predominantly composed of troops from Uganda, Burundi, and a few Kenyans. During 2007, the operation relied heavily on Ugandan Peoples Defence Forces (UPDF), as Uganda played a crucial role in offering support to the initiation of the mission. By the end of the year, Burundian troops also joined the effort. AMISOM's initial mandate did not permit the use of offensive force, resulting in limited involvement in the conflict between Ethiopian forces and the insurgency. This dynamic led to growing tensions between AMISOM and the ENDF, exacerbated by a lack of transparency from Ethiopia regarding its objectives within Somalia.{{Cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Peter |last2=Haenlein |first2=Cathy |date=2016-01-02 |title=Fragmented Peacekeeping: The African Union in Somalia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071847.2016.1152121 |journal=The RUSI Journal |language=en |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=50–61 |doi=10.1080/03071847.2016.1152121 |issn=0307-1847 |s2cid=155893368|url-access=subscription }} The European Union was reportedly 'exceptionally unhappy' about the heavy US support for the December invasion, and held back funds for the newly created AMISOM mission for several months.{{Cite journal |last=Samatar |first=Abdi Ismail |date=2007 |title=Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406369 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=34 |issue=111 |pages=155–165 |issn=0305-6244 |jstor=20406369}}

The African Union Peace and Security Council authorized AMISOM in January 2007, explicitly assuming that it would become a UN mission after six months.(AU, PSC/PR/2(LXIX), 19 January 2007.) On 21 February 2007, the United Nations Security Council authorized the AU to deploy a peacekeeping mission with a mandate of six months. On 20 August 2007, the United Nations Security Council extended the African Union's authorisation to continue deploying AMISOM for a further six months and requested the Secretary-General to explore the option of replacing AMISOM with a United Nations mission to Somalia.File:Advance contingent of AMISOM troops deployed in Baidoa 04 (7213736522).jpgOn 31 May 2019, the Security Council unanimously approved United Nations Security Council Resolution 2472, authorising Member States of the African Union to maintain the deployment of AMISOM until 31 May 2020, with a reduction of the number of troops to 19,626 by 28 February 2020.{{cite web|url=http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2472 |title=The situation in Somalia (2019) |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=12 July 2019}}

The Security Council decided [on 29 May] to reauthorize the deployment of African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) personnel for nine months, requiring them to support security in the lead-up to elections and to work towards the gradual hand-over of responsibility to Somali forces by 2021.{{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14198.doc.htm|title=Security Council Reauthorizes Deployment of African Union Mission in Somalia, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2520 (2020)|publisher=United Nations|date=29 May 2020}}

File:Sierra Leone troops complete AMISOM deployment training (7374147816).jpg prior to deployment to Somalia, 2012]]

IGASOM was expected to eventually reach 8,000 troops, with an expected cost of $335 million for the first year. According to UN Security Council Resolution 1725, states bordering Somalia would not be eligible to deploy troops under IGASOM. The remaining (non-bordering) IGAD member nations include Sudan, Eritrea, and Uganda. Because of the objection of the burden falling on these three nations alone (and the rivalry between Ethiopia and Eritrea), the mission was expanded to include other member states of the African Union.

AMISOM has a different composition. As proposed, it comprised an initial three battalions, growing to a total of nine battalions of 850 troops each, which would serve for an initial stabilization period of six months. The mission was to be modelled after the African Union Mission in Burundi (AMIB).

Though IGAD and the ICU met and published a cordial and formal communique[http://www.igad.org/psd/IGAD_SCIC_COMMUNIQUE_2ND_DEC_06.pdf Communique] IGAD {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221031526/http://www.igad.org/psd/IGAD_SCIC_COMMUNIQUE_2ND_DEC_06.pdf |date=21 December 2006 }} committing the ICU to the IGAD plans on 2 December, by the time United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725 was passed on 6 December,{{UN document|docid=S-RES-1725(2006)|type=Resolution|body=Security Council|year=2006|resolution_number=1725|access-date=13 March 2008}} the ICU was openly and militantly opposed to peacekeepers entering Somalia, and vowed to treat any peacekeepers as hostile forces. Because of regional divisions, there were also UIC resistance to allowing Ethiopian troops be part of the mission. Ethiopia, for its part, was leery of allowing Eritrean troops to be members of the IGAD peacekeeping force.

In the face of ICU threats, Uganda, the only IGAD members who had openly offered to send forces (a battalion), withdrew in the face of concerns of the present feasibility of the mission.[http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.2266983/k.5E/December_2006BRSomalia.htm Security Council Report: December 2006: Somalia] Security Council Report{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20070930154004/http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne1830.htm Controversy in Ugandan government over sending troops to Somalia]}} Shabelle Media Network{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20070927195844/http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne1846.htm Uganda in quandary of sending peacekeepers to Somalia]}} Shabelle Media Networks In Uganda's defense, the crisis does not allow for peacekeepers when there are active hostilities conducted with heavy weapons (see Battle of Baidoa).

On 1 January 2007, after the defeat of the ICU in various battles in December 2006, Uganda again renewed its pledge of a battalion of troops. Between Uganda and Nigeria (which is a Member State of the African Union, but not of Intergovernmental Authority on Development), there was a pledge of a total of 8,000 peacekeepers.{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20070930165006/http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne1977.htm Ugandan troops ready to deploy to Somalia within days]}} Shabelle Media Network Ghana, Rwanda and Tanzania were reported to be considering sending forces.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6301809.stm | work=BBC News | title=Five killed in Mogadishu attacks | date=26 January 2007 | access-date=23 April 2010}}

File:Machine gunners with 1st Sapper Company, Burundi National Defense Force, focus on their targets during a combined arms training event, June 26, 2012.jpg

Following the defeat of the Islamic Courts Union in December 2006 – January 2007 the international community began to gather both fiscal commitments as well as military forces for the mission. Nations of the African Union (AU) outside the Intergovernmental Authority on Development community were drawn on to provide support.

On 17 January 2007, the US ambassador to Kenya, Michael Ranneberger, said the US pledged $40 million to support the deployment of a peacekeeping force for Somalia.{{cite news

|title=US gives Somalia Sh6.4 billion

|url=http://www.timesnews.co.ke/18jan07/nwsstory/news3.html

|date=2007-01-17

|publisher=Kenya Times

|access-date=2007-01-17

|archive-date=1 April 2007

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401155029/http://www.timesnews.co.ke/18jan07/nwsstory/news3.html

|url-status=dead

}} By 20 January, the European Union followed with a pledge of 15 million euros.{{cite news|title=AU wants UN role in Somalia |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/964109 |publisher=Reuters |date=2007-01-20 |access-date=2007-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224054/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/964109 |archive-date=26 September 2007 }} On 19 January 2007 the mission was formally defined and approved by the African Union at the 69th meeting of the Peace and Security Council. On 22 January 2007 Malawi agreed to send a half-battalion to a battalion (ranging widely anywhere between approximately 400 to 1,200 troops) for a peacekeeping mission to Somalia.{{cite news|title=Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/LSGZ-6XPDQ4?OpenDocument|date=2007-01-22|publisher=IRIN|access-date=2007-02-09|archive-date=6 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506130538/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/LSGZ-6XPDQ4?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} On 24 January 2007 Nigeria pledged a battalion (a force between 770 and 1,100 troops) to join the Somali peacekeeping mission.{{cite news|title=Nigeria to send peacekeeping battalion to Somalia |url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=newsOne&storyid=2007-01-24T172204Z_01_L24359913_RTRUKOT_0_TEXT0.xml |date=2007-01-24 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=2007-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216050529/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=newsOne |archive-date=16 February 2007 }}

On 1 February 2007 Burundi committed to the peacekeeping mission, pledging up to 1,000 troops.{{cite news

|title=Burundi joins Somalia peace force

|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6319937.stm

|date=2007-02-01

|access-date=2007-02-09

|publisher=BBC| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070210230342/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6319937.stm| archive-date= 10 February 2007 | url-status=live}} By 27 March, it was confirmed that 1700 Burundian peacekeepers would be sent to Somalia.{{cite news

|title=Burundi troops ready to join Somalia peacekeepers

|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27307695.htm

|date=2007-03-27

|publisher=Reuters

|access-date=2007-04-02 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070401180622/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27307695.htm| archive-date= 1 April 2007 | url-status=live}} On 2 February 2007, the United Nations Security Council welcomed the advent of the African Union and Intergovernmental Authority on Development-led peacekeeping mission.{{cite web

|title=Security Council press statement on somalia SC/8947 AFR/1495

|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/sc8947.doc.htm

|publisher=United Nations Security Council

|access-date=2007-02-09 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070214042546/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/sc8947.doc.htm| archive-date= 14 February 2007 | url-status=live}} On 5 February 2007 Tanzania offered to train Somali government troops, but not to deploy peacekeepers.{{cite news|title=Tanzania offers to train Somali troops, not deploy |url=http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne2248.htm |date=2007-02-05 |publisher=Shabelle Media Networks |access-date=2007-02-09 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154526/http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne2248.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }} On 9 February 2007 a gathering of 800 Somali demonstrators in north Mogadishu, where Islamist support was strongest, burned U.S., Ethiopian, and Ugandan flags in protest of the proposed peacekeeping mission. A masked representative of the resistance group, the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations, said Ethiopian troops would be attacked in their hotels; the same group had made a video warning peacekeepers to avoid coming to Somalia.{{cite news

|title=Diplomats stress need for all-inclusive talks on the future of Somalia

|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-02-09-somalia_x.htm

|agency=Associated Press

|date=2007-02-09

|access-date=2007-02-09

|work=USA Today}} By this date, Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi and Burundi had committed to the peacekeeping mission, but the total force was about half of the proposed 8,000-strong force.{{cite news

|title=Peacekeeping protests in Somalia

|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6347809.stm

|publisher=BBC

|date=2007-02-09

|access-date=2007-02-09 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070323064100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6347809.stm| archive-date= 23 March 2007 | url-status=live}} Uganda had pledged 1,400 troops and some armored vehicles for a mission lasting up to 9 months, and the AU had pledged $11.6 million.{{cite web

|title=Off to Somalia

|url=http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/uganda/articles/20070209.aspx

|publisher=StrategyPage.com

|date=2007-02-09

|access-date=2007-02-09 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070213044227/http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/uganda/articles/20070209.aspx| archive-date= 13 February 2007 | url-status=live}} On 16 February 2007 Uganda announced it would deploy 1,500 well-seasoned troops as early as Saturday, 17 February 2007 under the command of Major General Levi Karuhanga. Reportedly the troops had been training for two years in preparation for the mission.{{cite web|title=Ugandan Troops Set to Arrive in Somalia as Part of AU Force |url=http://shabelle.net/news/ne2336.htm |date=2007-02-16 |publisher=Shabelle Media Network |access-date=2007-02-16 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200453/http://shabelle.net/news/ne2336.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}

Days before AMISOM deployed in Somalia, violence in Mogadishu began rapidly escalating.{{Cite web |date=19 Feb 2007 |title=Violence out of control, say Mogadishu residents |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/70253/somalia-violence-out-control-say-mogadishu-residents |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en}} On 6 March 2007, the first African Union troops landed at Mogadishu airport alongside three military vehicles.

The Burundian troops were technically ready to go in early August 2007, but equipment promised by the United States and France had not yet arrived.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6935033.stm | work=BBC News | title=Burundi delays Somali deployment | date=7 August 2007 | access-date=23 April 2010}} On 23 December 2007, an advance force of 100 Burundians was deployed and another 100 soldiers arrived on 2007-12-24.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7158412.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – Burundi troops join AU in Somalia|access-date=27 February 2015}}[http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/administration/afp-news.html?id=071224124625.sfw384k5&cat=null France 24] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505205937/http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/administration/afp-news.html?id=071224124625.sfw384k5&cat=null |date=5 May 2009 }} By late 2008, 1,700 Burundian soldiers were deployed to Mogadishu.[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jo9ndbvcfWlcCT7Xbwz_5PPFJPzg AFP: Burundi completes Somalia deployment] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205073937/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jo9ndbvcfWlcCT7Xbwz_5PPFJPzg |date=5 December 2008 }}

On July 28, 2009, the World Health Organization was notified that 21 AMISOM soldiers in Mogadishu had become sick, and three had died, with acute peripheral edema, difficulty in breathing, palpitations, and fever.{{Cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=John T.|last2=El Bushra|first2=Hassan|last3=Lebo|first3=Emmaculate J.|last4=Bwire|first4=Godfrey|last5=Kiyengo|first5=James|last6=Emukule|first6=Gideon|last7=Omballa|first7=Victor|last8=Tole|first8=John|last9=Zuberi|first9=Muvunyi|last10=Breiman|first10=Robert F.|last11=Katz|first11=Mark A.|date=2011-12-21|title=Outbreak of Beriberi among African Union Troops in Mogadishu, Somalia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=12|pages=e28345|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0028345|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3244391|pmid=22205947|bibcode=2011PLoSO...628345W|doi-access=free}} The WHO, together with the U.S. Center for Disease Control, AMISOM, and the Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi began an investigation. From April 26, 2009, to May 1, 2010, 241 AU soldiers had lower limb edema and at least one additional symptom; four patients died. At least 52 soldiers were airlifted to hospitals in Kenya and Uganda. Four of 31 hospitalized patients had right-sided heart failure with pulmonary hypertension. The illness was associated with exclusive consumption of food provided to troops (not eating locally acquired foods). Because the syndrome was clinically compatible with wet beriberi, thiamine was administered to affected soldiers, resulting in rapid and dramatic resolution.

File:2012 12 AMISOM Female Peacekeepers' Conference-15 (30759377284).jpg

In a closed door meeting in Kampala on 22 July 2010, AU ministers agreed to expand the mission's mandate from a peacekeeping focus to a peace-enforcement focus that would engage al-Shabaab more directly. The decision came soon after deadly bomb attacks in the Ugandan capital.{{cite news |title=Somalia: AU Ministers Agree to 'Take On' Al Shabaab |first=Charles |last=Kazooba |newspaper=allAfrica.com |date=2010-07-26 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007250021.html|access-date=2010-07-26 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100727215804/http://allafrica.com/stories/201007250021.html| archive-date= 27 July 2010 | url-status=live}} A few days later in response to UN pressure, the AU agreed not to expand the mandate but did allow preemptive strikes against Al-Shabaab and promised more troops from other African countries.{{cite news|title=Africa: United Nations Blocks Change of Amisom Mandate|first=Risdel|last=Kasasira|author2=Solomon Muyita|newspaper=allAfrica.com|date=2010-07-28|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007280079.html|access-date=2010-07-29| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100731105031/http://allafrica.com/stories/201007280079.html| archive-date= 31 July 2010 | url-status=live}}

On 23 July 2010, Djibouti and Guinea pledged troops to AMISOM.{{cite news|title= AU nations to boost Somalia force|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/07/2010723133917713629.html|date=23 July 2010|agency=Al Jazeera}} On 17 September 2010, an AU envoy said in Nairobi that AMISOM's size had grown from 6,300 to 7,200 troops after an additional battalion from Uganda joined the force.PANA, Nairobi, 17/9/2010, via Africa Research Bulletin-PSC, 1–31 September 2010, Vol. 47, No. 9, p.18561C. In December 2010, the UN backed AMISOM in increasing the mission's authorized size to 12,000 – UN Security Council resolution 1964 of 22 December 2010 – and at the same time reports indicated that Uganda had promised an extra 1,800 personnel, with Burundi an extra 850.Africa Research Bulletin 1–31 Dec 2010, p.18664-5, reporting PANA New York 23/12/2010, New Vision Kampala 23/12/2010, and RFI in Paris.

In March 2011 Burundi sent 1,000 extra soldiers to AMISOM, bringing the total number of Burundi troops deployed to 4,400.{{cite news| url=https://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902150610/http://af.reuters.com/article/burundiNews/idAFLDE72B08T20110312 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 September 2012 | work=Reuters | title=Burundi sends 1,000 extra AU troops to Somalia | date=12 March 2011}} AFP, reported in Africa Research Bulletin, said Burundian military chief General Godefroid Niyombare said on 14 March 2011 the soldiers had been deployed a week before.AFP 14/3/2011, reported in ARB-PSC 1–31 March 2011, p.18776C.

In February 2012, the U.N. Security Council boosted the number of troops deployed from 12,000 to 17,731. The approval comes after a series of recent successes against al-Shabaab fighters who had previous positions throughout the central and southern areas of the country.{{cite news|title=UN council approves increase in AU Somalia force|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE81L0CF20120222?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403160743/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE81L0CF20120222?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2015|newspaper=Reuters|date=22 February 2012}} During the same month, AU Commander Fred Mugisha suggested that Al-Shabaab was "at [its] weakest" and would likely "implode in the not so distant future" owing to successive military defeats that it suffered as well as an exodus toward the Arabian Peninsula of hundreds of the group's fighters.{{cite news|title=Somali's al Shabaab crumbling: AU|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2012/02/23/somali-s-al-shabaab-crumbling-au|date=23 February 2012}}

Due to the successful military operations against the Islamists, the United States has also been stepping up efforts to train and equip the AMISOM troops in a bid to stamp out the Al-Shabaab insurgency and limit its influence.{{cite news|title=U.S. steps up training for African force in Somalia|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-somalia-uganda-usabre84011e-20120501,0,1261189.story|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=1 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

In October 2011, the Kenya Defence Forces began Operation Linda Nchi, crossing the border into Somalia to attack Al-Shabaab.{{cite web|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |title=Standard Digital News – Kenya : Home, Breaking News, Latest, Business, Jobs, Football, Travel, Tourism, Elections, National, Kenya, Nairobi, County, East Africa, Media |author=Standard Digital News |website=Standard Digital News |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399:joint-communique&catid=35:news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130172143/http://www.mfa.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399%3Ajoint-communique&catid=35%3Anews|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2011|title=JOINT COMMUNIQUE|date=30 November 2011|access-date=13 July 2017}} On 12 November, the Kenyan government agreed to rehat its forces under AMISOM command,{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/07/content_14225808.htm|title=Kenya agrees to join AMISOM|access-date=17 July 2015}} and later announced in March 2012 that it would send 5,000 troops to join AMISOM.

The East African reported in March 2012 on reorganisation of AMISOM's headquarters and sector commands. Personnel (J1) would be led by the AU, with Kenya taking responsibility for intelligence (J2) and logistics (J4), Uganda operations (J3) and engineer (J8), Burundi plans (J5) and communications/IS (J6), Sierra Leone training (J7), and Djibouti CIMIC (J9). There would also be four sectors: Uganda responsible for Sector One (the Shabelles and Banadir), Sector Two (the Jubbas) run by Kenya, Sector Three Burundi covering GEdo, Bay, and BAkool, and Sector from which Ethiopia forces were withdrawing from to be directed by Djibouti.The East African website, Nairobi, 19/3/2012, via Africa Research Bulletin-PSC, Vol 49, No. 3, 1–31 March 2012, 19205-6.

On 9 August 2013, an Antonov An-24 operated by the Ethiopian Air Force crashed while attempting to land at Aden Abdulle International Airport in Mogadishu. There were six crew on board, of which four perished and two survived with injuries.

{{cite news

|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23628549

|title=Ethiopian Air Force plane crashes in Mogadishu

|date=2013-08-09

|publisher=BBC News

}}

{{cite news

|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/09/world/africa/somalia-military-plane-crash/

|title=Ethiopian air force plane crashes at Mogadishu airport, killing 4

|date=2013-08-09

|publisher=CNN

}} The flight departed from Dire Dawa International Airport in Ethiopia at 06:00 local time that morning, commanded by Colonel Berhanu Geremew, a highly experienced pilot.{{cite news

|url = http://www.thereporterethiopia.com/index.php/news-headlines/item/847-ethiopian-military-transport-plane-crashes-in-mogadishu

|title = Ethiopian military transport plane crashes in Mogadishu

|date = 2013-08-09

|publisher = The Reporter Ethiopia

|access-date = 2014-08-08

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140809174516/http://www.thereporterethiopia.com/index.php/news-headlines/item/847-ethiopian-military-transport-plane-crashes-in-mogadishu

|archive-date = 2014-08-09

|url-status=dead

}} It was carrying a cargo of weapons and ammunition.

{{cite news

|url=http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2013/08/09/ethiopian-military-plane-crash-lands-in-mogadishu

|title=Ethiopian Military Plane Crash Lands in Mogadishu

|date=2013-08-09

|publisher=Nazret.com

|quote=An Ethiopian cargo plane carrying weapons has crash landed at the airport in Mogadishu.

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130813032547/https://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2013/08/09/ethiopian-military-plane-crash-lands-in-mogadishu|archive-date= 13 August 2013|url-status=dead

}}

File:Ethiopian military serving under the African Union Mission in Somalia in sector 4 based at Beletweyne carry out live-fire drills during a combat readiness training and drill.jpg, July 2021]]

In November 2013, the Ethiopian government announced that it would subordinate its troops in Somalia to AMISOM. The Ethiopian authorities' announcement came a month after a failed October bombing attempt by Al-Shabaab in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, and a week after Ethiopia received a renewed terrorism threat from the insurgent group.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/ethiopia-al-shabab-hit-list-201310211211366477.html|title=Is Ethiopia on al-Shabab's hit list?|author=Jacey Fortin|access-date=26 December 2014}}

According to Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Ambassador Dina Mufti, the Ethiopian military's decision to join AMISOM was intended to render the peacekeeping operation more secure.{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201311131037.html|title=allAfrica.com: Somalia: Ethiopia Decides to Join Amisom Force in Somalia|website=allAfrica.com|access-date=26 December 2014}} Analysts suggested that the move was primarily motivated by financial considerations, with the Ethiopian forces' operational costs now slated to be under AMISOM's allowance budget. It was hoped that the Ethiopian military's long experience in Somali territory, its equipment such as helicopters, and the potential for closer coordination would help AMISOM and Somali forces advance their territorial gains.{{cite web|url=http://hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Nov/52023/somali_war_expertise_and_superior_combat_kits_to_boost_anti_terror_campaign.aspx|title=Somali war expertise and superior combat kits to boost anti-terror campaign|access-date=26 December 2014}} On the other hand, there is a certain amount of unease following Ethiopia's entry into AMISOM given local animosity originating from Ethiopia's heavy handed intervention in 2006. There are also fears that Al Shabaab could use Somali animosity towards Ethiopia as a rallying cry and to recruit more members.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/201422122028512719.html|title=Somalis balk at plans for Ethiopian troops|author=Malkhadir Muhumed|access-date=26 December 2014}}

In December 2013, the U.S. government established a Military Coordination Cell in Mogadishu. The unit consists of a small team of fewer than five advisers, including planners and communicators between AMISOM and the Somali authorities. It was intended to provide consultative and planning support to allied forces in order to enhance their capacity.{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Luis|title=U.S. Military Advisers Deployed to Somalia: First Time Since Blackhawk Down|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/01/u-s-military-advisers-deployed-to-somalia-first-time-since-blackhawk-down/|access-date=12 January 2014|newspaper=ABC News|date=10 January 2014}}

From June 2021 to March 2022, the EU and its allies reimbursed Kenya nearly Sh2.54 billion, in quarterly disbursements Sh811 million, for its continued military participation in AMISOM. The funding had slowly been decreasing since it began in October 2011, with each soldier taking home only around USD $800 (Sh92,800) in this final installment.{{cite web |title=Kenya gets Sh2.5bn for KDF in Somalia |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/kenya-gets-sh2-5bn-for-kdf-in-somalia-3823870 |website=businessdailyafrica.com |date=22 May 2022 |publisher=Business Daily Africa |access-date=26 May 2022}}

File:USMC-120816-M-ZZ999-207.jpg

File:2014 08 31 Kurtunwaarey-13 (15102327122).jpg.]]

File:Djiboutian Soldier patrol the base in Beledweyne, Somalia.jpg, Somalia.]]

File:2012 10 05 Kismayo AMISOM RKB Security d (8071396097).jpg during an AMISOM operation.]]

The Head of Mission was the Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission to Somalia, or SRCC. On 7 October 2015, Francisco Caetano Jose Madeira, of Mozambique, was appointed to this position, replacing Maman Sambo Sidikou of Niger.{{Cite web |last=Kodjo |first=Tchioffo |title=Appointment of Francisco Madeira as the new Special Representative of the African Union for Somalia and head of the AU mission in Somalia-African Union - Peace and Security Department |url=https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/appointment-of-francisco-madeira-as-the-new-special-representative-of-the-african-union-for-somalia-and-head-of-the-au-mission-in-somalia |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=African Union,Peace and Security Department |language=en}}

File:African Union forces in Somalia.png

On 15 October 2011 Kenyan forces crossed the border into Somalia to attack al-Shebaab. Subsequently UN Security Council resolution 2036 of 22 February 2012 authorized an increase in AMISOM troop numbers to 17,731 to incorporate the Kenyans.{{UN doc |docid=S-RES-2036(2012) |body=S |type=R |resolution_number=2036 |year=2012 |date=22 February 2012 |accessdate=25 February 2017}} This resolution took effect from mid-2012. At this time the initial Ugandan and Burundian AMISOM forces had been successful in largely clearing al-Shebaab militants from Mogadishu and the force was organized into new sectors.'UN unveils new look Amisom as Kenya joins up', East African (Nairobi), 12 February 2012.

• Sector 1 (headquartered in Mogadishu and predominantly the domain of the Ugandan Contingent) covered the Banadir, Middle Shabelle and Lower Shabelle regions.
• Sector 2 (headquartered in Kismayu and predominantly KDF responsibility, with the anticipated Sierra Leone contingent) covered the Gedo, Middle Juba and Lower Juba regions.
• Sector 3 (headquartered in Baidoa and predominantly the responsibility of the Burundian contingent) covering the Bay and Bakool regions.
• Sector 4 (headquartered in Belet Weyne and the responsibility of the Djiboutian contingent) covering the Hiraan region.

Later, UN Security Council resolution 2124 of 12 November 2013 authorized a troop increase to 22,126 through inclusion of an Ethiopian contingent.{{UN doc |docid=S-RES-2124(2013) |body=S |type=R |resolution_number=2124 |year=2013 |date=12 November 2013 |accessdate=25 February 2017}} This took effect in January 2014, when the Sector organisation was modified to:AMISOM, 2014, 'Ethiopian troops formally join AMISOM peacekeepers in Somalia', AMISOM News, 23 January 2014.

• Sector 1 (Mogadishu: Banadir and Lower Shabelle regions) – UPDF contingent
• Sector 2 (Dobhey: Lower and Middle Juba regions) – KDF contingent, with the Sierra Leone contingent operating in a 'Sector Kismayu' until these forces left. During January 2016 Ethiopian troops deployed to Kismayo.AMISOM News, 18 January 2016, 'Ethiopian National Defense Forces Contingent Deploys in Kismayo'
• Sector 3 (Baidoa: Bay, Bakool and Gedo regions) – Ethiopian contingent
• Sector 4 (Belet Weyne: Hiiraan region) – Djiboutian contingent
• Sector 5 (Jowhar: Middle Shabelle region) – Burundi contingent

In January 2017 Kismayo was mentioned as a separate sector – Sector 6 – under Colonel Paul Njema.{{Cite web |date=2017-01-26 |title=EU delegation visits AMISOM and SNA troops in Jubbaland |url=https://amisom-au.org/2017/01/eu-delegation-visits-amisom-and-sna-troops-in-jubbaland/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=AMISOM |language=en-US}} On 22 November 2017 AMISOM's twitter feed announced that Colonel Fréderic Ndayisaba of Burundi was replacing Colonel Paul K Njema of the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) as Sector 6 Commander and described this command as a multinational sector composed of Burundian, Kenyan and Ethiopian troops based in Kismayo.

a. Commanders

b. Battle groups

From the first deployment of Ugandan troops during March 2007—which saw a contingent of two battalions sent to Mogadishu—the UPDF contribution to AMISOM had by 2015 expanded to three battle groups, each of two or three battalions. The following table lists what details are known of the Ugandan battle groups, or 'Ugabag', deployed under AMISOM. The information presented has been collected from Ugandan press reports (largely gleaned from the website 'Allafrica.com') and news reports on the AMISOM website.

a. Commanders

b. Battalions

Burundi sent its first battalion to Mogadishu to join Ugandan troops in AMISOM in December 2007. It took until October 2008 to build the national contingent up to two battalions, due in part to a lack of equipment.Hull Wiklund, Cecilia, 2013, The Role of the African Union Mission in Somalia: AMISOM – Peacekeeping Success or Peacekeeping in Regress? FOI Report 3687—SE. Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI): Stockholm June 2013. But subsequently the Burundi contingent increased to a six battalion force.{{cite web|url=http://www.africom.mil/NewsByCategory/article/11981/burundi-national-defense-force-soldiers-head-to-training,|title=United States Africa Command|website=www.Africom.mil|access-date=13 July 2017}} The Burundi force commitment is frequently cited as 5432 troops, which would align with a contingent of six battalions (of about 850 personnel each, the UN 'standard') together with headquarters and support elements.

• 1 Battalion. Arrived December 2007.{{cite web|url=http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2015/06/26/peacekeeping-contributor-profile-burundi/|title=Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Burundi|date=26 June 2015|website=ProvidingForPeacekeeping.org|access-date=13 July 2017}}
• 2 Battalion. Deployed mid-October 2008.

...

• 7 Battalion (Lt. Col. Pontien Hakizimana). Served during 2011 and involved in the Battle for Mogadishu.Oloya 2016, p. 168.
• 8 Battalion
• 9 Battalion (Lt. Col. Pascal Hakizimana). Served during 2011 and involved in the Battle for Mogadishu.
• 10 Battalion (Lt. Col. Egide Nitabara). Served during 2011 and involved in the Battle for Mogadishu.
• 11 Battalion (Lt. Col. Gregoire Ndikumazambo). Served during 2011 and involved in the Battle for Mogadishu.
• 12 Battalion (Lt. Col. Richard Bimenyimana). Served during 2011 and involved in the Battle for Mogadishu.

...

• 26 Battalion. Returned home at the end of May 2015.AMISOM Review issue 16, May to August 2015, p. 3.
• 27 Battalion. Returned home at the end of May 2015.
• 28 Battalion. Returned home in October 2015 after 14 month deployment.
• 29 Battalion. Returned home in November 2015; replaced by 35 Battalion.
• 30 Battalion. Returned home in November 2015; replaced by 36 Battalion.
• 31 Battalion, 828 personnel. Returned home 28 May 2016.
• 32 Battalion (Maj. John Manirakiza). Returned home during July 2016 after year-long deployment.AMISOM 2016, 'Burundian battalions conclude successful yearlong tour of duty in Somalia', AMISOM News, 20 July 2016, accessed 21 July 2016, http://amisom-au.org/2016/07/burundian-battalions-conclude-successful-yearlong-tour-of-duty-in-somalia/>
• 33 Battalion (Maj. Richard Nikoyagize). Returned home during July 2016 after year-long deployment.
• 34 Battalion (Maj. Sylvain Kinigi). Deployed October 2015 (replacing 28 Battalion?) and returned home February 2017.AMISOM 2017, 'New Burundi battle group arrives in Somalia', AMISOM News, 14 February 2017, accessed 14 February 2017,
• 35 Battalion. Deployed November 2015, replacing 29 Battalion?
• 36 Battalion. Deployed November 2015, replacing 30 Battalion?
• 37 Battalion (Maj. Adolphe Kaguruka). Deployed May 2016, replacing 31 Battalion? Returned home June 2017.AMISOM News (2017) 'New Burundian Battalion arrives in Somalia', AMISOM News 5 June 2017, accessed 7 June 2017,
• 38 Battalion, 850 personnel. Deployed July 2016, replacing 32 BattalionStrategic Intelligence Service, 2016, 'Burundi Deploys Two Fresh Battalions for Somalia Peacekeeping Mission', accessed 15 September 2016, 'Burundi sends two battalions for Somalia peacekeeping mission', Goobjoog News, 25 June 2016; accessed 10 August 2016,
• 39 Battalion, 850 personnel. Deployed July 2016, replacing 33 Battalion

40, 41 and 42 Battalions were scheduled for deployment in November 2016 but this was delayed. There was speculation this delay was a result of disappointment within Burundi over delays in EU payments in support of AMISOM and the suggestion by the EU that payments could be made directly to the Burundian troops rather than through the Burundi government; or domestic political tensions within Burundi arising from the president running for a third term of office.{{cite web|url=http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/englishnews/amisom-burundi-contingent-rotation-deferred/|title=AMISOM Burundi contingent rotation deferred|website=IWACU-Burundi.org|access-date=13 July 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201611080229.html|title=Burundi: AMISOM Unknowns|date=8 November 2016|access-date=13 July 2017|via=AllAfrica}}Mutambo, A. (2016) 'Amisom Troop Contributing Nations Reject New EU Payment Procedure', Daily Nation (Nairobi), 13 November 2016. By January 2017 the Burundi government threatened to withdraw its forces from Somalia altogether, arguing that these were a national contingent and not mere mercenaries, as would be suggested by the troops receiving payment directly from any third party.{{cite web|url=http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/englishnews/burundi-soon-withdrawing-its-troops-from-somalia/|title=Burundi soon withdrawing its troops from Somalia…|website=IWACU-Burundi.org|access-date=13 July 2017}} Subsequently agreement was reached on the question of EU payments and it was announced the Burundi contingents would remain with AMISOM in Somalia.Havyarimana, M. (2017) 'Burundi Troops to Remain in Somalia, Payments Resume', East African (Nairobi), 21 January 2017.

• 40 Battalion (Maj. Leonidas Nsingirankabo, also given as Maj. Ladislas Singirankabo). Deployed February 2017, replacing 34 Battalion,{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2017/02/new-burundi-battle-group-arrives-in-somalia/|title=New Burundi battle group arrives in Somalia – AMISOM|date=14 February 2017|website=Amisom-AU.org|access-date=13 July 2017}} and departed in March 2018.AMISOM Magazine no. 23, 26 June 2018.
• 41 Battalion (Maj. Zenon Ntisinzira).
• 42 Battalion
• 43 Battalion (Maj. Chartier Nyandwi). Deployed June 2017, replacing 37 Battalion.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2017/06/new-burundian-battalion-arrives-in-somalia/|title=New Burundian Battalion arrives in Somalia – AMISOM|date=5 June 2017|website=Amisom-AU.org|access-date=13 July 2017}}
• 44 Battalion
• 45 Battalion (Lt. Col. Philbert Hatungimana). Arrived in Somalia August 2017, replacing 39 Battalion, and to be deployed to Jowhar.'New Burundi battle group arrives in Somalia', AMISOM News, 21 August 2017,

...

• 55 Battalion. Deployed November 2019 and ended tour in May 2021, after an extension due to the Covid-19 'pandemic'.AMISOM News, AMISOM BURUNDIAN TROOPS, BATTLE GROUPS 55 AND 56 END THEIR TOUR OF DUTY IN SOMALIA, 8 May 2021, , accessed 5 June 2021.
• 56 Battalion Deployed November 2019 and ended tour in May 2021, after an extension due to the Covid-19 'pandemic'.

File:AMISOM Sector Two HQs Dhobley 23 (8093136023).jpg, Somalia, September 2012.]]

Contingent/ Sector 2 Commanders

a. Sector 4 Commander

b. Djibouti Contingent Commander

• Leobatt 1 (Lt. Col. Abubakar Conteh), 850 strong,Kamara, A.S., 2013, 'Sierra Leone sends 850 soldiers to Somalia', Sierra Express Media, 28 March 2013. deployed April 2013, served in Sector 2 under Kenyan Command, later in Sector Kismayu under their own command.Koroma, A.K., 2014, 'Sierra Leone records biggest achievement in Somalia', Sierra Express Media, 15 January 2014, accessed 22 July 2016, 'Sierra Leonean Chief of Defense visits Somalia', Sierra Express Media, 1 June 2014, accessed 22 July 2016, Leobatt 1 eventually left Somalia for home only in January 2015.AMISOM 2015, 'Sierra Leone contingent return home', Amison News, 15 January 2015.
• Leobatt 2 (Lt. Col. George Mamoud BanguraBrima, Capt. Y., 2014, 'Sierra Leone News: AMISON Troops Organize Parade Competition for Ebola Victims', Awareness Times (Freetown), 11 September 2014, accessed 22 July 2016, ) was announced and intended to relieve Leobatt 1 early in 2014.Turay, S.B., 2013, 'Salone to Send More Troops to Somalia', Concord Times (Freetown), 11 September 2013. However, due to unexplained delays this second battalion completed first phase training only in January 2014, with planned second and third phase training scheduled to last a further three months each.Turay, S.B., 'RSLAF Enters Second Phase of Somalia Deployment Preparation', Concord Times (Freetown), 16 January 2014. It was then planned to relieve the first contingent in August 2014 but an Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa caused further concerns. During October 2014 it was announced the second contingent had been in isolation for four months and "cleared" of Ebola virus,'New Sierra Leone Amisom Battalion Cleared of Ebola, Ambassador to Ethiopia Says', Sabahi (Washington, DC), 10 October 2014. but this was quickly followed by an announcement from the Sierra Leone Chief of Defence Staff that the contingent would not travel to Somalia.'RSLAF Chief of Defence Staff orders dispersal of Leobatt 2 Troops', Sierra Express Media, 18 October 2014, accessed 22 July 2016, .

Later, during April 2018, a Formed Police Unit of 160 Sierra Leone Police was deployed to AMISOM under the command of Mustafa Solomon Kambeh.'Sierra Leone deploys 160 police officers to Somalia', AMISOM News 18 April 2018.

The civilian staff of AMISOM has been operating from Nairobi, Kenya since 2008 due to the security situation in Mogadishu.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723072139/http://shabelle.net/article.php?id=6693 AMISOM civilian staff relocate to Somalia]}} As of now, they number approximately 81 personnel.

Since the beginning of 2011 AMISOM and TFG has taken control over several strategic places in Mogadishu after several offensives against Al-Shabaab.

With the expanded control over the capital AMISOM on 16 May 2011 moved the civil staff and police officers to Mogadishu. This includes Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for Somalia (SRCC) Ambassador Boubacar Gaoussou Diarra and deputy (SRCC) Honourable Wafula Wamunyinyi.

Much of the key logistical support for the force was provided by the United Nations Support Office for AMISOM (UNSOA), a field mission of the UN Secretariat Department of Field Support.

The Civilian component was supervised by the Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for Somalia (SRCC) which was represented on the ground by Ambassador Mahamat Saleh Annadif. who oversees the Political, Civil, Humanitarian, Gender and Public Information departments.

Ambassador Epiphanie Kabushemeye-Ntamwana was the civilian Chief of Staff.

The Chief Administrative Officer Timothy Kiguti heads the support component of the mission which includes administration personnel, finance and budgeting, logistics and procurement among other issues.

The Police contingent, which provides capacity building, both institutional and individual in support of the Somali Police Force, was headed by the AMISOM Police Commissioner Anand Pillay.

The United States has provided extensive training for contingents headed for Somalia. In the first half of 2012, Force Recon Marines from Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force 12 (SPMAGTF-12) trained soldiers from the Uganda People's Defence Force.Nick Turse, [http://www.alternet.org/hot-news-views/election-year-outsourcing-no-ones-talking-about-us-fighting-proxy-wars-around-globe#.UCmI4bRfC9A.care2 The Election Year Outsourcing No One's Talking About: The U.S. Fighting Proxy Wars Around the Globe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193654/http://www.alternet.org/hot-news-views/election-year-outsourcing-no-ones-talking-about-us-fighting-proxy-wars-around-globe#.UCmI4bRfC9A.care2 |date=29 October 2013 }} TomDespatch.com/Alternet.org, 13 August 2012 In the northern spring of 2012 [March–April–May], Marines from SPMAGTF-12 also trained Burundian soldiers. In April and May, members of Task Force Raptor, 3rd Squadron, 124th Cavalry Regiment of the Texas Army National Guard, took part in a separate training mission with the BNDF in Mudubugu, Burundi. SPMAGTF-12 has also sent its trainers to Djibouti, another nation involved in the Somali mission, to work with an army unit there.

At the same time, U.S. troops have assisted in training the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces in preparation for their deployment to Somalia later this year{{when|date=September 2013}}. In June 2012, U.S. Army Africa commander Major General David R. Hogg spoke encouragingly of the future of Sierra Leone's forces in conjunction with Kenya.{{cite news|title=Sierra Leone troops complete AMISOM deployment training|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/90652/sierra-leone-troops-complete-amisom-deployment-training#.T_eqf2B5Ey4|newspaper=DVIDS}} As of June 2012, the RSLAF troops have not yet deployed; the Sierra Leonean defence minister said on 23 June 2012, that the battalion might depart for the Horn 'some time in September [2012].'[http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2012/jun/24662/sierra_leone_defence_minister_denies_reports_of_killings_in_somalia.aspx "Sierra Leone Defence Minister denies reports of killings in Somalia"], Awareness Times, 23 June 2012

In addition, a significant amount of support to AMISOM has been provided by private companies. "Bancroft Global Development, headquartered on Washington's Embassy Row, employs about 40 South African and European trainers who work with [AMISOM's] Ugandan and Burundian troops.Kevin J. Kelley, Somalia: How 'Quiet Americans' Helped Defeat Al Shabaab, Garoweonline.com, Aug 22, 2011. Bancroft director Michael Stock told The EastAfrican that these mentors are embedded with AMISOM units in Mogadishu and southern and central Somalia. They coach commanders on ..how to predict and defeat the tactics which foreign fighters bring from outside East Africa and teach to al-Shabaab." Bancroft "does not receive funding directly from the US government but was instead paid by AMISOM, which was then reimbursed by the State Department for these outlays."{{Cite web |date=2011-08-20 |title=How 'Quiet Americans' helped defeat Al Shabaab |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/how-quiet-americans-helped-defeat-al-shabaab--1304614 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The East African |language=en}} The Associated Press reports that Bancroft has been paid $12.5 million for its work in Somalia since 2008.

A security analyst in Somalia listed three primary private security companies/private military companies operating in Mogadishu.Khadija Patel, [http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-07-26-sas-guns-for-hire-in-somalia-what-happens-now 'SA's guns-for-hire in Somalia – what happens now?'], 26 July 2012 DynCorp, who provide logistical support in the Somali capital; Bancroft International, who provide training to TFG and AMISOM personnel, as well as assisting with community service delivery; and Pacific Architects & Engineers.

:* The reason why troops from Sierra Leone were withdrawn was the inability to rotate in fresh soldiers, due to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone and the surrounding region. In response, Ethiopia has offered to replace the contingent from Sierra Leone with Ethiopian reinforcements.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/ethiopia-says-ready-boost-somalia-troops-sleone-exit-191409286.html|title=Ethiopia says ready to boost Somalia troops after SLeone exit|date=22 December 2014|website=Yahoo News|access-date=26 December 2014}}

:- The total number of personnel under AMISOM (including armed personnel and civil staff) was reportedly around 22,126.

:- Before joining AMISOM in January 2014, the Ethiopian Defense Force was believed to have an estimated 8,000 troops in the country. It is also believed that some Ethiopian troops in Somalia operate independently from AMISOM.{{cite news|title=Somalia unrest: Baidoa raid 'leaves eight dead'|work = BBC News|date = 12 March 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31849530?print=true|access-date=12 March 2015}}

:- Likewise, Kenya had troops deployed in Somalia independently before they were brought under the AMISOM umbrella

:- Cameroon, Mali, Senegal, and Zambia were known to have a total of four personnel inserted into AMISOM. However, it is not known whether they were security or civil personnel.{{cite web|url=http://www.operationspaix.net/1-operation-amisom.html|title=Opération-AMISOM|website=Réseau de recherche sur les opérations de paix (ROP)|access-date=2 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730163825/http://www.operationspaix.net/1-operation-amisom.html|url-status=dead}}

:- Furthermore, there are also a small number of police officers from Burundi, Gambia, and Zimbabwe that are inserted into AMISOM

According to SIPRI, 1,039 AMISOM soldiers were killed in action between 1 January 2009, and 31 December 2013, with an additional 69 fatalities in 2014 (per AMISOM) bringing the total to 1,108 dead from 2009 through 2014.

AMISOM medical facility records showed 110 Ugandan and 95 Burundian soldiers had died between March 2007 and February 2011 in Somalia. Another 798 AMISOM soldiers were wounded. Some of the deadliest incidents were:

• 22 February 2009 – 11 Burundian soldiers were killed and 15 wounded in a double suicide attack on their base in Mogadishu.
• 23–29 July 2009 – An epidemic of Leptospirosis hit the Burundian and Ugandan military camps in Mogadishu killing three Burundian and two Ugandan soldiers. Another 18 Burundian soldiers were placed in quarantine. About 50 Burundian and 17 Ugandan soldiers were evacuated for medical treatment to Nairobi, Kenya.{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907300007.html|title=Uganda: UPDF in Somalia Hit By Strange Disease|date=30 July 2009|access-date=13 July 2017|via=AllAfrica}}{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/52e419468f12c7192c64adb5d3bb28e3.htm|title=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=27 February 2015}}
• 17 September 2009 – 17 soldiers were killed and 29 wounded in a suicide attack by Islamist rebels on the headquarters of the African Union force in Mogadishu. At least four civilians were also killed and more than 10 wounded. 12 of those killed were Burundian soldiers and five were Ugandan. Among the dead was the AMISOM deputy commander Maj. Gen. Juvenal Niyonguruza, from Burundi. Also, one of the wounded was AMISOM commander Gen. Nathan Mugisha, from Uganda.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8260687.stm | work=BBC News | title=Suicide blasts hit Somalia base | date=17 September 2009 | access-date=23 April 2010}}
• 23 February – 4 March 2011 – 53 to 82 AU troops were killed in clashes with al-Shabab fighters during an offensive in Mogadishu, 190 other AMISOM troops were also wounded.{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12650263 | work=BBC News | title=Somalia's al-Shabab 'holds 18 Burundian bodies' | date=4 March 2011}} In addition, a Burundian soldier was captured alive by militants. These were, at the time, the heaviest losses since AMISOM deployed. 43 of those killed were confirmed as Burundian soldiers and 10 as Ugandans. Also, 110 of the wounded were Burundians. Beside the 43 killed in action, four Burundian soldiers were declared missing in action.

• 5 March – A Burundian soldier was injured by the controlled explosion of a car bomb of al-Shabab militants.{{cite web|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90038500?AU%20forces%20thwart%20an%20al%20Shabaab%20suicide%20attack%20against%20its%20new%20Mogadishu%20base |title=AU forces thwart an al Shabaab suicide attack against its new Mogadishu base|publisher=Allheadlinenews.com |access-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113613/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90038500?AU%20forces%20thwart%20an%20al%20Shabaab%20suicide%20attack%20against%20its%20new%20Mogadishu%20base |archive-date=7 July 2011 }} AMISOM forces won back the rebel-controlled town of Bulo Hawo with the help of forces loyal to the Somali government.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12657466|title=Somalia: Government captures Al-Shabab militia bases |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=2011-03-05 |access-date=2011-03-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110306113545/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12657466| archive-date= 6 March 2011 | url-status=live}}
• 17 March – Six AU soldiers were killed in heavy clashes between Somali government troops backed by AMISOM in Mogadishu and al-Shabab militants.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
• 12 May – 11 June – 12 AU soldiers were killed (including 7 Ugandans) and 13+ injured during the Bakaara market offensive in Mogadishu.
• 29 July – Four Ugandan soldiers were killed and five wounded during clashes in Mogadishu. An AMISOM tank was also destroyed.[http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/90055965?Suicide%20attack%20on%20African%20Union%20peacekeeping%20forces%20in%20Mogadishu]{{dead link|date=July 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g6pcxD-Tk81VkbAYpfRsqkw_dLrg?docId=CNG.1046baaee64b2f1d60afa5a979a5d3a0.181 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124182220/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g6pcxD-Tk81VkbAYpfRsqkw_dLrg?docId=CNG.1046baaee64b2f1d60afa5a979a5d3a0.181 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-24 |title=AFP: Three African troops 'killed in Mogadishu fighting' |date=2011-07-29 |access-date=2013-01-15}}{{cite web|url=http://shabelle.net/article.php?id=9440 |title=AU Force Presses Offensive to Ease Somali Food Aid |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930141908/http://shabelle.net/article.php?id=9440 |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}
• 1 August – At least two AMISOM soldiers were killed and others wounded in a suicide attack on an AMISOM base in Mogadishu.[http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/90055965?Suicide%20attack%20on%20African%20Union%20peacekeeping%20forces%20in%20Mogadishu#ixzz1ToHgFQnC]{{dead link|date=July 2015}}
• 10 October – One AMISOM soldier was killed and six injured in an operation in North East of Mogadishu. The former Pasta Factory and critical junction, Ex Control Bal'ad, are after that in Government hands.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/tfg-amisom-secure-remaining-al-shabaab-strongholds-in-mogadishu/ |title=TFG / AMISOM secure remaining al shabaab strongholds in Mogadishu – AMISOM |publisher=Amisom-au.org |date= 10 October 2011|access-date=2013-01-15}}
• 20 October – At least 70 Burundian soldiers were killed and their bodies filmed and paraded by Al-Shabaab following the battle of Deynile, Mogadishu.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/25/world/africa/africa-forces-surprise-many-with-success-in-subduing-somalia.html|title=African Union Force Makes Strides Inside Somalia|date=25 November 2011|website=The New York Times|access-date=2 May 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njeVDqbuqSo&skipcontrinter=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207103600/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njeVDqbuqSo |archive-date=2013-12-07 |url-status=dead|title=Al-Shabaab killed more than 150(Update) AMISOM soldiers in recent battle in Mogadishu|website=YouTube|access-date=26 December 2014}} An unknown number of soldiers were wounded. One AU armoured vehicle was also destroyed in the fighting.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/control-of-deynile-critical-to-security-of-mogadishu/?lang=fr |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714102548/http://amisom-au.org/control-of-deynile-critical-to-security-of-mogadishu/?lang=fr |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-14 |title=Le contrà´le de Deynile est crucial pour la sécurité de Mogadiscio – AMISOM |publisher=Amisom-au.org |date=2012-11-28 |access-date=2013-01-15 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/burundi-somalie-2011102325695.html |title=Somalie: Des militaires burundais tués |access-date=23 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614064746/http://www.afriquejet.com/burundi-somalie-2011102325695.html |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}
• 23 October – Two AU soldiers were wounded when a suicide bomber blew himself up near a convoy of AU peacekeepers in Mogadishu.[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jN_unp-RHIgqDF20XtIFugxsOHHQ?docId=ae39a66af8434440b1dd57e553e91c46]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
• 29 October – Al-Shabab militants attacked an AMISOM compound injuring two AU soldiers in the Somali capital Mogadishu.{{cite web|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20111030.OBS3514/somalie-un-americain-auteur-d-un-attentat-suicide.html |title=SOMALIE. Un Américain auteur d'un attentat-suicide – Le Nouvel Observateur |publisher=Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com |date=2011-10-30 |access-date=2013-09-27}}
• 25 December – A Burundian soldier was killed by an improvised explosive device, and two others were wounded in Mogadishu.{{cite web|url=http://www.shabelle.net/article.php?id=13816 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330013008/http://www.shabelle.net/article.php?id=13816 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 March 2022 |title=Shabelle Media Network | | Shabakada Warbaahinta Shabelle | |publisher=Shabelle.net |access-date=2013-09-27}}

• 14 January – A Ugandan soldier was killed by a Somali soldier in Mogadishu. The reasons for the act are unknown.[http://www.raxanreeb.com/?p=127494]{{Dead link|date=September 2013}}
• 20 January – Two AU soldiers were injured in a military offensive to consolidate security in Mogadishu.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2012/01/amisom-forces-launch-a-military-offensive-to-consolidate-security-in-mogadishu/ |title=AMISOM forces launch a military offensive to consolidate security in Mogadishu – AMISOM |publisher=Amisom-au.org |date= 20 January 2012|access-date=2013-09-27}}
• 2 March – Two Ugandan soldiers were injured during the capture of the city of Maslah.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2012/03/amisom-forces-capture-maslah-extend-mogadishu-defenses/?lang=fr |title=Les Forces de l'AMISOM capturent Maslah et élargissent la Défense de Mogadiscio – AMISOM |publisher=Amisom-au.org |date= 2 March 2012|access-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403145318/http://amisom-au.org/2012/03/amisom-forces-capture-maslah-extend-mogadishu-defenses/?lang=fr |archive-date=2015-04-03 }}
• 29 March – Four Burundian soldiers were wounded in a battle on Daynile District on Mogadishu.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2012/03/amisom-forces-capture-daynille-district/?lang=fr |title=Les Forces de l'AMISOM capturent le district de Daynille – AMISOM |publisher=Amisom-au.org |date= 30 March 2012|access-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403150801/http://amisom-au.org/2012/03/amisom-forces-capture-daynille-district/?lang=fr |archive-date=2015-04-03 }}
• 31 – 5 August Kenyan soldiers were missing after the capture of Miido. A search and rescue was mounted. Three other soldiers were injured.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2012/09/amisom-forces-capture-miido-town-36-al%E2%80%90shabaab-killed/?lang=fr |title=Les forces de l'AMISOM capturent la ville de Miido, 36 Al-Shabaab tués – AMISOM |publisher=Amisom-au.org |date= September 2012|access-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227004157/http://amisom-au.org/2012/09/amisom-forces-capture-miido-town-36-al%E2%80%90shabaab-killed/?lang=fr |archive-date=2014-12-27 }} Three of the soldiers were found alive two days later, but the fate of the other two soldiers remained unknown.{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/world/2012/0902/502447.html|title=Kenya finds 3 missing soldiers in Somalia|access-date=26 December 2014}} A few days later, their bodies were shown in a video posted by the insurgents.{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209040060.html|title=Somalia: KDF Soldiers Almost Ready for Major Offensive|first=Dominic|last=Wabala|date=4 September 2012|access-date=13 July 2017|via=AllAfrica}}
• 19 September – Two AMISOM troops were injured during the capture of Janaa Cabdalla town located 50 kilometres to the west of the port city of Kismayo in the Lower Jubba region.{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2012/09/amisom-secures-town-50km-from-kismayo/?lang=fr |title=L'AMISOM récupère une ville se trouvant à 50 km de Kismayo – AMISOM |publisher=Amisom-au.org |date= 20 September 2012|access-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403124823/http://amisom-au.org/2012/09/amisom-secures-town-50km-from-kismayo/?lang=fr |archive-date=2015-04-03 }}
• 24 October – Four Ugandan soldiers were killed by a bomb while advancing towards Baidoa.{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210260689.html|title=Uganda: UPDF Loses 4 Men in Baidoa, Somalia|first=Emma|last=Mutaizibwa|date=26 October 2012|access-date=13 July 2017|via=AllAfrica}}
• 29 – 3 October–4 Ugandan soldiers were killed and seven wounded in an attack by two suicide bombers on an AMISOM base in Mogadishu.{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201110310026.html|title=Uganda: UPDF Suffers Heavy Losses in Somalia|first=Tabu|last=Butagira|date=31 October 2011|access-date=13 July 2017|via=AllAfrica}}
• 19 November – At least two Kenyan soldiers who are part of the African Union (AU) peacekeeping force in Somalia were killed in Garissa, a base for security forces in Kenya fighting insurgents in neighbouring Somalia, Kenya's army spokesman said on Monday.{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28585:at-least-2-kenyan-soldiers-killed-in-garissa-gun-attack&catid=52:Human%20Security&Itemid=114 |title=At least 2 Kenyan soldiers killed in Garissa gun attack |date=20 November 2012 |publisher=DefenceWeb |access-date=27 September 2013}}

• 11 March 2014 – At least two AMISOM peacekeepers were injured as AMISOM and Somali troops advanced into areas close to coastal town of Barawe and Qoryoley.Garowe Online: [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia-Federal-Govt-AMISOM-troops-clash-with-Al-Shabaab_printer.shtml Somalia: Federal Govt, AMISOM troops clash with Al Shabaab ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311152532/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia-Federal-Govt-AMISOM-troops-clash-with-Al-Shabaab_printer.shtml |date=11 March 2014 }}
• 18 March 2014 – At least three Dijiboutian soldiers were killed in a hotel attack on the town of Bulo-burde.
• 5 April 2014 – During joint AMISOM-Somali incursion to liberate the town of Wabxo, Al Shabaab fighters claimed to have killed Ethiopian troops from AMISOM and posted photos on social media showing fighters posing over two unidentified bodies in uniform with AMISOM patches, Ethiopian script, helmets, and various weapons.
• 24 May 2014 – Three Ugandan peacekeepers died in an attack by thirteen Al Shabaab militants on the Somali Parliament alongside four Somali soldiers and a police officer. In addition, four Ugandans were wounded but in stable condition. The attack started with a car bomb driven into the parliament building's entrance and ended with eleven of the attackers killed while the other two detonated suicide bombs.{{cite web|url=http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/three_ugandan_peacekeepers_killed_during_somalia_attack/|title=KEYDMEDIA|access-date=26 December 2014}}
• 26 May 2014: Two Kenyan soldiers in a supply convoy were killed in an ambush by suspected Al Shabaab militants near the town of Lamu in an area close to the Ras Kamboni region. Kenyan officials confirm that some other Kenyan soldiers were wounded while one militant was killed. They also state that they are in pursuit of the attackers, who fled after the ambush.{{cite web|url=http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/two_kenyan_soldiers_killed_in_suspected_shebab_attack/|title=KEYDMEDIA|access-date=26 December 2014}}
• 13 June 2014: A roadside bomb that was detonated near the town of Bulo Burde injured six AMISOM and Somali soldiers. At least three of the casualties were from the Djibouti contingent and were airlifted to Mogadishu for medical attention after the attack.{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406130167.html|title=allAfrica.com: Somalia: Roadside Bomb Injures 6 Somali, Amisom Soldiers in Bulo Burde|website=allAfrica.com|access-date=26 December 2014}}
• 26 June 2014: Militants from Al-Shabaab launched an attack on the town of Bulo-Burde, which has been besieged by militants and cut off from road access since it came under government control in March. Witnesses say that the attack lasted thirty minutes and began when militants stormed a military base established in a hotel complex before they were driven back by the combined force of the SNA and AMISOM. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility and claimed to have killed six soldiers while the AU commander, Ibrahim Ali, stated that two Djiboutian peacekeepers, one civilian, and two militants were killed.
• 16 August 2014: AMISOM, accompanied by FGS forces, launched Operation Indian Ocean against Al-Shabaab-held pockets in the countryside.{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: President says Godane is dead, now is the chance for the members of al-Shabaab to embrace peace|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-president-says-godane-is-dead-now-is-the-chance-for-the-members-of-al-shabaab-to-embrace-peace/|access-date=6 September 2014|agency=Raxanreeb|date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906202740/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-president-says-godane-is-dead-now-is-the-chance-for-the-members-of-al-shabaab-to-embrace-peace/|archive-date=2014-09-06|url-status=dead}}
• 25 August 2014: Ethiopian AMISOM troops assisted by Somali government forces capture Tiyeglow from Al-Shabaab, as part of Operation Indian Ocean. Situated around 530  km northeast of Mogadishu along the main road linking Beledweyne and Baidoa, Tiyeglow previously served as a base for the insurgent group. Witnesses indicate that the Al-Shabaab fighters gave no resistance during the raid, fleeing instead to adjacent forested areas. However, al-Shabaab planted roadside explosive devices before fleeing. According to AMISOM, the successful military operation deprives the insurgent group of high extortion fees that it would previously charge to vehicles traveling along the town's principal road. The siege also now gives the Somali government full control of the Bakool province.{{cite news|title=Somalia forces and AMISOM liberate Tiyeeglow town in Bakool region from al-shabaab|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/202/somali-forces-and-amisom-liberate-tiyeeglow-town-in-bakool-region-from-alshabaab|access-date=31 August 2014|agency=Garowe Online|date=25 August 2014|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827100816/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/202/somali-forces-and-amisom-liberate-tiyeeglow-town-in-bakool-region-from-alshabaab|url-status=dead}}
• September 2014: Human Rights Watch published a report accusing a few soldiers within the Ugandan and Burundian contingents of AMISOM of sexual misconduct on two of the mission's bases in Mogadishu.{{cite news|title=AMISOM forces accused of sex abuse |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659572-uganda-burundi-amisom-forces-accused-of-sex-abuse.html |access-date=9 September 2014 |agency=New Vision |date=9 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910095800/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659572-uganda-burundi-amisom-forces-accused-of-sex-abuse.html |archive-date=10 September 2014 }} The African Union issued an official statement denying the allegations, which it characterized as isolated cases largely involving a single rogue soldier. It also pledged to investigate the charges, and indicated that a number of internal mechanisms had been instituted to prevent, mitigate and discipline any transgressions.{{cite news|title=Somalia: African Union strongly rejects Human Rights Watch allegations on sexual abuse|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/327/somalia-african-union-strongly-rejects-human-rights-watch-allegations-on-sexual-abuse|access-date=9 September 2014|agency=AMISOM|date=9 September 2014|archive-date=11 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001927/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/327/somalia-african-union-strongly-rejects-human-rights-watch-allegations-on-sexual-abuse|url-status=dead}}
• 6 September 2014: Somali government forces assisted by Ethiopian troops seize El Garas in the Galguduud province from Al-Shabaab. According to the Somali military spokesman Mohamed Kariye Roble, the village was a main base for the insurgent group, serving as both a springboard from which it would launch attacks and a supply storage area.{{cite news|title=Somalia: Federal Govt, Ethiopian forces seize Al Shabaab-held village|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/299/somalia-federal-govt-ethiopian-forces-seize-al-shabaabheld-village|access-date=7 September 2014|agency=Garowe Online|date=6 September 2014|archive-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034528/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/299/somalia-federal-govt-ethiopian-forces-seize-al-shabaabheld-village|url-status=dead}}
• 12 September 2014: Ugandan and Kenyan AMISOM forces conduct security operations in Lagta Berta in Lower Juba, where Al-Shabaab had established two bases after vacating Barawe. The militant group incurs significant fatalities during the raid, including foreign insurgents, and a number of its fighters are also injured. The attack destroys the Al-Shabaab hideout facility.{{cite news|title=Somalia: AMISOM successfully carried out operation on two Al-Shabaab camps|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/351/somalia-amisom-successfully-carried-out-operation-on-two-alshabaab-camps|access-date=13 September 2014|agency=Garowe Online|date=13 September 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008142834/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/351/somalia-amisom-successfully-carried-out-operation-on-two-alshabaab-camps|url-status=dead}}
• 13 September 2014: Somali government forces and AMISOM troops capture Aboreey, Moqokori, Yasooman, and Muuse-geel villages in the Bulobarte district from Al-Shabaab. The militants mount no resistance.{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: Government forces and AU troops move Al-Shabab from villages in Gal-gudud and Hiran regions|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/government-forces-and-au-troops-move-al-shabab-from-villages-in-gal-gudud-and-hiran-regions-somali-government-forces-along-with-african-union-troops-have-seized-several-villages-in-hiran-region-from/|access-date=14 September 2014|agency=Raxanreeb|date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915064308/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/government-forces-and-au-troops-move-al-shabab-from-villages-in-gal-gudud-and-hiran-regions-somali-government-forces-along-with-african-union-troops-have-seized-several-villages-in-hiran-region-from/|archive-date=2014-09-15|url-status=dead}} Additionally, Somali government forces and AMISOM troops seize Abooto-barrey, Ceel-Sheel, Carraale and Kaawada villages in the Galguduud province's El Bur district from Al-Shabaab.
• 18 December 2014: The Sierra Leonian contingent (850 troops) leaves AMISOM and is not replaced. Main reason for their departure is the Ebola outbreak in their home country. During their stay in Somalia the Sierra Leone troops suffered 1 dead and 6 wounded. They were based in Kismayo.See: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141220125423/http://somaliamediamonitoring.org/december-19-2014-morning-headlines/ President Hassan: AMISOM troops from Sierra Leone had no political agenda in Somalia]}}, AMISOM Daily Media Monitoring, 19 December 2014. Accessed on 20 December 2014. In response, Ethiopia has offered to replace the contingent from Sierre Leon with Ethiopian reinforcements.
• 26 December 2014: Eight Al-Shabaab militants, dressed in Somali uniforms, launched an attack on an AMISOM base near Mogadishu International Airport, which is also home to a United Nations office and several embassies. All militants were killed while five AMISOM peacekeepers and one foreign contractor were killed.{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-union-official-says-al-shabab-attacks-will-not-deter-somalia-mission/2574359.html|title=Death Toll in Somalia Base Attack Rises|website=VOA|date=26 December 2014 |access-date=17 July 2015}}

Human Rights Watch investigation uncovers evidence of sexual exploitation of women. Western-backed African Union troops in Somalia gang-raped women and girls as young as 12 and traded food aid for sex, Human Rights Watch has said. An investigation uncovered evidence of sexual exploitation of women seeking medicine for sick babies at what they assumed was the safety of AU military bases. Human Rights Watch documented cases in a 71-page report published on 8 September 2014 with recommendations to the African Union, the United Nations, the Somali government and AMISOM donors UN, EU, UK and US. The African Union dismissed the Human Rights Watch claims as isolated cases.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/08/african-union-somalia-rapes-human-rights-watch|title = African Union troops in Somalia accused of gang-rapes|website = TheGuardian.com|date = 8 September 2014}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/08/power-these-men-have-over-us/sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-african-union-forces|date=8 September 2014|publisher=Human Rights Watch|title=The Power These Men Have Over Us}}{{cite web|url=https://amisom-au.org/2014/09/the-african-union-strongly-rejects-the-conclusions-contained-in-the-report-of-the-human-rights-watch-on-allegations-on-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-by-amisom/|title=THE AFRICAN UNION STRONGLY REJECTS THE CONCLUSIONS CONTAINED IN THE REPORT OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ON ALLEGATIONS ON SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE BY AMISOM|date=8 September 2014|publisher=AMISOM}}

• 21 March 2015: Somali National Army forces and AMISOM troops launch a security sweep in the Bulo Burde district to clear an Al-Shabaab blockade in the area. The cleanup operation commences in Beledweyne, with the joint forces removing militants from settlements on both sides of the main road leading towards the district center. Casualties include around five SNA troops and one AMISOM soldier. Local officials do not issue a statement pending arrival at Bulo Burde.{{cite news|title=SNA and AMISOM Moves on Bulo Burde to Break Alshabab Siege|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12015|access-date=21 March 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=21 March 2015}}
• 19 April 2015: Al-Shabaab insurgents attack Kenyan AMISOM troops in the southern Delbio area of Somalia. The insurgents reportedly shoot at the Kenyan soldiers' vehicle, with a gunfight ensuing. AMISOM fatalities include three dead troops. Officials indicate that eight wounded AMISOM soldiers are also being transported to Nairobi for treatment. The militants reportedly retreat into the forest.{{cite news|title=Three KDF soldiers killed, 8 wounded by al Shabaab in Delbio, Somalia|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=13018|access-date=19 April 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=19 April 2015}} Al-Shabaab also attack AMISOM troops that are garrisoned between Lego and Baledogle. According to AMISOM Colonel Paul Njuguna, three soldiers are killed in the ensuing skirmish. He adds that the Somali National Army and AMISOM are endeavoring to liberate the remaining areas under insurgent control, with Al-Shabaab in a much weaker state than only two years prior.{{cite news|title=AMISOM Gives Details Of Two Separate Ambush Attacks on Its Troops|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=13054|access-date=20 April 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=20 April 2015}}
• 26 June 2015: At least 50 Burundian soldiers (with potential excesses of over 70) were reported killed in an attack on their base by Al-Shabab. The attack occurred in Leego near the capital of Mogadishu. It is stated that AMISOM was preparing for an offensive in the region while Al-Shabab was bringing in reinforcements to counter it.{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201506270143.html|title=allAfrica.com: Somalia: Burundi Army Spokesman Confirms Troops Killed in Al-Shabaab Raid|website=allAfrica.com|access-date=17 July 2015}}
• 1 September 2015: Between 20–50 AMISOM peacekeepers are killed after the Janale base, 90  km (55 miles) south-east of the capital, is overrun by Al-Shabab militants.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34113503|title=Somalia attack: Al-Shabab attacks African Union Janale base|work=BBC News|date=September 2015|access-date=2 May 2016}} After bombing a bridge to eliminate a potential escape route and breaching the gate with a car bomb, Al-Shabab militants were able to enter and take over the base.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/al-shabab-claims-scores-killed-attack-au-troops-150901041528125.html|title=Al-Shabab claims 'scores' killed in attack on AU troops|access-date=2 May 2016}} AMISOM peacekeepers were stated to have withdrawn. After looting the base of weaponry, the militants withdrew and AMISOM troops were seen retaking the area. There have also been reports of troops taken captive during the assault.{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/al-shabab-militants-attack-amisom-base/2940387.html|title=19 AU Soldiers Killed in Somali Al-Shabab Attack|website=VOA|date=September 2015 |access-date=2 May 2016}}

• On 15 January a Kenyan company base at El Adde, manned by a detachment of 9 Battalion Kenya Rifles, was overrun by al-Shabaab. Several soldiers were captured, including Private Leonard Maingi who was later murdered by the terrorist group in August 2017. Reports of casualties among the KDF detachment were confused but a later report suggested around 150 Kenyan soldiers died in the attack, with some of their bodies being dragged publicly through the streets of nearby towns by the terrorists.Laing, A. (2016) 'Bodies of Kenyan soldiers dragged through Somali streets after an al-Shabaab attack on base'. The Telegraph, 15 January 2016, Njagi, J. (2016) 'How Al-Shabaab Raided Kenyan Military Camp', The East African (Nairobi), 18 January 2016.'UN Releases Number of Soldiers Killed in El Ade Attack', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 7 November 2016, accessed 12 November 2016,
• On 19 March 2016 two Kenyan soldiers were killed and five others wounded when their convoy was ambushed by terrorists in Lower Juba. During the engagement 21 al-Shabaab fighters were reported killed.'KDF Soldiers Kill 21 Al-Shabaab Militants in Somalia', Daily Nation (Nairobi), 20 March 2016.
• al-Shabaab lost several of their leaders to U.S. airstrikes during May 2016.{{cite web |last1=Muñoz |first1=Carlo |title=Abdullahi Da'ud, key al-Shabaab leader, killed by U.S. airstrike in Somalia |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/1/abdullahi-daud-key-al-shabaab-leader-killed-us-air/ |website=washingtontimes.com |access-date=1 April 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/01/al-shabaab-leaders-killed-airstrike-raid-somalia-abdullahi-haji-daud-mohamed-dulyadin|title=Two major al-Shabaab leaders killed in US airstrike and raid by Somali forces|first=Alan|last=Yuhas|website=TheGuardian.com|date=1 June 2016}}
• al-Shabaab fighters attacked an AMISOM base in June 2016.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/09/al-shabaab-somali-militants-storm-base-ethiopia-troops|title=Al-Shabaab militants storm Somalia base used by Ethiopian troops|first=Jason|last=Burke|website=TheGuardian.com|date=9 June 2016}}
• During November Lieutenant Dedan Karithi Karuti (26), of 17 Battalion Kenya Rifles, was killed when the vehicle in which he was traveling was struck by an improvised explosive device on the Warei–Elwak road.Mwiti, D. (2016) 'KDF Soldier Killed on Duty in Somalia Buried in Meru', Daily Nation (Nairobi), 10 November 2016.

• During January al-Shabaab released a video showing the murder of a Ugandan soldier, Private M. Y. Masasa, who had been captured in September 2015 when the AMISOM base at Janaale was overrun by al-Shabaab.Kasasira, R. (2017) 'Al-Shabaab Executes Captured Ugandan Soldier', The Monitor (Kampala), 18 January 2017.Kalinaki, D.K. (2017) 'Who Shall Account For Those Who Die While Fighting For Our Right to Live?' The Monitor (Kampala), 1 February 2017.
• On 2 January two suicide car bombs targeted a security checkpoint near the airport and a hotel.Weiss, C. (2017) Shabaab claims coordinated suicide bombings in Mogadishu, The Long war Journal, 28 October 2017, accessed 3 November 2017,
• On 4 January three UN soldiers were wounded by an explosion near their headquarters in Mogadishu.
• On 24 January an attack on a hotel in Mogadishu left 28 people dead.
• On 25 January at least 25 people were killed in an al-Shabaab suicide assault on the Somali Parliament building. Two suicide car bombs were used in the assault.
• On 27 January a Kenyan base near Kulbiyow town in the Lower Juba region was attacked by al-Shabaab. According to some reports the base, manned by members of 15 Battalion Kenya Rifles, was overrun and up to 50 Kenyans killed. Kenyan reports say the base was successfully defended and put their death toll at nine.Mukinda, F. & Cherono, S. (2017) 'Kenyan Soldiers Fight Back After Raid by Shabaab', Daily Nation (Nairobi), 28 January 2017.Waddington, C. (2017) 'AL-SHABAAB HAS REPORTEDLY OVERRUN ANOTHER KDF MILITARY BASE IN SOMALIA', African Defence Review, 27 January 2017, accessed 30 January 2017, Achuka, V. (2017) 'Good communication network enabled KDF call for backup', Daily Nation mobile (Nairobi), 29 January 2017, accessed 1 February 2017,
• On 2 February a civilian was injured when a car bomb exploded near his house.
• On 19 February a car bomb detonated at a Mogadishu market, killing at least 30 people.
• On 27 February a number of Somali National Army (SNA) soldiers were wounded by a car bomb.
• On 28 February a Somali government official was assassinated when an IED fitted under the driver's seat of his car exploded.
• On 2 March it was announced that at least 57 al-Shabaab fighters had been killed in an attack by the Kenyan Defence Force. The KDF spokesman was reported as saying: 'KDF soldiers operating under AMISOM engaged al-Shebaab militants at a location 31 km northwest of Afmadow, close to Subow centre using artillery fire and supported by helicopter gunships.Mukinda, F. (2017) 'KDF Kills 57 Al-Shabaab Near Afmadow, Somalia', Daily Nation (Nairobi), 2 March 2017.
• On 12 March a Somali journalist survived an assassination attempt after an IED fitted to his car exploded.
• On 13 March a Somali military base in Mogadishu was targeted by a car bomb, killing three and wounding five.
• On 13 March a popular hotel was targeted, leaving six dead.
• On 21 March ten people were killed and 12 others wounded when a car bomb detonated at a security checkpoint.
• On 24 March a car bomb targeted a popular cafe and hotel near the presidential palace.
• On 27 March it was announced that 31 al-Shabaab fighters had been killed during KDF raids on two bases.'Kenyan forces kill 31 al Shabaab militants in Somalia – statement', Reuters, 27 March 2017-04:09 pm.
• On 5 April 5 eight people were killed outside the Ministry of Youth and Sports headquarters by a car bomb.
• On 9 April a suicide bomber in a vehicle unsuccessfully targeted the new SNA commander, General Mohamed Ahmed Jimale, as his convoy left a military base in Mogadishu.'New Army Commander Escapes Mogadishu Blast', East African (Nairobi), 9 April 2017. Fifteen SNA soldiers were killed, including several high-ranking officers, and 20 others were wounded in the attack.
• On 10 April 2017 Kenyan sources announced that 15 al-Shabaab fighters had been killed when their camp 4 km west of Catamaa, and approximately 104  km from El Wak, was shelled and then assaulted.Odunga, D. (2017) 'KDF Soldiers Kill 15 Shabaab Terrorists in Dawn Attack', Daily Nation (Nairobi), 10 April 2017.
• On 19 April a Djibouti soldier was killed by a member of the SNA following an argument in Bula-burte town, Hiiraan region.'AU Probes Death of Soldier by Colleague in Somalia', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 20 April 2017.
• On 7 May a Somali intelligence official survived an assassination attempt after an IED fitted to his car exploded on Maka al Mukarama Street, Mogadishu.
• On 8 May a cafe on Maka al Mukarama Street, Mogadishu, was targeted by a car bomb, killing five and leaving ten others wounded.
• On 15 May police intercepted and later destroyed a car bomb intended to target the National Theatre.
• On 17 May a car bomb was intercepted but later accidentally detonated killing three and wounding two others.
• On 24 May eight people were killed and 15 others wounded in a car bomb targeting a police checkpoint.
• On 14 June eleven people were killed in an al- Shabaab suicide car bomb attack near a restaurant and hotel in Mogadishu.
• On 20 June six people were killed when a car bomb detonated near a local government administration office in Mogadishu's Wadajir district.
• On 22 June a police station on Maka al Mukarama Street, Mogadishu, was targeted by a car bomb.
• On 19 July a car bomb detonated outside the Ministry of Youth and Sports headquarters wounding one Somali intelligence official.
• On 30 July five soldiers were killed by a car bomb near a security checkpoint on Maka al Mukarama Street.
• On 30 July a joint SNA/Ugandan convoy was ambushed at Goryowein in the Lower Shabelle region, some 140 km southwest of Mogadishu, as they patrolled the Mogadishu–Barawe road, a major supply route for forward bases. Reports of casualties varied but Uganda admitted to losing 12 soldiers with another seven wounded in the attack.Lumu, D. (2017) 'UPDF probes Somalia ambush, 12 killed', New Vision (Kampala), 31 July 2017, accessed 16 August 2017,
• On 31 July a Somali intelligence official was targeted by an IED attached to his car. The official and two civilians were wounded.
• During August al-Shabaab released a video showing the murder of a Kenyan soldier, Leonard Maingi, who had been captured in January 2016 when the Kenyan base at El Adde was overrun by al-Shebaab.'Alshabab Executes Captured Soldier', Dalsan Radio (Mogadishu), 5 August 2017.
• On 4 August four people were killed and six others wounded in a car bomb targeting The Ambassador Hotel on Maka al Mukarama Street.
• On 10 August a suicide bomber was stopped at a security checkpoint on Maka al Mukarama Street. The bomber escaped but the bomb later detonated, killing one civilian and wounding three others.
• On 14 August an IED fitted under a taxi killed at least one person near the Jazeera Palace Hotel.
• On 27 August a car bomb detonated injuring two people on Maka al Mukarama Street.
• On 11 September a car bomb killed one person and injured four others near a cafe and hotel on Maka al Mukarama Street.
• On 20 September a Somali intelligence official was assassinated when a bomb on his car exploded in Mogadishu.
• On 24 September Somali General Abdullahi Mohamed Sheikh Qururuh and his bodyguard were assassinated by gunmen in Mogadishu.Maruf, H. (2017) Senior General Gunned Down in Mogadishu, Voice of America, 25 September 2017.
• On 28 September a car bomb outside a restaurant killed seven people.
• On 29 September Somali sources reported 30 people — 12 soldiers and 18 insurgents — killed in an al-Shebaab attack on an SNA base in Barire, 47 km southwest of Mogadishu. al-Shebaab sources reported 30 government soldiers killed and 11 vehicles captured by them.Olad, M. (2017) 30 Killed in Shabaab Attack on Somali Military Base – General, Voice of America, 2 October 2017.
• On 14 October a large vehicle-borne explosive device detonated at a busy crossroads in Mogadishu, killing at least 300 people. While al-Shebaab did not claim responsibility for this attack it was widely believed to have been the work of this terrorist group.
• On 25 October a Ugandan soldier and two civilians were reported killed by al-Shebaab insurgents in an ambush on the outskirts of Mogadishu which also left four terrorists dead.Maruf, H. (2017) Two Civilians, AU Soldier Die in Ambush, Voice of America, 25 October 2017, https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-two-civilians-african-union-soldier-die-ambush/4085687.html
• On 28 October five al-Shabaab terrorists detonated a car bomb outside a Mogadishu hotel before assaulting the building and killing civilians. Up to 23 people were killed, along with two of the terrorists, before Somali security forces were able to end the attack. Three surviving terrorists were captured.'Militants Who Killed 23 At Mogadishu Hotel Used Intelligence Service ID Cards', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 30 October 2017, via Allafrica.com A second suicide car bomb detonated near the former Parliament house.

• On 23 February twin car-bomb explosions in Mogadishu killed at least 38 people. The first targeted the presidential palace, Villa Somalia, while the second bomb apparently targeted a hotel.'Death Toll Mounts After Mogadishu Palace Attack', Deutsche Welle (Bonn), 24 February 2018.
• On 23 February Ugandan soldiers shot dead three Somalia National Army (SNA) personnel in Mogadishu after a Ugandan vehicle convoy was apparently fired upon by the Somalis.'Uganda Blames Somalia for Deadly Mogadishu Shoot-Out', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 26 February 2018.
• On 1 March two soldiers were killed and five other people wounded in an al-Shebaab suicide car-bomb attack on a checkpoint 15 km outside Mogadishu.'Al-Shabaab Blamed in AU Ambush, Suspected in Attack on Somali Forces', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 5 March 2018.
• On 2 March five Burundian soldiers were reported killed in an al-Shebaab ambush on a military convoy near Balad, 30 km north of Mogadishu. On the same day a suicide bomb attack on a SNA base at Afgoye and subsequent IED attack resulted in five SNA personnel and a suicide bomber dying.
• On 2 April al-Shebaab launched coordinated attacks on three Ugandan bases, at Qoryoley, Buulo Mareer and Golweyn. Initial reports gave casualties as 36 al-Shebaab killed with four Ugandan soldiers killed and six wounded.{{cite web |url=http://amisom-au.org/2018/04/amisom-troops-successfully-repulse-al-shabaab-terrorists-following-simultaneous-attacks-on-three-au-bases-in-the-lower-shabelle-region/ |title=AMISOM troops successfully repulse al Shabaab terrorists following simultaneous attacks on three AU bases in the Lower Shabelle region |website=amisom-au.org |date= 2 April 2018|access-date=6 April 2018}} Subsequent reports from Uganda gave conflicting accounts of their casualties but it seems likely six Ugandans died.
• On 11 April U.S. forces destroyed a Shebaab vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) in the vicinity of Jana Cabdalle, some 50 km northwest of Kismayo. This was reported to be the twelfth air strike by American forces in Somalia during 2018.Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US continues to disrupt Shabaab's attack campaign', The Long War Journal, 13 April 2018,
• On 12 April al-Shebab detonated a bomb at a soccer stadium in Baraawe, killing at least five people.
• In the early hours of 24 April a Burundian base in the Arba'ow area, near Elasha Biyahawas on the outskirts of Mogadishu, was reported attacked by insurgents.'Al-Shabaab Launches Attack on AU Peacekeepers' Base Near Mogadishu', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 24 April 2018.
• On 25 April a UPDF convoy in the El-Waregow area, outside the port city of Merka, was reported to have been targeted by a road-side IED which was followed by an insurgent attack.'Al-Shabaab Militants Ambush UPDF Convoy in Southern Somalia', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 25 April 2018.
• On 9 May a roadside bomb in the town of Wanlaweyn, some 90 km northwest of Mogadishu, killed at least five people when it exploded.'Soldiers Killed in a Landmine Explosion in Southern Somalia', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 10 May 2018. Other reports attribute the explosion to a suicide bomber targeting a khat market, and say that eleven civilians were killed,'SNA Soldiers Killed in Lower Shabelle IED Blast', Radio Dalsan (Mogadishu), 10 May 2018. or ten killed and fifteen wounded.'Thirteen militants, 4 Civilians Killed in Market Blast, Fighting', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 14 May 2018.
• On 10 May a second explosion in Wanlaweyn killed seven Somali soldiers and wounded a further two when a road-side bomb targeted the vehicle in which they were travelling. The casualty list was also reported as ten soldiers killed.
• On 12 May fighting in the village of Halfoley, near the town of Jalalaqsi in the Hiran region, between Somali soldiers and villagers against al-Shebaab tax collectors left 13 insurgents dead.
• Also on 12 May a bomb in a market in the Bulomarer district killed four civilians and wounded five.
• On 31 May a U.S. air strike 50 km southwest of Mogadishu was reported to have killed 12 al-Shebaab insurgents. This was said to be the fifteenth U.S. air strike in Somalia during 2018.Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US strikes Shabaab again outside Mogadishu', The Long War Journal, 2 June 2018, accessed 8 June 2018,
• On 2 June U.S. forces conducted their sixteenth air strike in Somalia for 2018. Twenty-seven 'terrorists' were reported killed in the strike near the town of Bosaso, in Puntland.Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US kills 27 Shabaab terrorists in rare northern Somalia strike', The Long War Journal, 5 June 2018, accessed 8 June 2018 'US Airstrike Kills 27 Terrorist Fighters in N. Somalia', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 5 June 2018. Although the true success of this and other U.S. air/drone strikes in Somalia must remain in doubt as there seems to have been no ground follow-up and so no enemy bodies were recovered, or enemy personnel individually identified; no prisoners taken; no documents captured; no weapons or equipment recovered.
• On 8 June fighting was reported between Somalia National Army forces and al-Shebaab when the insurgents attacked the town of El Wak in what was believed to be a continuation of intensified attacks over Ramadan.'Alshabaab and Govt Troops in Deadly Clash over El-Wak', Dalsan Radio (Mogadishu), 8 June 2018.
• On 8 June a Somali soldier was assassinated in a market in Afgoye.'Gunmen Kill Somali Soldier in Afgoye Outside Mogadishu', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 9 June 2018.
• During 8 and 9 June al-Shebaab attacks on a joint Somali-Kenyan-U.S. base 2 km north of the town of Sanguni led to the deaths of a U.S. Special Forces soldier and two Somali soldiers, with another four U.S. personnel wounded. The base was reported to have then been abandoned.Maruf, H. (2018) 'New Details Emerge in Attack That Killed U.S. Soldier', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 11 June 2018.'Jubbaland and U.S. Troops Vacate Town Outside Kismayo After Attacks', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 10 June 2018.
• On 11 June at least five Somali soldiers were killed and three others injured in an insurgent attack near Teed, 30 km north of Huddur in the Bakool region.Maruf 2018.
• On 1 July a mortar bombardment apparently aimed at an AMISOM base in the suburb of Halane, Mogadihsu, killed five people and injured another ten.'Govt Condemns Mortar Attack in Mogadishu That Left 5 Dead', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 2 July 2018.
• On 7 July two suicide bombings followed by an attempt to storm Somalia's Ministry of Interior in Mogadishu left at least 10 people dead and another 20 wounded.Weiss, C. (2018) 'Shabaab targets presidential palace with suicide assault', The Long War Journal, 16 July 2018,
• On 13/14 July al-Shebaab attacked the Police Commissioner's residence in Baidoa, killing three soldiers and injuring four.'Al-Shabaab Carries Out Attack in Baidoa, Kills At Least 3 Soldiers', Shabelle Media network (Mogadishu), 14 July 2018.
• On 14 July two car-bombs were detonated in Mogadishu targeting the presidential palace compound.
• On 23 July Somali forces reportedly repulsed an insurgent attack on one of their bases near Bar-Sanguuni, Lower Juba region, killing 87 insurgents while losing six of their own men. Al-Shebaab claimed – with some supporting photographic evidence – to have overrun the base and killed 27 government troops.Yusuf, M. (2018) 'Army – 87 Militants Killed as Attack Repulsed', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 25 July 2018.Weiss, C. (2018) 'Shabaab releases photos from inside joint US–Somali–Kenyan base', The Long War Journal, 24 July 2018,
• On 27 August U.S Forces reportedly killed three terrorists in an air strike 40 km southwest of Mogadishu. This was apparently the 21st air strike by U.S forces to be carried out against al-Shebaab during 2018.Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'U.S. military on track to match record 2017 for airstrikes in Somalia', The Long War Journal, 29 August 2018,
• On 11 September al-Shabaab attacked government forces in Mubaraak village, some 60 km west of Mogadishu, killing one of the government troops.Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'Shabaab launches another attack on US and partner forces', The Long War Journal, 24 September 2018,
• On 21 September al-Shebaab attacked government forces in a position 50 km southwest of Mogadishu. In response U.S. forces launched air strikes that reportedly killed 18 insurgents. A further two insurgents were said to have been killed by the defending government troops.
• On 1 October U.S forces reportedly killed nine insurgents and wounded one other in an air strike some 40 km northeast of Kismayo. The air strike was said to be in response to an insurgent attack on government forces.'U.S. Airstrike Kills 9 Al-Shabaab Militants, Voice of America (Washington, DC), 3 October 2018.
• On 1 October a suicide bomber drove a car into an EU (Italian) military convoy outside the Jaalle Siyad military base in the Hodan district of Mogadishu, killing two civilians and injuring another four.Maruf, H. (2018) 'Al-Shabaab Attacks EU Convoy in Mogadishu, Two Killed', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 3 October 2018.
• On 13 October two suicide bombers detonated explosive devices in the town of Baidoa, killing 15 civilians.Hassan, M.O. (2018) 'Two Blasts in Somali Town Kill at Least 15', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 14 October 2018.
• On 14 October a third al-Shebaab attack on Somali government forces in just over a month occurred near Araara, triggering a U.S air strike in response. The air strike was reported to have killed four terrorists.Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'Shabaab attacks Somali force in southern Somalia', The Long War Journal, 15 October 2018,

29 May 2020 The Security Council reauthorized the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) until 28 February 2021.{{cite web|url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2020/05/african-union-mission-in-somalia-amisom-reauthorisation.php|date=28 May 2020|publisher=Security Council Report|title=African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) Reauthorisation}}

• On 11 December 2021, al-Shebaab claimed responsibility for an IED attack on AU peacekeepers in which four Burundian soldiers died in the vicinity of Buurane and Mahaday towns in the Middle Shabelle region.{{Cite web|title=Al-Shabaab kills 4 African Union peacekeepers in Somalia|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/al-shabaab-kills-4-african-union-peacekeepers-in-somalia/2445228|access-date=2021-12-11|website=www.aa.com.tr}}

The 14 year long AMISOM mission came to an end in March 2022 and it was replaced by a Somali led operation, the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS).{{Cite web |title=AU starts second phase of discussion over new mission in Somalia |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/au-starts-second-phase-of-discussion-over-new-mission-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Garowe Online |date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}

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{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|author=Paul D. Williams|title=Fighting for Peace in Somalia: A History and Analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM), 2007–2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ftdDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-872454-4}}

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