Airavata#Erawan

image:Indradeva.jpg (alias Sakra) and Shachi riding the five-headed Divine Elephant Airavata, Folio from a Jain text, Panch Kalyanaka (Five Auspicious Events in the Life of Jina Rishabhanatha), c. 1670–1680, Painting in LACMA museum, originally from Amber, Rajasthan]]

Airavata ({{langx|sa|ऐरावत|translit=airāvata|translit-std=IAST|lit=belonging to Iravati}}) is a divine elephant, characterized by four tusks, seven trunks and a white complexion. He is the "king of elephants" also serves as the main vehicle for the deity Indra.{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=airavata&pg=PA14 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=13–14 |language=en}} It is also called 'abhra-Matanga', meaning "elephant of the clouds"; 'Naga-malla', meaning "the fighting elephant"; and 'Arkasodara', meaning "brother of the sun".{{cite book|last=Dowson|first=John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|year=1870|publisher=Trübner & Company|location=London|page=180}} 'Abhramu' is the elephant wife of Airavata. Airavata is also the third son of Iravati. In the Mahabharata he is listed as a great serpent.{{cite web |last=Ganguli |first=Kishori Mohan |title=SECTION XXXV |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01036.htm |work=Mahabharata |publisher=Pratap Chandra Babu}}

Hindu tradition

File:Bangkok Wat Arun Phra Prang Indra Erawan.jpg ("Temple of Dawn") in Bangkok, Thailand, showing Indra on his three-headed elephant Erawan (Airavata).]]

The appearance or birth of Airavata varies according to different Hindu texts. In the Ramayana, Airavata was born to Iravati (descendant of the sage, Kashyapa) whereas, the Vishnu Purana notes that Airavata was born from the churning of the ocean of milk.{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=airavata+hindu+mythology&pg=PA52 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=52 |language=en}} According to the Matangalila, Airavata was born when Brahma sang sacred hymns over the halves of the egg shell from which Garuda hatched, followed by seven more male and eight female elephants. Prithu made Airavata king of all elephants. One of his names means "the one who knits or binds the clouds" since myth has it that these elephants are capable of producing clouds. The connection of elephants with water and rain is emphasized in the mythology of Indra, who rides the elephant Airavata when he defeats Vritra.

It is believed that the elephant guards one of the points of compass.{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/64 64]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}} Airavata also stands at the entrance to Svarga, Indra's palace. In addition, the eight guardian deities who preside over the points of the compass each sit on an elephant (world elephant). Each of these deities has an elephant that takes part in the defense and protection of its respective quarter. Chief among them is Airavata of Indra. There is a reference to Airavata in the Bhagavad Gita:

{{Blockquote|Of horses, know Me to be the nectar-born Uchchaihshravas; of lordly elephants, Airavata and of men, the monarch.[http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/10/27/en1 Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 10, Verse 27)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015252/http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/10/27/en1 |date=30 September 2007 }}}}

Airavata is also known for being the cause of the churning of the ocean of milk. Once sage Durvasa presented a garland to Indra, who passed it on to Airavata. The elephant then threw the garland on to the ground, which angered Durvasa and resulted in the demigods to be "subject to old age and death." Reversing the curse required the devas to retrieve the nectar of immortality by churning the ocean of milk.{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=19 |language=en}}

At Darasuram near Tanjore is a temple where it is believed that Airavata worshipped the Lingam; the Lingam is named after him as Airavateshwara. This temple, which abounds in rare sculpture and architectural workmanship, was built by Rajaraja Chola II (1146–73 CE).{{cite book |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |url=https://archive.org/details/worldheritagemon00javi |url-access=limited |author=Ali Javid |author2=ʻAlī Jāvīd |author3=Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora Publishing |date=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldheritagemon00javi/page/n66 57]}}

Jain tradition

In Jain tradition, when a Tirthankara is born, Indra descends with his consort, Shachi, riding their mount, the great elephant Airavata, to celebrate the event.{{sfn|Goswamy|2014|p=245}}

Flags with Airavata

; Laos

Flag of French Laos.svg|Flag of French Laos (1893–1952)

Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg|Flag of Laos (1952–1975)

Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Laos.svg|Laotian royal standard (1952–1975)

; Siam (Thailand)

Siamese Royal Standard (absent) (Rama IV).svg|"Thong Airaphot" (ธงไอยราพต) King's Absent Standard (1855–1891 & 1897–1910)

Siamese Royal Standard (absent) (Rama V).svg|"Thong Chuthathipathai" (ธงจุฑาธิปไตย) King's Absent Standard (1891–1897)

Flag of Bangkok.svg|Flag of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration

Erawan

File:Erawan.JPG, Thailand.]]

Erawan ({{langx|th|เอราวัณ}}, from Pāḷi Erāvana, or Sanskrit Airāvana) is one of the Thai names of Airavata. It is depicted as a huge elephant with either three or sometimes thirty-three heads which are often shown with more than two tusks. Some statues show Indra, the king of Tavatimsa Heaven, riding on Erawan.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

File:Airavata.svg

The elephant became the symbol of Bangkok by association with Indra during its foundation as the capital of the new Rattanakosin Kingdom .{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Edward Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bh1qDwAAQBAJ&dq=airavata+erawan&pg=PT17|title=Siamese Melting Pot|date=2018|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=978-981-4762-85-4|pages=16–17|language=en}} It is also sometimes associated with the old Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang and the defunct Kingdom of Laos, where it was more commonly known as the "three-headed elephant" and had been used on the royal flag.{{Cite book|editor-first=Frank E.|editor-last=Reynolds|title=Three worlds According To King Ruang: A Thai Buddhist Cosmology|publisher=Berkeley|year=1982|isbn=0-89581-153-7}}

In popular culture

Airavata is a recruitable character in the Megami Tensei video game series.

Airavata is referenced in the song "The Animal Tent" on the album The Circus by The Venetia Fair:

{{Blockquote|Here comes Airavata; the elephant controls the rainclouds,

His skin the rumbling earth (Airavata!)}}

Airavata is the name of the Volvo bus service that Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation provides.{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ksrtc-launches-volvo-buses-with-pantry-and-toilet/article3655889.ece | title=KSRTC launches Volvo buses with pantry and toilet | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 July 2012 | access-date=27 August 2014}}

Citations

General references

{{citation |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |author-link=B. N. Goswamy |title=The Spirit of Indian Painting: Close Encounters with 100 Great Works 1100–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5E3BQAAQBAJ |publisher=Penguin Books |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-08657-3 }}