Al-Ma'muni

{{short description|Arabic poet}}

File:شارع ابو طالب المأموني - panoramio.jpg

ʿAbū Ṭālib ʿAbd al-Salām ibn al-Ḥasan al-Maʾmūnī ({{lang|ar|ابو طالب المأموني}}; after 953 CE in Baghdad – 993) was an Arab poet, noted for his epigrammatic writing.Bürgel, J.C., 'al-Maʾmūnī', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. by P. Bearman and others, 2nd edn, 12 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005), {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4892}}.

Life

Al-Maʾmūnī's name indicates that he was descended from the caliph al-Maʾmūn. Though born in Baghdād, he soon moved to Rayy, where he studied with Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād; falling out with some of Ibn ʿAbbād's circle, he moved to Nīshāpūr, joining the court of Abu ’l-Ḥusayn al-ʿUtbī and his successor Abū Naṣr in Bukhārā through the patronage of Ibn Sīmjūr, a Sāmānid commander. There he met al-Tha'ālibī, who was later to write a biography and record the lion's share of al-Maʾmūnī's surviving verse. Although al-Tha'ālibī reports that al-Maʾmūnī aspired to win (or regain?) the ʿAbbāsid caliphate, this clearly never transpired, and he died of hydropsy in 383/993.

Works

While he wrote in other forms, al-Maʾmūnī's oeuvre is most noted for its short, ekphrastic epigrams, showing Persian influence and characteristic of the Perso-Arabic literary concept of waṣf ('description') on themes such as buildings, utensils (for example, writing implements, scissors, baskets), fruits, and foods. The following, 'fī al-tannūr' ('on a baking oven') is an example (albeit attested only in one manuscript):Wolfhart Heinrichs, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43370344 review] of Johann Christoph Bürgel, Die ekphrastischen Epigramme des Abū Talib al-Ma'mūnī: literaturkundliche Studie über einen arabischen Conceptisten, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-Historische Klasse, 14 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965), Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 121 (1971), 166-90 (p. 177).

{{Verse translation|{{lang|ar|

rakīyatun qad sakanat qaʿrahā * li-l-shamsi ukhtun ʿabadathā al-majūs

in lam takun tilka fa-mā bāluhā * taghkhudhu aqmāran wa-tuʿṭī shumūs}}|

A spring whose base has been inhabited by a sister of the sun, whom the majūs worship

if that isn't what it is, why should it take in moons and give out suns?}}

(Here the conceit is that an unbaked piece of bread looks like the moon, and when baked it is like the sun.)

Another example is this five-line verse in three-foot rajaz lines:{{rp|p. 293 (no. 84).}}

{{Verse translation|{{abyat|shaterbyshater=1|ياقوتة ما ضمّها مِخْنقه\\في دُرّة في حقّة محقَّقه

كأنّها وقد غدت مفلَّقه\\مذ نُشرت أثوابها المرقَّقه

\\تِبْر حَوَتْه من لُجَين بُوتَقه}}|

A ruby—a necklace did not incorporate her—

in a pearl in a perfectly made casket:

as if, after she had become split

and her fine clothes spread out,

pure gold in a crucible of pure silver.}}

=Epigram topics=

class="wikitable mw-collapsible"

|+

Epigram topics (according to 1983 Beirut edition)

!first page

!topic (Arabic)

!topic (transliterated)

!topic (translation)

!metre

!number (Bürgel translation)

!topic (Bürgel)

iv 195

|المنارة

|

|lighthouse

|ṭawīl

|

|

iv 196

|الْكُرْسِيّ

|al-kursī

|chair

|mujtathth

|1

|Auf den Thronstuhl

iv 196

|الْكُرْسِيّ

|al-kursī

|chair

|mutaqārib

|2/3

|Auf den Thronstuhl

iv 196

|طست الشمع

|ṭast al-shamʿ

|candleholder

|kāmil

|4

|Auf den Kerzenhalter

iv 197

|طست الشمع

|ṭast al-shamʿ

|candleholder

|ṭawīl

|5

|Auf den Kerzenhalter

iv 197

|النَّار

|al-nar

|fire

|sarīʿ

|23

|Auf das Feuer

iv 197

|الْحمام

|al-ḥammām

|bath

|ṭawīl

|35

|Auf das Bad

iv 197

|السطل والكرنيب

|al-saṭl wa-l-kirnīb

|bucket and basin

|rajaz

|6

|Auf den Schöpfeimer und das Waschbecken

iv 198

|حجر الْحمام

|ḥajar al-ḥammām

|stone of the bath

|sarīʿ

|18

|Auf den "Badestein"

iv 198

|الليف

|al-līf

|palm-fibre

|rajaz

|19

|Auf die Palmfasern

iv 198

|المنشفة

|al-minshafa

|towel

|munsariḥ

|20

|Auf das Taschentuch

iv 198

|الزنبيل

|al-zanbīl

|palm-fibre basket

|wāfir

|7

|Auf den Palmfaserkorb

iv 199

|كوز أَخْضَر محرق

|kūz akhḍar muḥarraq

|burnt, green jug

|kāmil

|8

|Auf einen grünen gebrannten Krug

iv 199

|الشرابية

|al-sharābīya

|wine-jug stand (?)

|sarīʿ

|9

|Auf den Weinkrugständer

iv 199

|الجليد

|al-jalīd

|ice

|basīṭ

|39

|Auf das Eis

iv 199

|مَاء بجليد

|māʾ bi-jalīd

|water with ice

|rajaz

|40

|Auf Wasser mit Eis

iv 199

|جلاب

|kaʾs jullāb

|cup of jallab

|rajaz

|41

|Auf einen Becher Rosenwassers

iv 200

|جلاب

|kaʾs jullāb

|cup of jallab

|ṭawīl

|42

|Auf einen Becher Rosenwassers

iv 200

|السكنجبين

|sakanjabīn

|sekanjabin

|ṭawīl

|43

|Auf das Oxymel (Sauerhonig)

iv 200

|الفقاعة

|al-fuqqāʿa

|barley-water (foam-bubble)

|munsariḥ

|44

|Auf den Gerstensaft

iv 200

|الفقاعة

|al-fuqqāʿa

|barley-water (foam-bubble)

|rajaz

|45

|Auf den Gerstensaft

iv 201

|الأترج المربى

|al-utrujj al-murabbā

|citron marmalade

|rajaz

|46

|Auf das Orangengelee

iv 202

|الإهليج المربي

|al-ihlīlaj al-murabbā

|on jellied myrobalans

|sarīʿ

|47

|Auf gelierte Myrobolanen

iv 202

|الترنجبين

|al-taranjubīn

|manna

|rajaz

|48

|Auf das Manna

iv 202

|برنية زجاج

|

|glass globes

|ṭawīl

|

|

iv 202

|برنية زجاج

|

|glass globes

|mujtathth

|

|

iv 203

|كعاب الغزال فِي برنية زجاج

|kiʿāb al-ghazāl fī barniyyat zujāj

|gazelle ankles in a glass jug

|basīṭ

|51

|Auf die "Gazellenknõchel" in einer Glasschale

iv 203

|كعاب الغزال فِي برنية زجاج

|kiʿāb al-ghazāl fī barniyyat zujāj

|gazelle ankles in a glass jug

|ṭawīl

|52

|Auf die "Gazellenknõchel" in einer Glasschale

iv 203

|كعاب الغزال فِي برنية زجاج

|kiʿāb al-ghazāl fī barniyyat zujāj

|gazelle ankles in a glass jug

|ṭawīl

|53

|Auf die "Gazellenknõchel" in einer Glasschale

iv 203

|بَنَادِق القند الخزائني فِي برنية زجاج

|banādiq al-qand al-khazāʾinī fī barniyyat zujāj

|? in a glass jug

|basīṭ

|54

|Auf Bolzen von Speicherkandis in einer Glasschale

iv 203

|أعمدة القند الخزائن

|aʿmidat al-qand alkhazāʾinī

|sticks of candied sugar

|hazaj

|55

|Auf Stäbchen von Speicherkandis

iv 204

|اللوز الرطب

|al-lawz al-raṭb

|fresh almonds

|ṭawīl

|56

|Auf die "feuchten" Mandeln

iv 204

|اللوز الْيَابِس

|al-lawz al-yābis

|dried almonds

|basīṭ

|57

|Auf die trockenen Mandeln

iv 204

|الْجَوْز الرطب

|al-jawz al-raṭb

|fresh nuts

|kāmil

|58

|Auf die "feuchten" Nüsse

iv 204

|الزَّبِيب الطَّائِفِي

|al-zabīb al-ṭāʾifī

|raisins of the ṭāʾifī type

|munsariḥ

|59

|Auf die ṭāʾifischen Rosinen

iv 204

|[القشمش]

|[al-qishmish]

|currants or currant-juice

|rajaz

|60.

|Auf die Korinthen bzw. Korinthensaft

iv 205

|الْعنَّاب

|al-ʿunnāb

|jujube

|mujtathth

|61

|Auf die Brustbeeren

iv 205

|الباقلاء الْأَخْضَ

|al-bāqilāʾ al-akhḍar

|green broad beans

|rajaz

|62

|Auf die grünen Saubohnen

iv 205

|الباقلاء المنبوت

|al-bāqilāʾ al-manbūt

|germinating broad beans

|sarīʿ

|63

|Auf die keimenden Saubohnen

iv 205

|الْبِطِّيخ

|al-biṭṭīkh

|melon

|ṭawīl

|64

|Auf die Melone

iv 206

|الْبِطِّيخ الْهِنْدِيّ

|al-biṭṭīkh al-hindī

|Indian melon

|ṭawīl

|65

|Auf die indische Melone

iv 206

|الكمثرى

|al-kum(m)athrā

|pear

|wāfir

|66

|Auf die Birne

iv 206

|رمانة

|rummāna

|pomegranate

|sarīʿ

|67

|Auf einen Granatapfel

iv 206

|[الإناء]

|[al-ināʾ]

|jar

|kāmil

|68

|Auf ein Gefäß

iv 207

|الْملح المطيب

|al-milḥ al-muṭayyab

|spiced salt

|sarīʿ

|69

|Auf das gewürzte Salz

iv 207

|خبز الأبازير

|al-khubz al-abāzīr

|spiced bread

|sarīʿ

|71

|Auf das Gewürzbrot

iv 207

|الرقَاق

|al-ruqāq

|flatbread

|sarīʿ

|

|Auf das Fladenbrot

iv 207

|الرقَاق

|al-ruqāq

|flatbread

|mutaqārib

|72

|Auf das Fladenbrot

iv 208

|الْجُبْن وَالزَّيْتُون

|al-jubn wa-l-zaitūn

|white cheese and olives

|ṭawīl

|73

|Auf den Weißkäse und die Oliven

iv 208

|البوراني والبطيخ

|al-būrānī wa-l-biṭṭīkh

|borani and melon

|ṭawīl

|74

|Auf "Būrānī" und Melonen

iv 209

|العجة

|al-ʿujja

|omelette

|munsariḥ

|75

|Auf die Omelette

iv 209

|الجوذابة

|al-jūdhāba

|grain pudding baked under dripping meat

|rajaz

|76

|Auf das Reisfleisch

iv 209

|الشواء السوقي

|al-shiwāʾ al-sūqī

|grill in the market

|ṭawīl

|77

|Auf das "Basargebratene"

iv 209

|سَمَكَة مشوية

|samaka mashwiyya

|grilled fish

|sarīʿ

|78

|Auf einen gebratenen Fisch

iv 209

|سَمَكَة مشوية

|samaka mashwiyya

|grilled fish

|sarīʿ

|79

|Auf einen gebratenen Fisch

iv 210

|السفود

|al-saffūd

|skewers

|ṭawīl

|80

|Auf den Bratspieß

iv 210

|الهريسة

|al-harīsa

|harissa

|munsariḥ

|81

|Auf die Harīsa (Fleisch und Weizengrütze)

iv 210

|مَاء الْخَرْدَل

|māʾ al-khardal

|mustard water

|khafīf

|82

|Auf den Senf

iv 210

|الْبيض المفلق

|al-baiḍ al-mufallaq

|broken eggs (but the correct subject is a mixed dish)

|rajaz

|83

|Auf ein Mischgericht

iv 211

|الْبيض المفلق

|al-baiḍ al-mufallaq

|broken eggs

|rajaz

|84

|Auf "gespaltene" Eier

iv 211

|أَقْرَاص السّحُور

|aqrāṣ al-saḥūr

|loaves at suhur

|rajaz

|85

|Auf die Fladen des Fastenbrotes

iv 211

|اللوزينج الْيَابِس

|a-lawzīna al-yābisj

|dry nougat

|ṭawīl

|86

|Auf den "trockenen" Nougat

iv 211

|اللوزينج الْفَارِسِ

|a-lawzīna al-fārisī

|Persian nougat

|ṭawīl

|87

|Auf den persischen Nougat

iv 211

|الخبيص

|al-khabīṣ

|khabees

|sarīʿ

|88

|Auf al-Khabiṣ (eine Dattelspeise)

iv 212

|الفالوزج الْمَعْقُود

|al-fālūzaj al-maʿqūd

|sweet based on flour, water and honey

|sarīʿ

|89

|Auf das gelierte Fālūzaj (eine Mandelspeise)

iv 212

|مشاش الْخَلِيفَة

|mushāsh al-khalīfa

|the caliphate

|ṭawīl

|90

|Auf das "Kalifenmark"

iv 212

|أَصَابِع زَيْنَب

|aṣābiʿ Zainab

|Zaynab's finger

|ṭawīl

|91

|Auf die "Finger der Zainab"

iv 212

|أَصَابِع زَيْنَب

|aṣābiʿ Zainab

|Zaynab's finger

|ṭawīl

|92

|Auf die "Finger der Zainab"

iv 212

|عدَّة من المطعومات

|?

|?

|khafīf

|93

|Auf die Diät

iv 213

|الْمَدِينَة

|al-mudya

|slaughter-knife

|sarīʿ

|94

|Auf das Schlachtmesser

iv 213

|مجمع الأشنان بِمَا فِيهِ من المحلب والخلال

|majmaʿ al-ushnān bi-mā fīhi min al-maḥlab wa-l-klilāl

|On the pot of the potash with its ingredients sour cherry and "sweet herbs"

|mujtathth

|95

|Auf das Sammelgefäß der Pottasche mit ihren Ingredienzien Weichselkirsche und "süßen Kräutern". Oder: Auf das Sammelgefäß der Pottasche samt dem, was dazu gehört an [Zahnstochern aus] Weichselkirsche und Speiseresten (d. h., was zwischen den Zähnen hængenbleibt).

iv 214

|طين الْأكل

|

|edible clay

|sarīʿ

|

|

iv 214

|الْجَمْر والمدخنة

|al-jamr wa-l-midkhana

|embers in chimney

|mutaqārib

|24

|Auf die Glut und den Rauchfang

iv 214

|جمر خبا بعد اشتعاله

|jamrin khabā baʿda shtiʿālihi

|embers extinguished after burning

|khafīf

|25

|Auf Glut, die verlöschte, nachdem sie aufgeflammt

iv 214

|الْبرد

|al-barad

|hail

|ṭawīl

|26

|Auf den Hagel

iv 214

|التدرج

|al-tadruj

|pheasant

|khafīf

|97

|Auf den Fasan

iv 215

|المحبرة

|al-miḥbara

|inkwell

|rajaz

|13

|Auf das Tintenfaß

iv 215

|المقلمة والأقلام

|al-miqlama wa-l-aqlām

|pens and pen-box

|ṭawīl

|14

|Auf das Federkästchen und die Federn

iv 215

|السكين المذنب

|al-sikkīn al-mudhannab

|pen-knife

|wāfir

|15

|Auf das Federmesser

iv 216

|المقط

|al-miqaṭṭ

|cutter

|ṭawīl

|16

|Auf den "Spitzer"

iv 216

|المحراك وَهُوَ الملتاق

|al-miḥrāk wa-huwa al-milyāq

|poker

|rajaz

|17

|Auf den "Schürer"

iv 216

|الاصطرلاب

|al-asṭurlāb

|astrolabe

|khafīf

|27

|Auf das Astrolab

iv 216

|الاصطرلاب

|al-asṭurlāb

|astrolabe

|sarīʿ

|28

|Auf das Astrolab

iv 216

|المقراض

|al-miqrāḍ

|scissors

|rajaz

|10

|Auf die Schere

iv 217

|مشطي عاج وآبنوس

|mushṭai ʿāj wa-ābunūs

|two combs, one of ivory and one of ebony

|basīṭ

|21

|Auf zwei Kämme, einen aus Elfenbein und einen aus Abenholz

iv 217

|المنقاش

|al-minqāsh

|chisel

|sarīʿ

|22

|Auf den "Meißel"

iv 217

|الزربطانة

|al-zarbaṭāna

|blowpipe

|ṭawīl

|29

|Auf das Blasrohr

iv 217

|القفص

|al-qafaṣ

|cage

|hajaz

|30

|Auf den Käfig

iv 218

|قَارُورَة المَاء

|qārūrat al-māʾ

|flask of water

|rajaz

|31

|Auf die "Wasserflasche"

iv 218

|اللبد

|al-libd

|wool mat

|mutaqārib

|11

|Auf die Wollmatte

iv 218

|قضيب الفول

|qaḍīb al-fūl

|uncertain: literally 'bean-pole'

|munsariḥ

|32

|(?) Wörtlich "Bohnenrohr"

Epigrams included by Bürgel but not in the Beirut edition:

  • 12. mā amara b-kitābatihi ʿalā khiwān / Was er auf ein Tablett zu schreiben befahl
  • 33. fī al-turs / Auf den Schild
  • 34. al-manāra / Auf das Minarett
  • 36. mā amara bi-kitābatihi ʿalā fināʾi dār / Was er auf dem Vorhof eines Palastes als Inschrift anbringen ließ
  • 37. mā amara bi-kitābatihi ʿalā fināʾi dār / Was er auf dem Vorhof eines Palastes als Inschrift anbringen ließ
  • 49. al-ruṭab al-muʿassal fī barniyyat zujāj / Auf Datteln in Honig in einer Glasschale
  • 50. al-ruṭab al-muʿassal fī barniyyat zujāj / Auf Datteln in Honig in einer Glasschale
  • 93 al-muzawwara / Auf die Diät

= Style =

Al-Maʾmūnī's style is a good example of the general tendencies of Arabic poetry of the 4th/10th centuries, which, like the New Persian poetry that was emerging at the same time, tended towards florid and sophisticated forms resembling later European mannerism; no verse was complete without incorporating some conceit (Persian nukte). Thus al-Maʾmūnī uses ostentatiously artful language and unusual words, sometimes creating a purposefully comical contrast between the banality of the content and the pathos of the expression.{{rp|244}} In Bürgel's estimation, al-Maʾmūnī's language is sometimes rather strained, as in epigram 45 (in Bürgel's numbering, on barley-water), but at other times manages to sound both natural and fresh, as in epigram 7 (on a palm-fibre basket).{{rp|245}} Though not much inclined to use hyperbole{{rp|250}} or the device of repeating the same word in different meaning, al-Maʾmūnī is fond of word-play and sound-play, making extensive use of assonance and alliteration.{{rp|245}} He often deploys antithesis, ranging from simple opposites such as standing and sitting (e.g. poems 1, 2, 3, 94), black and white (e.g. 73), or gold and silver (76, 78, 83, 84) to complex forms (and, in 11 and 18, joking pseudo-antitheses).{{rp|245–46}}

Metaphor is central to al-Maʾmūnī's epigrams, which often have a riddlic quality: while in some poems, the subject is named explicitly at the outset, others start with the metaphor, challenging the audience to guess the subject matter before being explicit. While all his descriptions are short and pointed and characterised by fantastical metaphors, each poem almost always contains one or more lines that make a literal statement about the subject, for example that the throne has iron posts and a leather cover (epigram 1), that the bucket is made in Damascus and that its handle creaks (6), or that there are brown and white feathers in the pen box (14).{{rp|251}}

Personification of inanimate objects is a key technique,{{rp|250}} sometimes achieved using the terms dhū/dhāt ('owner'), and ibn/ibna ('son/daughter').{{rp|247}} Al-Maʾmūnī values harmonious choices of metaphors in his epigrams, for example using only tree-based metaphors in poem 4, and uses a rich array of linguistic techniques to express his comparisons: the usual particles ka kaʾanna, kaʾannamā, mithl and li; verbs from the roots sh-b-h (form IV) and ḥ-k-y (forms I and III); first-person verbs reflecting his personal perspective such as khaltu, ḥasibtu, raʾaitu, taʾammaltu; and direct "A = B" juxtaposition of his comparisons without particles.{{rp|246}} Al-Maʾmūnī's favoured form of metonymy is synecdoche, especially via adjectives, which also contributes to the riddlic character of the verse.{{rp|247}} He makes extensive use of the technique that the Persian critic of Arabic literature al-Jurjānī called tafṣīl ('going into details'), whereby a natural unity is dissolved into a fantastic multiplicity: for example, epigram 64, on the melon, says that "{{lang|ar|لَهَا حلَّة من جلّنار وسوسن * مغمَّدة بالآس غِبَّ غمام}}" ('she has a garment made of pomegranate flowers and lilies, covered with myrtles after rain'). Much more rarely, he uses the opposite device of presenting a multiplicity as a whole (as in epigram 73, on white cheese and olives).{{rp|248}} Like riddles, al-Maʾmūnī's epigrams frequently deploy comparison through subtraction: thus the candle-holder (epigram 4) is "{{lang|ar|وحديقةٍتهتزُّ فيها دَوْحَةٌ * لم يُنْمِها تُرَبٌ وﻻ أمطار}}" ('like a garden in which a large tree trembles which neither earth nor rain enabled to grow').{{rp|248–49}}

Primary sources

The main source for al-Maʾmūnī and his work is the Kitāb Yatīmat al-dahr fī mahāsin ahl al-ʿasṛ by Abū Manṣūr al-Thaʿālibī (who had met al-Maʾmūnī and had access to at least some of his verse in manuscript):

  • ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Muḥammad Thaʿālibī, Yatīmat al-dahr fī shuʿarāʼ ahl al-ʿaṣr ({{lang|ar|يتيمة الدهر في شعراء أهلالعصر}}), 4 vols (Damascus: [al-Maṭbaʿah al-Ḥifnīyah] {{lang|ar|دمشق : المطبعة الحفنية}}, 1302 AH [1885 CE]), [https://archive.org/details/YatimatAlDahrFeyShoaraaAhlAlAsr01 vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/YatimatAlDahrFeyShoaraaAhlAlAsr02 vol. 2], [https://archive.org/details/YatimatAlDahrFeyShoaraaAhlAlAsr03 vol. 3], [https://archive.org/details/YatimatAlDahrFeyShoaraaAhlAlAsr04 vol. 4]: iv, 84-112 [part 4, chapter 3].
  • Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd {{lang|ar|محمد محي الدين عبدالحميد}} (ed.), {{lang|ar|يتيمة الدهر في في محاسن أهلالعصر}}, 4 vols (Cairo 1956), [https://books.google.com/books?id=pv4dAAAAIAAJ vol. 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lzb_zAEACAAJ vol. 3], [https://books.google.com/books?id=fLc_zQEACAAJ vol. 4], iv, 149–79.
  • ʻAbd al-Malik ibn Muḥammad Thaʻālibī, Yatīmat al-dahr fī maḥāsin ahl al-ʻaṣr maʻ al-tatimma wa-l-fahāris ({{lang|ar|يتيمة الدهر في شعراء أهل العصر مع التتمة والفهارس}}), ed. by Mufīd Muḥammad Qumayḥah, 6 vols (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah ({{lang|ar|دار الكتب العلمية}}), 1983), vols 1-4 (index vol. 6). [https://al-maktaba.org/book/6743 Machine-readable text].

Some verses appear elsewhere, including the Nihāyat al-arab by al-Nuwayri and the Asrār al-balāgha by al-Jurjānī.

Other editions and translations

  • Johann Christoph Bürgel, Die ekphrastischen Epigramme des Abū Ṭālib al-Maʾmūnī: Literaturkundliche Studie über einen arabischen Conceptisten, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, 1965/14 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965).
  • [https://www.poetsgate.com/Poet.aspx?id=2712 al-Ma'mūnī's poetry at Poetsgate]
  • [https://al-maktaba.org/book/6743/1702 Machine-readable text of al-Tha'ālibī's account]

References