Al-Ram

Al-Ram identified with Ramah in Benjamin, a town mentioned multiple times in the Bible.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n337/mode/1up 315]-317Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/053discuss.html Rama - (al-Ram)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003154308/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/053discuss.html |date=2012-10-03 }}, accessed 25 October 2017{{Cite journal |last=Na'aman |first=Nadav |date=2019-10-02 |title=Reconsidering the Ancient name of Nebi Samwil |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2019.1684772 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=151 |issue=3-4 |pages=202–217 |doi=10.1080/00310328.2019.1684772 |issn=0031-0328}}Finkelstein, I. (2008). Archaeology and the List of Returnees in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 140(1), p. "Ramah is unanimously identified with the village of er-Ram north of Jerusalem. Only one modern survey was conducted at the site — by Feldstein et al. (1993, 168–169). They collected a large number of 359 sherds, of which 20% date to the Iron II, 2% to the Persian period and 13% to the Hellenistic period. This means that the site was strongly inhabited in the Iron II, that it declined in the Persian period, and that it recovered in the Hellenistic period. Ramah appears in the list of towns of Benjamin (Joshua 18.25) which dates to the late 7th century BCE (Alt 1925; Na’aman 1991) and in the book of Jeremiah (31.15; 40.1)." Archeological evidence shows that the town was heavily populated during the Iron Age II, declined during the Persian period, and later revived during the Hellenistic period.{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1081371337 |title=Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles |publisher=SBL Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-88414-307-9 |pages=41 |oclc=1081371337 |author-link=Israel Finkelstein}}

Ossuaries dated to the first century BC and CE were discovered at Al-Ram bearing Hebrew inscriptions with names such as Miriam, Yehohanan, and Shimon ben Zekhariya.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663773367 |title=Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad |publisher=de Gruyter |others=Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-11-022219-7 |volume=IV: Iudaea / Idumaea |location=Berlin |pages=231–233 |oclc=663773367}}

In Crusader sources, Al-Ram was named Aram, Haram, Rama, Ramatha, Ramitta, or Ramathes.Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA179 179] Al-Ram was one of 21 villages given by Godfrey of Bouillon (r. 1099–1100) as a fief to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/11/mode/1up 11]de Roziére, 1849, p. [https://archive.org/stream/cartulairedelgl00jergoog#page/n273/mode/1up 263]: Haram, cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n24/mode/1up 16]-17, No 74 All the inhabitants of the village who were mentioned in Crusader sources between 1152 and 1160 had names which imply they were Christian.Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 70- [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n77/mode/1up 71], No 278; p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n98/mode/1up 92], No 353Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA180 180] The village was mentioned around 1161, when a dispute about a land boundary was settled.Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n102/mode/1up 96], No 365

In 1517, the village became part of the Ottoman Empire along with the rest of Palestine. In the 1596 tax records, it appeared as Rama, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The population was 28 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees and vineyards, in addition to occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 4700 akçe.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 117

In 1838, Edward Robinson found the village to be very poor and small, but large stones and scattered columns indicated that it had previously been an important place. In 1870 the French explorer Victor Guérin found the village to have 200 inhabitants,Guérin, 1874, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/199/mode/1up 199] ff while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Er-Ram had 32 houses and a population of 120, though the population count included men only.Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/158/mode/1up 158]Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n935/mode/1up 127], also noted 32 houses

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Er-Ram as a "small village in a conspicuous position on the top of a white hill, with olives. It has a well to the south. [..] The houses are of stone, partly built of old material".Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/13/mode/1up 13]

"West of the village is a good birkeh with a pointed vault; lower down the hill a pillar-shaft broken in two, probably from the church. On the hill are cisterns. Drafted stones are used up in the village walls. At Khan-er-Ram, by the main road, is a quarry with half-finished blocks still in it, and two cisterns. The Khan appears to be quite modern, and is in ruins. There are extensive quarries on the hill-sides near it."Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/155/mode/1up 155]

In 1896, the population of Er-Ram was estimated to be about 240 persons.Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n228/mode/1up 121]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al-Ram had a population of 208, all Muslims.Barron, 1923, Table V||, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n16/mode/1up 14] This had increased in the 1931 census to 262, still all Muslim, in 51 houses.Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 42] Al-Ram suffered badly in the 1927 earthquake, with old walls collapsing.Pringle, 1983, p. 163

In a survey in 1945, Al-Ram had a population of 350, all Muslims,Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p25.jpg 25] and a total land area of 5,598 dunams.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-058.jpg 58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103095254/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-058.jpg |date=2018-11-03 }} 441 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,291 for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-104.jpg 104] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314093122/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-104.jpg |date=2012-03-14 }} while 14 dunams were built-up area.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-154.jpg 154] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427225840/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-154.jpg |date=2014-04-27 }}

File:East Jerusalem by Mujaddara - panoramio (3434).jpg in Al-Ram, 2011]]

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Ram came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of Al-Ram was 769.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p23.pdf 23]

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Al-Ram has been under Israeli occupation.

The population in a 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 860, 86 of whom originated from the Israeli territory.{{cite web |url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |title=The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |author=Perlmann, Joel |date=November 2011 – February 2012 |website=Levy Economics Institute |access-date=24 June 2016 }}

According to ARIJ, after the 1995 accords, 33.2% (or about ~2,226 dunums) of Al-Ram's land is classified as Area B land, while the remaining 66.8% (~4,482 dunums) was defined as Area C.[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Ar%20Ram_EN.pdf Ar Ram Town Profile], ARIJ, 2012, pp. 18-19 Israel has confiscated land from Al-Ram in order to build two Israeli settlement/Industrial parks:

• 315 dunums were taken for Neve Ya'akov,[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Ar%20Ram_EN.pdf Ar Ram Town Profile], ARIJ, 2012, p. 19
• 56 dunums were taken for the industrial Atarot site.

In 2006, the Israeli High Court rejected three petitions objecting to the construction of a security barrier separating Al-Ram from Jerusalem.[https://web.archive.org/web/20061222071742/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881879951&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull High Court: A-Ram fence is our defense], Dec. 13, 2006, The Jerusalem Post The route of the fence planned to encircle northern Jerusalem has been revised several times. The latest plan, effectively implemented, called for a "minimalist" route following the municipal boundary at a distance of several hundred meters. This has left the town of Al-Ram almost entirely outside of the fence, with the exception of the southern part of the town, called Dahiyat al-Barid.{{cite web |url=https://www.btselem.org/separation_barrier/a-ram|title=The Separation Barrier surrounding a-Ram |author=Btselem |date=January 2016 |access-date=16 April 2019 }}{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/separation-fence-to-include-wide-area-east-of-jerusalem-1.105068 |title=Separation fence to include wide area east of Jerusalem |date=November 10, 2003 |first=Amos |last=Harel |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=18 January 2014}}

The Survey of Western Palestine mentions that Dr. Chaplin, who had visited er-Ram with an interest for archaeological remains, had "a very curious stone mask... in his possession, obtained from the village. It represents a human face without hair or beard, the nose well-cut, the eyes and mouth very feebly designed. The mask is hollowed out behind, and has two deep holes at the back as if to fix it to a wall. It is over a foot in longer diameter, and curiously resembles some of the faces of the Moabite collection of Mr. Shapira. There cannot well be any question of its genuine character, and nothing like it has been found, so far as I know, in Palestine."Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/438/mode/1up 438] By 2018, a total of 15 such stone masks from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period have been discovered in the Southern Levant, one known to have had been bought in the late 19th century from villagers in Er-Ram and now kept at the Palestine Exploration Fund in London.{{cite web |last= Gannon |first= Megan |title= Haunting, 9,000-Year-Old Stone Mask Discovered in a Field in the West Bank |website= Live Science |date= 30 November 2018 |url= https://www.livescience.com/64199-rare-neolithic-stone-mask.html |access-date=10 November 2020}}

Dr Thomas J. Chaplin (1830–1904) was the director of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews' own British Hospital for the Jews in Jerusalem for some 25 years.{{cite journal |last1= Lev |first1= Efraim |last2= Perry |first2= Yaron |title= Dr Thomas Chaplin, Scientist and Scholar in Nineteenth-Century Palestine |pages= 151–162 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |location= London |issue= 136:2 |year= 2004 |volume= 136 |doi= 10.1179/003103204x4067 |s2cid= 161268746 |url= https://doi.org/10.1179/003103204x4067 |access-date=10 November 2020}}

Two Crusader structures have been identified in the town.

Archaeologists have identified the ruins of a Crusader courtyard building developed from an initial tower, as the grange of a Frankish new town founded by 1160.Pringle, 1997, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA88 88]

File:Er Ram.png from a Crusader church, repurposed as a maqam]]

The former (old) mosque of Al-Ram was once a Crusader parish church.Wilson, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/picturesquepales01wilsuoft#page/214/mode/1up 214]: picture{{dubious|'Old', but working mosque? Or 'former', i.e. abandoned mosque?|date=November 2020}}

In 1838, Robinson noted that "A small mosk with columns seems once to have been a church".

In 1870, Guérin described "a mosque, replacing a former Christian church, of which it occupies the choir; the inhabitants venerate there the memory of Shaykh Hasen. The columns of this sanctuary come from the church."Guérin, 1874, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/200/mode/1up 200], as translated in Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA180 180]

In 1881, Lieutenant Conder reported: "At the shrine which is so conspicuous near this village are remains of a former chapel. The lintel stone (as it would seem), with a bas-relief of rosettes, has been found by Dr. Chaplin within the building."

In 1883, SWP noted that "west of the village is the Mukam of Sheik Hasein, once a small Christian basilica". It further described it as "The remains of the north aisle 6 feet 8 inches wide, are marked by four columns 2 feet in diameter. The chamber of the saint's tomb occupies part of the nave, and into its north wall the lintel of the old door is built, a stone 10 feet long, half of which is visible, with designs as shown. In the courtyard east of this chamber is an old well of good water and a fine mulberry-tree. In the west wall of the Mukam other stones, with discs in low relief, are built in."

• {{flagicon|Serbia}} Zemun, Serbia
• {{flagicon|France}} Bondy, France – in progress since 2010

• Ramallah, Palestinian city few km northwest of Al-Ram

{{reflist|25em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |editor= Barron, J.B. |title= Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url= https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher= Government of Palestine |year= 1923}}
• {{cite journal |author= Conder, C.R. |author-link= Claude Reignier Conder |title= Lieutenant Conder´s reports |journal= Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund |volume= 13 |pages= 158–208 |url= https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme13pale |year= 1881|issue= 3 |doi= 10.1179/peq.1881.13.3.158 }}
• {{cite book |last1= Conder |first1= C.R. |author-link1= Claude Reignier Conder |last2= Kitchener |first2= H.H. |author-link2= Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener |year= 1883 |url= https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft |title= The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology |location= London |publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund |volume= 3}}
• {{cite book |title= First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}}
• {{cite book |title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
• {{cite book |last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptionsam01gu|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 1|year=1874|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center|access-date=2014-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=2018-12-08|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite journal |last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
• {{cite book |last1= Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year= 1977 |publisher= Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
• {{cite book|editor = Mills, E.|title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
• {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}}
• {{cite journal |last1= Pringle |first1=D. |author-link1=Denys Pringle |last2=Leach |first2=Peter | title = Two Medieval Villages North of Jerusalem: Archaeological Investigations in Al-Jib and Ar-Ram| journal = Levant| volume = 15 | pages = 141–177, pls.xvi-xxiia | year = 1983| doi = 10.1179/lev.1983.15.1.141}}
• {{cite book|title= Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC| last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1997|isbn=0521-46010-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
• {{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre)|volume=II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC| last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-39037-0}}
• {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=2}} ( pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n130/mode/1up 108], [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n136/mode/1up 114], [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n163/mode/1up 141])
• {{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=la}} (Index: p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n497/mode/1up 491]: Aram (Haram), p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n510/mode/1up 504]: Rama, Ramatha )
• {{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R. |author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH Ad) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani Additamentum|url=https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n530/mode/2up|year=1904|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=la}} (Index: p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n661/mode/1up 129]: Aram #74; p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n666/mode/1up 134]: er Ram #74; Rama #30a; (Rame? #512)
• {{cite book|editor=Roziére, de|title=Cartulaire de l'église du Saint Sépulchre de Jérusalem: publié d'après les manuscrits du Vatican|url=https://archive.org/details/cartulairedelgl00jergoog|year=1849|publisher=Imprimerie nationale|location=Paris|language=la, fr}}
• {{cite journal | last = Schick | first =C.| author-link = Conrad Schick | title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 19 | pages = 120–127 | url =https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut | year = 1896}}
• {{cite journal | last = Socin | first =A.| author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
• {{cite journal|last=Toledano |first=E. |author-link=Ehud R. Toledano |title=The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population |url=http://alkindi.ideo-cairo.org/manifestation/61348|journal =Archivum Ottomanicum|volume=9|pages=279–319 |date=1984}}
• {{cite book |editor =Wilson, C.W. |editor-link=Charles William Wilson |title= Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/picturesquepales01wilsuoft|volume=1 |year=c. 1881|publisher= D. Appleton |location=New York}}

{{refend}}

{{commons category}}

• [http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/al_Ram_2089/index.html Welcome To al-Ram]
• [https://www.welcometopalestine.com/destinations/jerusalem/al-ramm/ Al-Ramm], Welcome to Palestine
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8379 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.17.jpg Wikimedia commons]
• [http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/factsheet/Ar%20Ram_EN.pdf Al-Ram Town (Fact Sheet)], Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
• [http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Ar%20Ram_EN.pdf Ar Ram Town Profile], ARIJ
• [http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/images/english/Ar%20Ram_ap_en.jpg Ar Ram aerial photo], ARIJ
• [http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/needsfordevelopment/Ar%20Ram.pdf Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Ar Ram], ARIJ
• {{cite web|url=http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=547 |title=Another Palestinian Ghetto in East Jerusalem: Israel Closes the Segregation Wall in Al Ram |publisher=Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem |date=21 March 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814125517/http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=547 |archive-date=14 August 2007 }}
• {{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/idf-closes-off-central-palestinian-town-to-vehicles-1.423647 |title=IDF closes off central Palestinian town to vehicles |author=Oz Rosenberg |date=11 April 2012 |work=Haaretz}}

{{Cities in Palestinian National Authority areas}}

{{Jerusalem Governorate}}

{{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, ar}}

Category:Cities in the West Bank

Category:Jerusalem Governorate

Category:Municipalities of Palestine