Alexander Berry

Berry was born to parents James Berry and Isabel Tod at Hilltarvit Mains farmhouse, near Cupar in Fife, Scotland where his father was a tenant, during a blinding snowstorm on the evening of 30 November 1781 (St Andrew's Day, the national day of Scotland). He was baptised on 6 December.Births (OPR). Scotland. Cupar, Fife. 30 November 1781. BERRY, Alexander. 420/00 0030 0028. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 13 July 2014.{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Berry |title=Reminiscences of Alexander Berry, with portrait and illustrations | publication-date=1912 | publisher=Angus & Robertson | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19267943}}{{Rp|1}} He was one of nine siblings.

He was educated at Cupar grammar school, where he was a contemporary of the artist Sir David Wilkie. He studied medicine at St Andrews University from 1796 until 1798 and the University of Edinburgh from 1798 to 1801. His youthful intentions were to join the navy, but he was dissuaded from doing so by his father, and he became a surgeon's mate for the East India Company instead.{{Rp|1}}

Ship's surgeons were permitted to take a substantial amount of cargo, so his responsibilities were both medical and mercantile. He travelled first to China and then to India, aboard the Lord Hawkesbury. The second voyage was profitable for Berry.{{Rp|3}}

He decided to quit the medical profession, as he hated the whippings he was obliged to attend, and he was attracted to the commercial possibilities of shipping.

{{cite book

| title = Biography of Alexander Berry

| chapter-url = http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010087b.htm

| author = Australian Dictionary of Biography

| chapter = Berry, Alexander (1781–1873)

| publisher = National Centre of Biography, Australian National University

| author-link = Australian Dictionary of Biography

| access-date = 16 October 2009

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091023122411/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010087b.htm| archive-date= 23 October 2009 | url-status= live}}

His third voyage was to the Cape of Good Hope in 1806. On arrival, he heard that New South Wales needed provisions. He purchased a ship, {{ship||City of Edinburgh|1807 ship|2}}, with medical student Francis Shortt, to take provisions to the colony. While travelling as supercargo, he encountered storms which damaged his ship, so he stopped in Tasmania at Port Dalrymple, close to modern day Launceston. He sold half his provisions there and the remainder in Hobart. He then continued to Sydney, where he arrived on 13 January 1808{{Rp|10–12}} with only spirits remaining to sell.{{Cite book |last=Swords |first=Meg |isbn=0-85587-128-8 |title=Alexander Berry and Elizabeth Wollstonecraft |year=1978 |page=9 |publisher=North Shore Historical Society |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9602475}}

There was no cargo available to take from Sydney back to the Cape, so Berry accepted a government job to evacuate settlers from Norfolk Island to Hobart. The timber he was promised in payment was unavailable, so he decided to go to Fiji to load a cargo of sandalwood. He also visited New Zealand, to drop off a Māori who was returning from a visit to England.{{Rp|30–32}}

{{cite book

| last = Swords

| first = Meg

| isbn = 0-85587-128-8

| title = Alexander Berry and Elizabeth Wollstonecraft

| year = 1978

| page = 10

| publisher = North Shore Historical Society

}}

In 1809, while the vessel was loading cargo at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, news came through of the massacre of the crew and passengers of the ship Boyd by local Māori. The City of Edinburgh, with Berry, set sail for Whangaroa, where he rescued four survivors and the ship's papers by holding two chiefs hostage. He wrote in a letter to Governor Macquarie that he released the chiefs because "there was no opportunity of sending the chiefs to Port Jackson" (i.e. Sydney).{{Citation | first = Alexander | last = Berry | url = https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-McN01Hist-t1-b7-d6.html | title = Letter from Alexander Berry to Governor Macquarie | date = 6 January 1810}} He wrote in the Edinburgh Magazine that he had released them on condition that they lose their rank with their people, although he never expected that to happen.{{cite journal

| last = Berry

| first = Alexander

|date=April 1819

| journal = The Edinburgh Magazine

| title = Particulars of a late visit to New Zealand, and of the measures taken for rescuing some of English captives there

| page = 304

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UlwAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA304

}}

Berry sailed eastwards from New Zealand with his cargo to the Cape of Good Hope, however a broken rudder forced him to make repairs in Valparaíso, and then travel to Lima.{{Rp|105}} He found a buyer for his cargo, and secured another cargo from Guayaquil for Cadiz and began the journey in 1811. After calling in at Rio de Janeiro Berry was forced to abandon the City of Edinburgh during storms near the Azores. He made his way to Lisbon, Portugal. It was on the trip from Lisbon to Cádiz that he met Edward Wollstonecraft.{{Rp|150}}

Wollstonecraft proceeded to London as Berry's agent, and Berry remained for a time in Cádiz before also proceeding to London.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Berry set up a partnership with Wollstonecraft (Berry and Wollstonecraft) and sailed to Sydney in 1819. Berry sailed as supercargo aboard {{ship||Admiral Cockburn|1814 ship|2}}, leaving England January 1819, and arriving in Sydney in July.{{cite news

| url = https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2178847 | newspaper = The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser

| date = 31 July 1819 | title = Ship News | page = 2 | via=Trove}}

He was shortly followed by Wollstonecraft aboard the Canada. They set up as merchants on George St, in The Rocks area. Berry began to plan a trip to England to expand their commercial connections there. He returned to England with Admiral Cockburn in February 1820.{{cite news

| url = https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2179303 | newspaper = The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser

| date = 4 March 1820 | page = 2 | title = Ship News | via=Trove }}

Wollstonecraft obtained a land grant on Sydney's North Shore in Berry's absence.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Berry chartered the Royal George and returned to Sydney in November 1821 with an "extensive assortment of merchandise" for sale at their George St store,{{cite news

| newspaper = The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser | date = 10 November 1821

| title = Ship News | access-date = 25 October 2009 | url = https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2180597

| page = 2 | via=Trove}}{{cite news | newspaper = The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser

| date = 10 November 1821 | access-date = 24 June 2013 | title = Sydney

| url = https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2180598 | page = 3 | via=Trove}} as well as the new Governor, Thomas Brisbane, as a passenger on board.

Berry began to seek out and negotiate for a larger land grant.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

In January and February 1822 Berry went with Hamilton Hume and Lieutenant Robert Johnson on a journey of exploration down the coast of New South Wales aboard the Snapper. During the journey he investigated the land in Shoalhaven area.

In June 1822, Berry and Wollstonecraft purchased a small cutter, the Blanche, and Berry returned to the Shoalhaven with Hume and assigned servants (convicts) to develop his land grant there.

While attempting to cross the bar into the river in a small boat, two people drowned, including Davison, who was the boy that Berry had rescued from the 'Boyd'.

Given the danger, Berry arranged to drag the Blanche across a sand bar that separated the Shoalhaven River from the Crookhaven River, with the Crookhaven entrance offering a safer passage. In order to provide safe boat access, Alexander Berry had Hamilton Hume oversee the digging of a canal through the bar using only hand tools, and in doing so, constructed the first land navigable canal in Australia.{{Cite web |title=The Estate, a Convict History |url=https://www.coolangattaestate.com.au/history |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=Coolangatta Estate}} Hamilton Hume and a party of convict labourers cut a 209-yard canal linking the Shoalhaven River to the Crookhaven River in twelve days. A number of other hand dug canals are dotted around the Shoalhaven, supposedly also dug by convicts. These contrast by their banality with the striking convict stone walls which dot the landscape around Kiama, further north.

The partnership was granted {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} there by Governor Brisbane on condition of providing for 100 convicts (1 per {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of the grand). Berry set up the Coolangatta Estate while Wollstonecraft stayed in Sydney to look after business there. Berry later secured two additional land grands of {{convert|4000|acre|km2}} each. Together with purchases, the size of the estate grew to {{convert|32000|acre|km2}} in the early 1840s.{{Citation | last = NSW Roads and Traffic Authority | title = Route Options Development: Appendix 1 – Preliminary Route Options Development – Appendix I – Preliminary Indigenous and Non-Indenous Heritage Assessment | url = http://maunsell.sitebuilder.com.au/Appendix%20I-Part%203.pdf | access-date = 19 October 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091014120715/http://maunsell.sitebuilder.com.au/Appendix%20I-Part%203.pdf | archive-date = 14 October 2009 | url-status = dead }}

Elizabeth Wollstonecraft, the sister of Edward Wollstonecraft, migrated to New South Wales and was married to Berry on 21 September 1827.{{cite news

| newspaper = The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser | date = 26 September 1827

| page = 3 | url = https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2189036

| title = Married | via=Trove}}

His partner, Edward Wollstonecraft, died in 1832,{{Rp|Intro xv}} with the entire Coolangatta estate passing to Alexander Berry.{{cite AuDB |id2=berry-david-2983 |first=M D |last=Stephen |title=Berry, David (1795–1889) |accessdate=17 April 2019}} Berry then shut the George St stores, and spent most of his time running the Coolangatta Estate. Three of his brothers (David, John and William) and two sisters (Janet and Agnes) migrated to Coolangatta in 1836, allowing Alexander to spend more time in Sydney. David and John managed the estate jointly, and David alone following John's death in 1848.

Alexander's wife, Elizabeth, died in 1845 aged 63, at the Priory; a house owned by George Barney, on what was part of the Crow's Nest estate, where they were living at the time.

{{cite book

| last = Swords | first = Meg | isbn = 0-85587-128-8

| title = Alexander Berry and Elizabeth Wollstonecraft | year = 1978 | page = 25| publisher = North Shore Historical Society }} Alexander Berry thereupon donated the land for a cemetery to the Anglican Parish of St Leonards. It was to be St Thomas' Cemetery, Crows Nest, the first burial ground established on Sydney's North Shore.[http://www.northsydney.nsw.gov.au/Recreation_Facilities/Parks_Reserves/Search_Facilities_Parks_Playgrounds/St_Thomas_Rest_Park St Thomas Rest Park – North Sydney Council]. Retrieved 5 March 2014.

Crow's Nest House was completed in 1850 and Alexander Berry lived there until his death.{{cite web |title=Gates and fence of former Crows Nest House |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2180783 |website=environment.nsw.gov.au |publisher=NSW Environment, Energy and Science |access-date=29 November 2020 |quote=Historical notes: Alexander Berry built Crow's Nest House as his residence in 1850, and died there in 1873. ...}}{{cite web |last1=Prout |first1=Victor A. |title=Crows Nest House, North Sydney, around 1869 |url=http://collection.hht.net.au/firsthhtpictures/picturerecord.jsp?recno=37906 |website=Caroline Simpson Library & Research Collection |publisher=Historic Houses Trust of NSW |access-date=29 November 2020 |language=en |quote=Description: Crows Nest House was built for Scottish-born merchant Alexander Berry (1781–1873) in 1850. Berry settled in NSW in 1819 when he ...}}

Berry had a substantial library of more than 2,000 books by the time he died.{{cite book |last1=Stitz |first1=Charles |title=Australian book collectors |date=2010 |publisher=Bread Street Books |location=Bendigo |page=40 |edition=First}}

Francis Shortt was Berry's partner in the City of Edinburgh at the Cape of Good Hope. He arrived in New South Wales in 1822 claiming that the partnership with Berry had not been dissolved, and that the partnership with Wollstonecraft was invalid. He claimed Berry had never made an account to him of the profits of the cargo of the City of Edinburgh.{{cite news

| url = https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2181310 | date = 13 September 1822 | newspaper = The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser

| title= Notice | page = 1}} Shortt had been declared insolvent at the Cape of Good Hope before coming to Sydney. Shortt died in 1828 before the case was settled; his obituary stated that he had depended on friends for necessaries of life.{{cite news |newspaper=Colonial Times |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1829 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8644085 |title=Births, Marriages and Deaths. |volume=14 |issue=664 |page=4}}

Berry was an appointed member of the Legislative Council from 1829 to 1861.{{Cite NSW Parliament |id=219 |name=Mr Alexander Berry (1781–1873) |former=Yes |access-date=17 April 2019}} He was a conservative, opposing moves towards democracy, and local government.

On the issue of local government, Berry said "the poor country people seem to be a set of asses only fit to be the negroes or slaves of the town … I cannot help laughing at the absurdity of the abolition of negro slavery when I perceive the Country people of New South Wales anxious to become the White Negroes of the Jews and publicans of Towns and Villages." Essentially Berry thought that only property-owning men should be allowed to govern themselves. In his view, country people were foolish for wanting local government, which would cause them to become oppressed servants of Jews and publicans (business owners), not unlike African-American slaves.

He refused to pay rates on his Shoalhaven Estate after the incorporation of a Shoalhaven Municipality, arguing that his property should not form part of the local government area. He was successful in the Supreme Court and in Privy Council appeal brought by the Municipality.{{cite CommonLII|litigants=Graham v Berry |reporter=ER|fullstops= |year=1865 |num=317 |volume=16 |firstpage=78 |pinpoint= |parallelcite=3 Moore PCCNS 207 |courtname=Privy Council |juris=UK}}

Berry was a member of the Philosophical Society in 1821 and a councillor on the Australian Philosophical Society. He was interested in Aborigines and geology, publishing a paper "On the Geology of Part of the Coast of New South Wales".[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7kBAAAAYAAJ&dq=On%20the%20Geology%20of%20Part%20of%20the%20Coast%20of%20New%20South%20Wales&pg=PA231 "On the Geology of Part of the Coast of New South Wales"] by Alexander Berry

Berry's memoirs were published in 1912, entitled 'Reminiscences'. They chiefly describe his experiences at sea, both with the East India company and his private travels, with only a short section covering his life in New South Wales. In particular he describes in detail his relationships with the indigenous people of New Zealand and Fiji, and his experiences during the rescue at the scene of the Boyd massacre.

File:Alexander Berry monument at Berry NSW.jpg

Alexander Berry died on 17 September 1873 aged 91, at Crows Nest House. He was buried in family vault in St. Thomas' cemetery with his wife and Edward Wollstonecraft. The cemetery is now known as St Thomas Rest Park, and the graves are still present.{{Cite web |title=St Thomas Rest Park |author=North Sydney Council |url=https://www.northsydney.nsw.gov.au/Recreation_Facilities/Parks_Reserves/Search_Parks/St_Thomas_Rest_Park |access-date=14 May 2020}}

The probate value of the estate was £400,000 sterling which passed to his brother David, 14 years his junior. Charles Nicholson wrote in a letter to The Times in 1889 that Berry had prepared a will to bequeath the greater part of his estate to the University of St Andrews, but died a few hours before the time appointed to sign it.{{Cite news |newspaper=The Times |date= 27 November 1889 |issue=32867 |page=4 |author=Charles Nicholson |title=The Late Mr. Alexander Berry}}{{Cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article135355281 |title=The Late Mr. Alexander Berry. |newspaper=The Shoalhaven Telegraph |location=New South Wales, Australia |volume=XI |issue=631 |date=22 January 1890 |page=2}}

David died unmarried in 1889 with the estate now worth £1,252,975 sterling{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article235777453 |title=THE BERRY WILL CASE. |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=New South Wales, Australia |issue=3346 |date=14 May 1890 |page=3}} and in his will fulfilled Alexander's desire by making a bequest to the University of St. Andrews in Scotland of £100,000.{{Citation

| title = Guide to the papers of the Berry, Wollstonecraft and Hay Families

| author = State Library of New South Wales | year = 1993

| url = http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/_transcript/2007/D00007/berry1.pdf

| access-date = 20 October 2009}} In 1889 St Andrews used the £100,000 legacy to establish the Berry Chair of English Literature, which still continues today.{{Cite web |publisher=University of St Andrews |title=1889 – The Berry Bequest

|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/600th/ourhistory/ |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418175417/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/600th/ourhistory/

|archive-date=18 April 2009 }}{{cite web |title=Legacies – Alumni and supporters – University of St Andrews |url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/development/support/legacies/ |website=st-andrews.ac.uk |access-date=14 May 2020}}

Alexander Berry and his brother David were possibly one of Australia's earliest millionaire,{{cite web |last1=Bridges |first1=Barry John |title=Aspects of the career of Alexander Berry, 1781–1873 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2432&context=theses |publisher=University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954–2016 |access-date=29 November 2020 |quote=Eventually Berry accumulated a great estate of sixty-five thousand acres of freehold land in the rich Shoalhaven district and more than seven hundred acres at North Sydney. These estates, without significant addition, made his brother and heir David the first official millionaire in Australian history.}} and founder of the dairy industry in New South Wales.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The New South Wales South Coast town of Berry was named after the brothers after their death.{{cite web |title=History & Heritage |url=https://berry.org.au/history-heritage/#:~:text=The%20locality%20was%20known%20as,to%20honour%20the%20Berry%20family. |website=Berry, South Coast NSW |access-date=29 November 2020 |language=en-AU |quote=The name was changed to Berry in 1889, following the death of David Berry, Alexander’s brother, to honour the Berry family. The local public hospital was also bequeathed by the Berry family, and is now named the David Berry Hospital – a rehabilitation hospital and palliative care hospice}}

Berry Island, near the present day suburb of Wollstonecraft, and originally part of the Wollstonecraft estate was named after Alexander Berry.{{cite book | last = Wagner |first = Claire |title = Biloela to Boambilly – The Islands of Sydney Harbour

|publisher = Oswald Ziegler, Sydney | year = 1971 | page = 54 }} Berry Street in North Sydney and Alexander Street in Crows Nest are both named after him.{{cite book | url = http://photosau.com/StantonStreets/scripts/default.asp | title = The Naming of North Sydney | isbn = 0-9586610-0-6 | author = North Sydney Council's Historical Services Department | year = 1996 | publisher = North Sydney Council }}

Berry's Canal, the small canal that was constructed under direction of Alexander Berry at the Coolangatta Estate to link the Shoalhaven River and the Crookhaven River now forms the main Shoalhaven River estuary, with the former entrance to the Shoalhaven River at Shoalhaven Heads usually closed to the ocean, except during floods.{{cite web | title = Estuaries in NSW | author = NSW Department of Natural Resources | url = http://www.naturalresources.nsw.gov.au/estuaries/inventory/shoalhaven.shtml | access-date = 19 October 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091013095211/http://www.naturalresources.nsw.gov.au/estuaries/inventory/shoalhaven.shtml | archive-date = 13 October 2009 | url-status = dead }}

{{Reflist}}

{{wikisource author}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090927085213/http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/asslh/bennett.html Aboriginal labour on the Coolangatta Estate]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502073940/http://auscanal.org.au/AustralianCanals.php Australian Canal Society recognises Berry's Canal as the first Australian Canal]
• [https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2191556 Obituary of Francis Shortt, Berry's partner in the City of Edinburgh]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Berry, Alexander}}

Category:1781 births

Category:1873 deaths

Category:Scottish explorers

Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews

Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

Category:Scottish philanthropists

Category:Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia

Category:People from Cupar

Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council

Category:19th-century British philanthropists

Category:Wollstonecraft

Category:19th-century Australian businesspeople

Category:19th-century Australian politicians

Category:Australian book and manuscript collectors