Alexander Saeltzer

File:Saeltzer Alexander 1832.jpg

Alexander Saeltzer (31 July 1814 Eisenach, of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, in the then German Confederation (Germany)— 23 September 1883 New York City, U.S.A.) was a German-American architect. Later journeyed across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and was active in the United States in New York City during the 1850s and 1860s, before the American Civil War (1861-1865). His work includes the prominent Anshe Chesed Synagogue (now the Angel Orensanz Center), the Academy of Music (New York City), the Theatre Francais (New York),[http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/09/lost-1866-theatre-francais-107-west.html] September 3, 2011 The Lost 1866 Theatre Francais -- 107 West 14th Street Daytonian in Lower Manhattan the Duncan, Sherman & Company building and the South Wing of the Romanesque revival style structure at 425 Lafayette Street in Manhattan, built between 1853 and 1881, to be later used as the Astor Library (which later merged with the Tilden and Lenox collections in 1895, to become the current New York Public Library).Israelowitz, Oscar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3c0RAQAAIAAJ&q=Alexander+Saeltzer+synagogue+%22astor+library%22 Oscar Israelowitz's Guide to Jewish New York City] New York: Israelowitz Pub., 2004New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. [http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/87-ANSHE-SLONIM.pdf "Anshe Chesed Synagogue Designation Report"] (February 10, 1987)

Back in Europe, his father, Wilhelm Sältzer, was a brickyard owner, also an architect, and a member of the Grand Duke council of the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the former Holy Roman Empire (c. A.D. 962-1806), then later the German Confederation of Central Europe to 1867. He also worked as the construction manager in the reconstruction / restoration of the famous Wartburg medieval castle, where Protestant / Evangelical Lutheranism reformer priest / theologian Martin Luther (1483-1546), was temporarily exiled and hidden during 1521-1522 in the 16th century era of the Protestant Reformation religious movement.

Alexander Saeltzer was born in Eisenach. He studied at the Berlin Bauakademie, in Berlin, then the royal capital city of the Kingdom of Prussia.[https://books.google.com/books?id=iK7ld8-oYswC&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA150 Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673-1968] by Harry Francis Mallgrave page 150 and was a pupil of Karl Friedrich Schinkel.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bh4h6-dd8NIC&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA315 Free Town Libraries, Their Formation, Management, and History] by Edward Edwards page 315 After graduating from the Bauakademie, moved to journey across the Atlantic to the U.S. from Berlin.

Synagogue

Saeltzer was engaged in February 1849 to design the synagogue at 172 Norfolk Street[https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA227 The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited: History and Guide] by Joyce Mendelsohn in an area of New York City on the Lower East Side of Manhattan island known as kleine Deutschland (Little Germany). The synagogue's Gothic Revival style was inspired by the famous medieval Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, and the Friedrichwerdesche Kirche in Berlin.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmQLYB4h6MC&q=%22shul+of+new+york%22+orensanz&pg=PA229 |title=The Lower East Side remembered and revisited: A history and guide to a legendary New York neighborhood|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14761-3 |year= 2009|author=Joyce Mendelsohn |access-date=October 10, 2011}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w189IFhXcdsC&q=%22shul+of+new+york%22+orensanz |title=Fodor's 2003 New York City |publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|year= 2002|isbn=9781400010363 |access-date=October 10, 2011}} According to a 1987 report by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, while Gothic architecture and its several variations is closely associated with Christianity (both the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant / Evangelical Lutheran / Reformed churches), it had also become popular with synagogues as Jewish temples / synagogues and congregations had taken over old Christian church buildings and become accustomed to the building style, and viewed it as just as appropriate for their religious worship and education with some minor modifications as any other architectural style.{{cite report|url=http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/87-ANSHE-SLONIM.pdf |title= Anshe Slonim Synagogue (original Anshe Chesed Synagogue), 172–176 Norfolk Street, Borough of Manhattan. Built 1849–1850; architect Alexander Saeltzer; Landmark Site: Tax Map Block 355, Lot 41 |publisher=Landmarks Preservation Commission |date=February 10, 1987 |author= Virginia Kurshan|access-date=October 12, 2011}}

Debuted with great celebration, but the layout / arrangement of the list of the Ten Commandments and the use of stained glass in the synagogue later caused some controversy within the congregation.[http://reformjudaismmag.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=1340 History: The Symbol That Split the Synagogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200653/http://reformjudaismmag.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=1340 |date=2011-09-28 }} Summer 2008 by Jenna Weissman Joselit Reform Judaism magazine

Academy of Music

File:Academy of Music (New York City) crop.jpg

It was the demise of the old Astor Opera House (of 1847-1890 on Lafayette Street, between Astor Place and Eighth Avenue), that spurred New York's wealthy and socially elite to build a new opera house in what was then the more genteel neighborhood of Union Square further north up Manhattan island.Burrows & Wallace, pp.761–765 Efforts were led by Moses H. Grinnell (1803-1877), who formed a corporation in 1852 to fund the construction of the building. Shares were sold at $1,000 each to raise a total of $200,000.{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1852/06/09/74860157.pdf |title=The New Opera-House |date=June 9, 1852 |newspaper=The New York Times}} When finished, the buildingMendelsohn p.54 – who was designing the Astor Library at about the same time, and had previously designed the Anshe Chesed SynagogueIsraelowitz, Oscar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3c0RAQAAIAAJ&q=Alexander+Saeltzer+synagogue+%22astor+library%22 Oscar Israelowitz's Guide to Jewish New York City] New York: Israelowitz Pub., 2004.New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. [http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/NoHo_HD.pdf "NYCLPC NoHo Historic District Designation Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219031027/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/NoHo_HD.pdf |date=2015-02-19 }} (June 29, 1999) – was the world's largest opera venue with seats for an audience of four thousand arranged on five levels (orchestra, parquette, balcony and first, second and third tiers / balconies) and an interior height from floor to rotunda roof / dome of {{convert|80|ft|m}}.{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1854/10/03/88141170.pdf |title=Opening of the Academy of Music |date=October 3, 1854 |newspaper=The New York Times }} It had a plush luxurious interior, and private boxes in the orchestra level, but, perhaps due to local daily newspaper editorials questioning the project's republican and common man values,{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1852/06/12/87835403.pdf |title=The New Opera-House |date=June 12, 1852 |newspaper=The New York Times}} Note: This is not the same article as the June 9 one with the same name. was consciously somewhat less "aristocratized" / upscaled then the previous Astor Opera House had been – there, general admissions were relegated to the benches of a "cockloft" reachable only by a narrow stairway, and otherwise isolated from the gentry below, while in the new theatre many of the regular seats were relatively inexpensive.Burrows & Wallace, p.765 The stage's proscenium opening was {{convert|48|ft|m}}, with an additional {{convert|35|ft|m}} in the wings, and a depth of {{convert|70|ft|m}} from the footlights to the back wall. The height of the proscenium opening was {{convert|30|ft|m}}.

The acoustics were lauded, but seating arrangement and adequate views came in for criticism.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pvq65z0MTz8C&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA527 Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton] by Vera Brodsky Lawrence

Astor Library

File:Public Theatre Astor Library.jpg, including later additions by other architects]]

Saeltzer won the competition to build the library designed the building in Rundbogenstil style, then the prevailing style for public building in Germany.[https://books.google.com/books?id=iK7ld8-oYswC&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA150 Henry Hobson Richardson and the Small Public Library in America] by Kenneth A. Breisch (includes image of architect page 69?) Funding was provided by William B. Astor, son of the library's founder, John Jacob Astor. Astor funded two expansions of the building toward Astor Place by Griffith Thomas from 1856 to 1869 and Thomas Stent from 1879 to 1881.{{cite AIA4}} Both large expansions followed Saeltzer's original design making it difficult for an observer to detect that the edifice was built in three stages.

In 1920, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society purchased the building. By 1965 it was in disuse and faced demolition. The Public Theater, then the New York Shakespeare Festival, persuaded the city to purchase it for use as a theater. It was converted for theater use by Giorgio Cavaglieri between 1967 and 1976.Dimonstein, Barbaralee. The Landmarks of New York, Harry Abrams, 1998 p. 107

The building is a New York City Landmark, designated in 1965.{{cite nycland}}, p.64 It was one of the first buildings to be recognized as such by the newly formed Landmarks Preservation Commission of New York City, thanks to Joseph Papp's perseverance.{{cite book | last = Epstein | first = Helen | title = Joe Papp: An American Life | publisher = Da Capo Press | location = Boston | year = 1996 | isbn=978-0-306-80676-6}} In 2009, The Public began its “Going Public” campaign to raise funds for a major renovation of the historic building."Enter Theatergoers, Gently Welcomed," Robin Pogrebin, The New York Times, April 27, 2009{{cite book | last = Morrone | first = Francis | title = The Architectural Guidebook to New York City | publisher = Gibbs Smith | location = Salt Lake City | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-58685-211-6 }} Groundbreaking for the $35 million renovation occurred on March 9, 2010, with notables such as Liev Schreiber and Philip Seymour Hoffman in attendance.Hetrick, Adam.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/137718-McDonald-Hoffman-Schreiber-Benanti-Attend-Publics-Groundbreaking-Renovation-Details-Announced “McDonald, Hoffman, Schreiber, Benanti Attend Public's Groundbreaking; Renovation Details Announced,”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101091830/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/137718-McDonald-Hoffman-Schreiber-Benanti-Attend-Publics-Groundbreaking-Renovation-Details-Announced |date=2013-11-01 }} Playbill.com, April 2011. Plans include a renovation of Joe's Pub; the Pub went on a three-month hiatus during the summer of 2011 to allow for construction.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149362-Joes-Pub-Will-Take-Summer-Hiatus-as-Public-Continues-Renovations “Joe’s Pub Will Take Summer Hiatus as Public Continues Renovations,”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101092149/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149362-Joes-Pub-Will-Take-Summer-Hiatus-as-Public-Continues-Renovations |date=2013-11-01 }} Playbill.com, April 2011.

File:Lyceum Theatre, New York, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg view of Lyceum Theatre (14th Street Theatre) c.1871]]

File:Civic Repertory Theatre, 14th Street West of Sixth Avenue, Manhattan (NYPL b13668355-482764).jpg) in 1936 with added fire escapes, photographed by Berenice Abbott]]

14th Street Theatre

The Fourteenth Street Theatre was a New York City theatre located at 107 West 14th Street just west of Sixth Avenue.Berg, J.C. (9 January 2011). [http://www.nycvintageimages.com/content/fourteenth-street-theater The Fourteenth Street Theater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041238/http://www.nycvintageimages.com/content/fourteenth-street-theater |date=2018-05-26 }}, nycvintageimages.com as a home for French language dramas and opera.[https://books.google.com/books?id=y7OCKIf0LH4C&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA180 The A to Z of American Theater: Modernism] By James Fisher, Felicia Hardison Londre pages180, 181[https://books.google.com/books?id=K8aMN50YOvkC&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA64 Around Washington Square: An Illustrated History of Greenwich Village] by Luther S. Harris pages 106, 64

It opened in 1866 as the Theatre Francais and was renamed the Lyceum in 1871. When J.H. Haverly took it over in 1879, he had renamed it Haverly's 14th Street Theatre. By the mid-1880s, it had become simply the Fourteenth Street Theatre.Steinberg, Mollie B. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt8qAAAAMAAJ&q=1866 The history of the Fourteenth street theatre] (1931) By the mid-1910s it was being used as a movie theatre, until actress Eva Le Gallienne turned it into the Civic Repertory Theater in 1926. She mounted a number of successful productions, but the Great Depression ended that venture in 1934.(30 May 1942). [https://www.nytimes.com/1942/05/30/archives/producer-of-play-found-dead-in-hotel-mollie-b-steinberg-is-fatally.html Producer of Play Found Dead in Hotel], The New York Times The building was demolished in 1938Cooper, Lee E. (1 April 1938). [https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/01/archives/old-fourteenth-st-theatre-to-pass-into-hands-of-wreckers-on-monday.html Old Fourteenth St. Theatre to Pass Into Hands of Wreckers on Monday], The New York Times(3 September 2011). [http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/09/lost-1866-theatre-francais-107-west.html The Lost 1866 Theatre Francais -- 107 West 14th Street], DaytonInManhattan (well researched history blog post) or 1948.

Works

Saeltzer was contracted to design the synagogue in 1849. He later designed the Astor Library (now The Public Theater) (1851) and the Academy of Music on Astor Place in 1854.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/19/nyregion/neighborhood-report-lower-east-side-a-synagogue-s-artistic-route-to-a-rebirth.html |title=Lower East Side; A Synagogue's Artistic Route to a Rebirth |work=The New York Times |date=December 19, 1999 |author=Carly Berwick |access-date=October 10, 2011}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHSCYyN_dYkC&q=Anshe+Chesed+Synagogue+norfolk&pg=PA132 |title=New York City |publisher=New York Review of Books |year= 2002|author=Robert Kahn |isbn=1-892145-08-1|access-date=October 12, 2011}} In 1866 he designed the Theatre Francais (New York).

Duncan, Sherman & Company building at 11 Pine Street on the corner of Nassau. Saeltzer used iron in the building and disguised it as stone using scagliola.[https://books.google.com/books?id=7OrWFpgZ9-kC&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA84 Country, Park and City: The Architecture and Life of Calvert Vaux] by Francis R. Kowsky

Bibliography

Treatise on Acoustics in connection with Ventilation (advertised in [https://books.google.com/books?id=FU2cdbtS6g0C&dq=Alexander+Saeltzer&pg=PA350 Limes Hydraulic Cement and Mortars by Q. A. Gillmore])