Alfred Loewenstein

{{Infobox person

| name = Alfred Loewenstein

| image = Alfred Loewenstein-umbrella.jpg

| caption =

| birth_name = Alfred Léonard Loewenstein

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1877|03|11}}

| birth_place = Brussels, Belgium

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1928|07|04|1877|03|11}}

| death_place = North Sea

| occupation = Banker, Entrepreneur

}}

Alfred Léonard Loewenstein {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBh}} (11 March 1877 – 4 July 1928){{Cite web|title=Généalogie de Alfred Léonard LOEWENSTEIN|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/quentinhayois?lang=fr&n=loewenstein&oc=0&p=alfred+leonard|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Geneanet|language=fr}} was a Belgian financier. At his peak in the 1920s, Loewenstein was worth around £12 million in the currency of the time (equivalent to £{{Inflation|UK|12|1928|r=2}} million in {{Inflation/year|UK}}), making him the third-richest person in the world at the time. His wealth came from investments in electric power and artificial silk businesses when those industries were in their infancy.{{cite news|title=LOWENSTEIN'S TRAGIC END SHAKES EUROPE'S MARKETS; SUICIDE THEORY IS RAISED: CAPTAIN ALFRED LOWENSTEIN|work=New York Times|date=6 July 1928|page=1}} Loewenstein is remembered today for his mysterious disappearance and death in 1928.

Early life and business career

Alfred Loewenstein was born in Brussels, Belgium, to Bernard Loewenstein, a German-Jewish banker who converted to Catholicism, and the daughter of Brussels stockbroker Chrétien Dansaert, a Catholic.{{cite book |last1=Privat |first1=Maurice |last2=Huebner |first2=Friedrich Markus |title=Finanz giganten Alfred Loewensteins glück und ende |page=11|date=1929 |publisher=E.A. Seemann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHfZAAAAMAAJ}} Alfred established his own banking concern, and was a wealthy man by 1914. In World War I, Loewenstein offered the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse US$50 million, interest-free, to stabilize the Belgian currency in return for the right to print Belgian francs. The offer was refused.Murray Teigh Bloom – The Man Who Stole Portugal, London: Secker & Warburg (1966), p. 25. At war's end, he maintained a residence in England where he ran an investment business that made him one of Europe's most powerful financiers. He partnered with the investment house of Canadian-born Sir James Dunn in several business ventures, the duo emerging with more than £1,000,000 profit from their 1920s investment in British Celanese alone.

Loewenstein was an owner of a successful stable of thoroughbred steeplechase race horses. His horses won the 1926 and 1928 runnings of the Grand Steeple-Chase de Paris.

Business successes

File:Soc. Internationale d'Énergie Hydro-Électrique SA 1924.jpg

Loewenstein made an enormous fortune providing electric power facilities for developing countries worldwide through his Belgian-based company, Société Internationale d'Énergie Hydro-Électrique (SIDRO). By the mid-1920s, Loewenstein's reputation was such that he was consulted by heads of state from around the globe. The British government made Loewenstein a Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath.

In 1926, Loewenstein established "International Holdings and Investments Limited", which raised huge amounts of capital from wealthy investors wishing to get aboard his bandwagon of success.

In 1926, he bought Villa Sacchino, a sumptuous house in Biarritz, in the French Basque Country, with a view on the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean.

Disappearance

On the evening of 4 July 1928, Loewenstein left from Croydon Airport to fly to Brussels on his private aircraft, a Fokker F.VIIa/3m trimotor (G-EBYI), along with six other people. According to those on board, while the aircraft was crossing the English Channel at an altitude of {{convert|4000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, Loewenstein went to the rear of the aircraft to use the lavatory. In Loewenstein's aircraft, a door at the rear of the main passenger cabin opened on to a short passage with two doors: the one on the right led to the lavatory, while the one on the left was the aircraft's entrance door.{{Cite news | title = Suicide hinted in strange death of europe's croesus | newspaper = The Evening Independent | location = St Petersburg, Florida | page = 1 | date = 5 July 1928 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K99PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=l1QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3107%2C2967110 }}{{cite web |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/59899 |title=G-EBYI Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |accessdate=12 July 2020}}

When Loewenstein had not reappeared after some time, his secretary went in search of him and discovered that the lavatory was empty, while the aircraft's entrance door was open and flapping in the slipstream. The employee (along with the others on the aircraft) asserted his belief that Loewenstein had fallen through the aircraft's rear door and plunged several thousand feet to his death in the English Channel. The aircraft landed first on the beach, before transferring to the airfield at Saint-Inglevert, Pas-de-Calais, France.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Fall From an Aeroplane |date=6 July 1928 |page=16 |issue=44938 |column=D}}

=News and investigation=

News of Loewenstein's demise caused panic selling in his corporations' publicly traded shares, which immediately plummeted in value by more than fifty percent.

On 12 July 1928, it was reported that tests had been conducted by the Accidents Branch of the British Air Ministry using Loewenstein's aircraft. It was stated that at an altitude of {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} one of the Ministry men had thrown himself against the aircraft's entry door, which had opened about {{convert|6|inch|abbr=on}}. However, he was immediately thrown back into the aircraft when the slipstream violently slammed the door shut. It was concluded that it would have been impossible for someone to accidentally open the door and fall out.{{Cite news | title = TEST DOOR OF PLANE LOEWENSTEIN USED; British Officials Doubt He Could Have Fallen Out of It Accidentally. | newspaper = The New York Times | page = 5 | date = 13 July 1928 }}

Loewenstein's body was discovered near Boulogne on 19 July 1928 and was taken by fishing boat to Calais, where his identity was confirmed by means of his wristwatch; an autopsy was performed (at the request of his family), his brother-in-law stating that they did not suspect anyone of foul play, but that they did not want anyone to suggest after the burial that Loewenstein might have been poisoned or had died in the aircraft and then been thrown out. The autopsy revealed a partial fracture of Loewenstein's skull and several broken bones; it was concluded that he had been alive when he struck the water.{{Cite news | title = Lowenstein post-mortem urged | newspaper = Canberra Times | page = 1 | date = 23 July 1928 | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article981459 }}{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2024 |title=The Curious Case of Alfred Loewenstein: The World's Third-Richest Man Who Fell From an Airplane |url=https://commonplacefacts.com/2024/07/22/alfred-loewenstein-disappearance-fell-airplane/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=Commonplace Fun Facts}}

Loewenstein was buried in a cemetery outside Evere, in a tomb belonging to his wife's family, the Misonnes. However, his name was never carved on the slab covering his casket, so he was in effect buried in an unmarked grave.{{cite book | last =Norris | first =William | title =The Man Who Fell From the Sky | publisher =Viking | date =1987 | page =2 }}

=Theories=

Many theories have been put forward as to exactly what had happened to Loewenstein in the back of his aircraft; some suspected a criminal conspiracy in which his employees murdered him. The New York Times hypothesised that a growing absent-mindedness, noted by many of Loewenstein's acquaintances, may have caused him to walk out the wrong door of the aircraft. Because he had left behind a tangled web of business ventures, many of which were highly leveraged, others theorized that his business empire was on the verge of collapse. Some even asserted that corrupt business practices were about to be exposed and that Loewenstein, therefore, committed suicide. None of these theories were ever proven.

In 1987, William Norris wrote Loewenstein's story in a book titled The Man Who Fell From the Sky (New York: Viking, 1987). Norris presents evidence in support of his case that, if Loewenstein's death was not a conspiracy by business rivals and associates, a certain opportunism existed regarding the death of the tycoon and his insurance. He also shows that later events are frequently ignored, such as the fact that Loewenstein's son Robert shot one of the family servants under murky circumstances within a decade or so after the tragedy. The son was himself killed in an aviation accident in 1941 while serving with the Air Transport Auxiliary.{{Cite news|date=1941-04-01|title=WEALTHY AIRMAN KILLED|pages=3|work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8162092|access-date=2020-10-20}} Norris concluded that Loewenstein had been thrown from the aircraft by the pilot, Donald Drew, at the behest of Madeleine Loewenstein, the motive being to gain control of his fortune. He suggested that the aircraft's rear door was completely removed while in the air, and a replacement later fitted on the beach at St. Pol.

Crime writers Robert and Carol Bridgestock have speculated that Loewenstein faked his own death and disappeared because of the financial irregularities in his businesses. This theory is supported by the facts that the body was buried in an unmarked grave, and that his wife did not attend the funeral.BBC Radio 4, 12 July 2014, Steve Punt Punt PI The Mysterious Death of Flying Millionaire Alfred Loewenstein

=Alleged drug deal with Arnold Rothstein=

In his biography of gangster Arnold Rothstein titled Rothstein: The Life, Times, and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series, author David Pietrusza alleged that Loewenstein became partners with Rothstein to fund a major drugs deal in spring 1928, and that his death would have cut off the necessary funding, causing Rothstein to dig deeper into his already stretched resources to prevent the deal collapsing. {{cite book |last=Pietrusza |first=David |author-link=David Pietrusza |date=1 January 2003 |title=Rothstein The Life, Times, and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series |url= |location= |publisher=Basic Books |page= |isbn=9780465029396 }}

In popular culture

In 2010, Loewenstein's death was the subject of an episode of the History Channel's Vanishings! series.{{cite web |url= http://www.historyinternational.com/global/listings/listings.jsp?fromYear=2006&fromMonth=2&fromDate=31&NetwCode=HCI&timezone=1&View=Prime& |title= Vanishings! Alfred Loewenstein: The Missing Millionaire |work= History (U.S. TV channel) |date= 31 March 2006 |accessdate= 17 February 2010 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060327074425/http://www.historyinternational.com/global/listings/listings.jsp?fromYear=2006&fromMonth=2&fromDate=31&NetwCode=HCI&timezone=1&View=Prime& |archivedate= 27 March 2006 |df= dmy-all }}
In 2014, Loewenstein's death was the subject of an episode of BBC Radio 4's Punt PI.
In 2021, Loewenstein's death was the subject of the final episode of Buzzfeed Unsolved: True Crime.

Publications

William Norris: The Man Who Fell From the Sky. New York, Viking, 1987. {{ISBN|978-0744303032}}
Maurice Privat: La vie et la mort d'Alfred Loewenstein. Paris, La nouvelle société d'édition, 1929
[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks12/1203681h.html E. Phillips Oppenheim: Who Travels Alone. The Life and Death of Alfred Loewenstein Project Gutenberg Australia. (e-book, 2012). Accessed 23 Dec. 2015]

References

External links

[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0495dsf BBC audio with podcast link for Punt PI Series 7 Episode 1 The Mysterious Death of Flying Millionaire Alfred Loewenstein]
[http://www.planecrashinfo.com/famous1920s.htm Loewenstein listed among famous people who died in aviation accidents in the 1920s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229025635/http://planecrashinfo.com/famous1920s.htm |date=29 February 2020 }}
{{PM20|FID=pe/011622}}

Category:1877 births

Category:1920s missing person cases

Category:1928 deaths

Category:Belgian bankers

Category:Belgian expatriates in the United Kingdom

Category:Belgian financiers

Category:Belgian investors

Category:Belgian Jews

Category:Belgian people of German-Jewish descent

Category:Belgian Roman Catholics

Category:Belgian soldiers

Category:Businesspeople from Brussels