Alligator snapping turtle

Although it was once believed that only one extant species exists in the genus Macrochelys, recent studies have shown that there are two species, the other being the Suwannee snapping turtle (M. suwanniensis) of the Suwannee River. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the two species lived approximately 3.2 to 8.9 million years ago, during the late Miocene to late Pliocene. A third species, the Apalachicola snapping turtle (M. apalachicolae), has been proposed, but is generally not recognized.

The alligator snapping turtle is given its common name because of its immensely powerful jaws and distinct ridges on its shell that are similar in appearance to the rough, ridged skin of an alligator. It is also slightly less commonly known as "the loggerhead snapper" (not to be confused with the loggerhead sea turtle or loggerhead musk turtle).

The alligator snapping turtle is found primarily in freshwaters of the southeastern United States. It is found from the Florida Panhandle west to East Texas, north to southeastern Kansas, Missouri, southeastern Iowa, western Illinois, southern Indiana, west Michigan western Kentucky, Louisiana, and western Tennessee. Macrochelys temminckii often utilize core sites, characterized by specific microhabitat features such as an abundance of structural cover such as cut banks, root balls, and submerged trees and dense canopy cover.{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Connor S. |last2=Gartenstein |first2=Sophia |last3=Pierce |first3=Josh B. |last4=Glasscock |first4=Jessica L. |last5=Schalk |first5=Christopher M. |date=2024-06-01 |title=MOVEMENT PATTERNS, HOME RANGE, AND MICROHABITAT USE OF ALLIGATOR SNAPPING TURTLES ( MACROCHELYS TEMMINCKII ) IN A SMALL EAST TEXAS STREAM SYSTEM |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/tjs/article/76/1/Article%201/501092/MOVEMENT-PATTERNS-HOME-RANGE-AND-MICROHABITAT-USE |journal=The Texas Journal of Science |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |doi=10.32011/txjsci_76_1_Article1 |issn=0040-4403|doi-access=free }} Typically, only nesting females venture onto open land.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}

They are generally found only in bodies of water that flow into the Gulf of Mexico and usually do not occur in isolated wetlands or ponds. A study found that the turtles prefer places with canopy cover, overhanging trees, shrubs, dead submerged trees, and beaver dens. This species utilizes core sites within these habitats, and females tend to have larger movement patterns than males. The average home range for an individual is {{convert|750|m|abbr=on}}. Females have larger home ranges than males.

The alligator snapping turtle is characterized by a large, heavy head, and a long, thick shell with three dorsal ridges of large scales (osteoderms), giving it an appearance reminiscent of the armoured ankylosaurs. It can be immediately distinguished from the common snapping turtle by the three distinct rows of spikes and raised plates on the carapace, whereas the common snapping turtle has a smoother carapace. The spikes on the carapace gradually flatten out as the turtle ages. M. temminckii is a solid gray, brown, black, or olive-green in color, and often covered with algae. It has radiating yellow patterns around the eyes, serving to break up the outline of the eyes to keep the turtle camouflaged. The eyes are also surrounded by a star-shaped arrangement of fleshy, filamentous "eyelashes".

File:Alligator Snapping Turtle Skeleton.jpg.]]

File:Macrochelys temminckii baiting.webm).]]

Though not verified, a {{cvt|183|kg|lb}} alligator snapping turtle was found in Kansas in 1937, but the largest verifiable one is debatable. One weighed at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago was a 16-year resident giant alligator snapper weighing {{cvt|113|kg|lb}}, sent to the Tennessee Aquarium as part of a breeding loan in 1999, where it subsequently died. Another weighing {{cvt|107|kg|lb}} was housed at the Brookfield Zoo in suburban Chicago. Another large turtle reportedly weighed {{cvt|135|kg|lb}}. The species generally does not grow quite that large. Breeding maturity is attained around {{cvt|8|kg|lb}}, when the straight carapace length is around {{cvt|33|cm|in}}, but then the species continues to grow throughout life. Excluding exceptionally large specimens, adult alligator snapping turtles generally range in carapace length from {{cvt|35|to|80.8|cm|in}} and weigh from {{cvt|8.4|to|80|kg|lb}}. Males are typically larger than females. 88 adult alligator snapping turtles averaged {{cvt|21.05|kg|lb}}, 92 averaged {{cvt|19.72|kg|lb}}, and 249 averaged {{cvt|13.5|kg|lb}}. Usually very old males comprise the specimens that weigh in excess of {{cvt|45|kg|lb}} per most population studies. Among extant freshwater turtles, only the little-known giant softshell turtles of the genera Chitra, Rafetus, and Pelochelys, native to Asia, reach comparable sizes.

In mature specimens, those with a straight carapace length over {{cvt|30|cm|in}}, males and females can be differentiated by the position of the cloaca from the carapace, and by the thickness of the base of the tail. A mature male's cloaca extends beyond the carapace edge, a female's is placed exactly on the edge if not nearer to the plastron. The base of the tail of the male is also thicker as compared to that of the female because of the hidden reproductive organs.

The inside of the turtle's mouth is camouflaged, and it possesses a vermiform (worm-shaped) appendage on the tip of its tongue used to lure fish, a form of aggressive mimicry. With its unique head morphology, research suggests that this species has strong natural selection for bite performance, which can directly or indirectly affect fitness. A study conducted in 2023 found that this turtle's bite force can range between 8.2 and 1872 Newtons of force. This bite force is heavily dependent on size.{{Cite journal |last=LaGrange |first=Seth M. |last2=Kessler |first2=Ethan J. |last3=Li |first3=Zhuang |last4=Morrissiey |first4=Flavio |last5=Merchant |first5=Mark |date=14 June 2023 |title=Bite-Force Scaling across Size Classes in the Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) and the Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) |journal=Southeastern Naturalist |volume=22 |issue=sp12 |pages=440–456 |via=BioOne}} Research suggests that M.temminckii thermoregulates by altering its depth in the water column, because this species is rarely seen basking.

{{anchor|Bite}}

This turtle must be handled with extreme care and considered potentially dangerous. This species can bite through the handle of a broom and in rare cases human fingers have been cleanly bitten off by the species.{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Robert D. |last2=Nielsen |first2=Cynthia L. |title=Traumatic Amputation of Finger From an Alligator Snapping Turtle Bite |journal=Wilderness & Environmental Medicine |date=1 June 2016 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=277–281 |doi=10.1016/j.wem.2016.02.003 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1016/j.wem.2016.02.003 |access-date=14 March 2025}} No human deaths have been reported to have been caused by the alligator snapping turtle.

File:Macrochelys temminckiiHolbrookV1P24A.jpg|Illustration from Holbrook's North American Herpetology, 1842

File:Alligator snapping turtle - Geierschildkröte - Alligatorschildkröte - Macrochelys temminckii 01.jpg|With a carpet of algae on the carapace

File:Alligator snapping turtle (51239805410) (cropped).jpg|Head of a young alligator snapping turtle

File:Alligator Snapping Turtle 01.jpg|Head of an adult alligator snapping turtle

The alligator snapping turtle is an opportunistic feeder that is almost entirely carnivorous. It relies on both catching live food and scavenging dead organisms. In general, it will eat almost anything it can catch. Fishermen have glorified the species' ability to catch fish and to deplete fish populations, whereas in fact it largely targets any abundant and easily caught prey, and rarely has any extensive deleterious effect on fish populations. Its natural diet consists primarily of fish and fish carcasses, mollusks, carrion, and amphibians, but it is also known to eat snakes, snails, worms and other invertebrates, crayfish, insects, water birds, aquatic plants, other turtles and sometimes even small alligators. In one study conducted in Louisiana, 79.8% of the stomach contents of adult alligator snapping turtles was found to be composed of other turtles, although the resistance of shell and reptile-bone fragments to digestion may have led these fragments to remain longer in the digestive tract than other items. This species may also, on occasion, prey on aquatic rodents, including nutrias and muskrats or even snatch small to mid-sized other mammals, including squirrels, mice, opossums, raccoons, and armadillos when they attempt to swim or come near the water's edge.

In the wild, alligator snapping turtles are also recorded eating a wide range of plant matter such as seeds, tubers, stalks, American persimmons, wild grape, water hickory, pecans, and locust. Between March and October, stomach samples of 65 turtles showed that 56% of their diet by volume was composed of acorns of water, overcup, and willow oaks. The most frequently eaten food item was fish; despite this, fish only made up 7% of their diet by volume. Mammalian and bird prey, although less frequently eaten, made up 10% and 7% of the diet by volume respectively.{{Cite journal |last1=Sloan |first1=K.N. |last2=Buhlmann |first2=Kurt |last3=Lovich |first3=Jeff |date=January 1996 |title=Stomach contents of commercially harvested alligator snapping turtles, Macroclemys temminckii |journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology |volume=2 |pages=96–99}} As ingested willow oak acorns were found to germinate faster after defecation, it is suggested that alligator snapping turtles may be important seed dispersers of oak trees.{{Cite journal |last=Elbers |first=Jean |date=2010 |title=Elbers, Jean Pierre, "Effect of Ingestion by Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys Temminckii) on Seeds of Riparian Vegetation |journal=MSU Graduate Theses |volume=1274}} While downstream dispersal of acorns is passive, ingestion by alligator snapping turtles could facilitate dispersal of acorns upstream as well as laterally across streams.

The alligator snapping turtle seemingly most often hunts at night. It may also hunt diurnally, however. By day, it may try to attract fish and other prey by sitting quietly at the bottom of murky water and letting its jaws hang open to reveal its tongue appendage, which looks like a small, pink worm in the back of its gray mouth, and lure the prey into striking distance. The vermiform tongue imitates the movements of a worm, luring prey to the turtle's mouth. The mouth is then closed with tremendous speed and force, completing the ambush. Although the turtle does not actively hunt its prey, it can detect chemosensory cues from prey, like the mud turtle, in order to choose the location in which it is most likely to catch food. Small fish, such as minnows, are often caught in this way by younger alligator snapping turtles, whereas adults must eat a greater quantity per day and must forage more actively. Though not a regular food source for them, adult alligator snappers have even been known to kill and eat small American alligators.

Maturity is reached around 12 years of age. Mating takes place yearly, in early spring in the southern part of its geographic range, and in later spring in the northern part. About two months later, the female builds a nest and lays a clutch of 10–50 eggs. It was found that some females lay eggs every year and some females lay eggs every other year. The sex of the young depends on the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. This is called temperature dependent sex determination, and it is used by all turtle species to determine sex. For the alligator snapping turtle, higher temperatures produce more males in a clutch. Nests are typically excavated at least 50 yards from the water's edge to prevent them from being flooded and drowned. Incubation takes from 100 to 140 days, and hatchlings emerge in the early fall.

Though its potential lifespan in the wild is unknown, the alligator snapping turtle is believed to be capable of living to 200 years of age, but 80 to 120 is more likely. In captivity, it typically lives between 20 and 70 years.

The alligator snapping turtle is most vulnerable to predators before and shortly after hatching. The eggs can be eaten by birds or mammals. The risk of predation decreases as the turtle gets bigger, so the adult turtle does not have as many predators. Their largest predator in many parts of their range is the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) when the turtles are young.

Humans are also a threat to the alligator snapping turtle.

Image:Alligator Snapping Turtle2.jpg]]

The alligator snapping turtle is sometimes captive-bred as a pet and is readily available in the exotic animal trade. Due to its potential size and specific needs, it does not make a particularly good pet for any but the most experienced aquatic turtle keepers.[http://www.austinsturtlepage.com/Care/cs-allisnapper.htm AST Care Sheet]. Austinsturtlepage.com. Retrieved on August 22, 2012.

It prefers to feed on live fish, but will readily feed on other types of meat or leafy vegetables if offered. Hand feeding is dangerous. Extreme temperatures are known to affect the turtle's appetite and would result in the turtle refusing to feed until the temperature has been regulated.

Due to the turtle's sheer size, handling an adult specimen poses significant problems. With relative safety, a smaller turtle is held by the sides of its shell. A larger turtle, with its proportionately longer neck and greater reach, is held safely by grasping the shells just behind the head with one hand and using the other hand to grasp the shell just above the tail's base.

Despite its reputation, the alligator snapping turtle is typically not prone to biting. However, if provoked, it is quite capable of delivering a powerful bite which can easily amputate fingers or cause other significant injuries, such as cuts. In some U.S. states, where the alligator snapping turtle does not naturally occur (such as California), it is prohibited from being kept as a pet by residents.

Some alligator snapping turtles were released or escaped into waters of the Czech Republic, Germany and Hungary. In Bavaria, a turtle was accused of causing injury to a child, but the claim was never substantiated and the turtle in question was never found. In Bohemia, four turtles of this species have been caught. In Hungary, one turtle was caught in the middle of a street near a lake. Alligator snapping turtles have been found throughout Italy beginning in the early 2000s. Certain EU countries have strong laws against keeping the alligator snapping turtle without permission, as it is an invasive species.

In February 2024, a single male was found in Urswick Tarn in Cumbria, England. The turtle, which was nicknamed 'Fluffy' by his rescuers, has since been moved to the National Centre for Reptile Welfare in Kent.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Fluffy the Cumbrian alligator snapping turtle 'recovering well' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4n1ljld115o |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}

There are non-native established invasive populations of the alligator snapping turtle in South Africa.

File:ZAAlligatorSnappingTurtle.jpg]]

Because of collection for the exotic pet trade, overharvesting for its meat, and habitat destruction, some states have imposed bans on collecting the alligator snapping turtle from the wild. The IUCN lists it as a threatened species, and as of 23 February 2023, it was listed as a CITES Appendix II species, meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permit system.

The alligator snapping turtle is now endangered in several states, including Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Missouri, where it is protected by state law. It is designated as "in need of conservation" in Kansas.Kansas Admin. Reg. § 115-15-2(a)(7).

In October 2013, one was found in the Prineville Reservoir in Oregon. It was captured and euthanized by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, which considers alligator snapping turtles to be an invasive species. This one was the first found in the state.

In June 2024, it was announced captive alligator snapping turtles, bred in Oklahoma, would be reintroduced to the Neosho River in Kansas in hopes of bringing them back to its waterways.{{Cite web |last=Wallington |first=Natalie |date=June 7, 2024 |title=Kansas is bringing this beaky, spiky turtle back to its waters after 33-year absence |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/outdoors/article289277465.html#storylink=cpy |website=Kansas City Star}}

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{{Cite book |author=Rhodin, A.G.J. |author-link=Anders Gunnar Johannes Rhodin |author2=Iverson, J.B. |author2-link=John B. Iverson |author3=Bour, R. |author3-link=Roger Bour |author4=Fritz, U. |author5=Georges, A. |author5-link=Arthur Georges |author6=Shaffer, H.B. |author6-link=H. Bradley Shaffer |author7=van Dijk, P.P. |author7-link=Peter Paul van Dijk |collaboration=Turtle Taxonomy Working Group |s2cid=89826255 |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |chapter=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status |editor=Rhodin, A.G.J. |editor2=Iverson, J.B. |editor3=van Dijk, P.P. |editor4=Saumure, R.A. |editor5=Buhlmann, K.A. |editor6=Pritchard, P.C.H. |editor6-link=Peter Pritchard |editor7=Mittermeier, R.A. |editor7-link=Russell Alan Mittermeier |title=Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group |edition=8th |series=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=5 |pages=1–292 |doi=10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017 |isbn=9781532350269}}

{{cite iucn |author=Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group |year=1996 |title=Macrochelys temminckii |errata=2016 |page=e.T12589A97272309 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12589A3362355.en |access-date=June 5, 2022}}

{{cite web |title=Alligator snapping turtle {{!}} Macrochelys temminckii |website=Invasive Species South Africa |url=http://www.invasives.org.za/component/k2/item/852-alligator-snapping-turtle-macrochelys-temmincki |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826185307/http://www.invasives.org.za/component/k2/item/852-alligator-snapping-turtle-macrochelys-temmincki |archive-date=August 26, 2019}}

{{cite journal| vauthors=Telford SR Jr, Norton TM, Moler PE, Jensen JB|year=2009|title=A New Haemogregarina Species of the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii (Testudines: Chelydridae), in Georgia and Florida that Produces Macromeronts in Circulating Erythrocytes|journal=Journal of Parasitology |volume=95|issue=1|pages=208–214 |doi=10.1645/ge-1696.1|pmid=19245282|s2cid=11586597}}

{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Travis M. |last2=Granatosky | first2=Michael C.|author2-link=Michael C. Granatosky | last3=Bourque |first3=Jason R. |author3-link=Jason R. Bourque |last4=Krysko |first4=Kenneth L. |author4-link=Kenney Krysko |last5=Moler |first5=Paul E. |author5-link=Paul Edmonds Moler |last6=Gamble |first6=Tony |author6-link=Tony Gamble |last7=Suarez |first7=Eric |last8=Leone |first8=Erin |last9=Roman |first9=Joe| s2cid=42639580 |year=2014 |title=Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3786 |issue=2 |pages=141–165 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3786.2.4 |pmid=24869532}}

{{cite web |title=Alligator Snapping Turtle: Giant of the Southeastern States |url=http://www.tortoise.org/archives/macrocl.html| access-date=March 26, 2006| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408160942/http://tortoise.org/archives/macrocl.html| archive-date=April 8, 2006}}

{{cite web | url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1227 | title=NAS — Species FactSheet | access-date=March 26, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923062854/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1227 | archive-date=September 23, 2006 | url-status=dead }}

[http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/mtemminckii/home.html Alligator Snapping Turtle]. People.wcsu.edu. Retrieved on August 22, 2012.

{{cite web | url=http://www.whozoo.org/AnlifeSS2001/serishoo/SRS_AlligatorSnappingTurtle.html | title=WhoZoo: Alligator Snapping Turtle | access-date=March 26, 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060428004434/http://www.whozoo.org/AnlifeSS2001/serishoo/SRS_AlligatorSnappingTurtle.html| archive-date= April 28, 2006 | url-status= live}}

}}

• {{cite book |author1-link=John L. Behler |last1=Behler |first1=JL |author2-link=Frederic Wayne King |last2=King |first2=FW |year=1979 |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |pages=743 |isbn=0-394-50824-6}}{{rp|436–437}}
• {{cite book |author1-link=Coleman Jett Goin |last1=Goin |first1=CJ |author2-link=Olive B. Goin |last2=Goin |first2=OB |author3-link=George Robert Zug |last3=Zug |first3=GR |year=1978 |title=Introduction to Herpetology |edition=Third |location=San Francisco |publisher=W.H. Freeman |pages=xi + 378 |isbn=0-7167-0020-4}}{{rp|77, 124, 256–257}}
• {{cite book |author1-link=Robert Powell (herpetologist) |last1=Powell |first1=R |author2-link=Roger Conant (herpetologist) |last2=Conant |first2=R |author3-link=Joseph T. Collins |last3=Collins |first3=JT |year=2016 |title=Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America |edition=Fourth |location=Boston and New York |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |pages=xiv + 494 pp., 47 color plates, 207 figures |isbn=978-0-544-12997-9}}{{rp|196}}
• {{cite book |author1-link=Hobart Muir Smith |last1=Smith |first1=HM |author2-link=Edmund Darrell Brodie Jr. |last2=Brodie |first2=ED Jr |year=1982 |title=Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification |location=New York |publisher=Golden Press |pages=240 |isbn=0307136663}}{{rp|38–39}}

• {{cite book |author1-link=Herbert S. Zim |last1=Zim |first1=HS |last2=Smith |first2=HM |year=1956 |title=Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species |series=Golden Nature Guides |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |pages=160}}{{rp|25, 155}}

• [http://www.chelydra.org/common_alligator_snapping_turtle.html Alligator vs. common snapping turtle – Chelydra.org]
• {{Cite web |url=http://www.austinsturtlepage.com/Care/cs-allisnapper.htm |title = Care Sheet - Alligator Snapping Turtle}}
• {{Cite web |url=http://www.crunchinfo.com/id2.html |title = CRUNCH History}} Crunch, the alligator snapping turtle
• {{Cite news |url=http://www.denik.cz/ze_sveta/kajmanka-lotti-utoci-bavorske-mestecko-je-na-nohou-20130812.html | title=Kajmanka supí zaútočila v Bavorsku na dítě. Městečko je na nohou| newspaper=Deník.cz| date=August 12, 2013| last1=Dohnal| first1=Martin |language=cs}}

{{Chelydridae}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q457872}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Apex predators

Category:Chelydridae

Category:Endemic reptiles of the United States

Category:Fauna of the Southeastern United States

Category:Reptiles described in 1835