Johann Friedrich Gmelin
{{Short description|German naturalist, chemist, and biologist}}
{{Redirect|Johann Gmelin|the German naturalist, botanist and geographer|Johann Georg Gmelin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = J. F. Gmelin
| image = Johann Friedrich Gmelin.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1748|8|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tübingen, Holy Roman Empire
| death_date = {{death date and age|1804|11|1|1748|8|8|df=y}}
| death_place = Göttingen, Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
| father = Philipp Friedrich Gmelin
| citizenship = German
| thesis_title = {{langx|la|Irritabilitatem vegetabilium, in singulis plantarum partibus exploratam ulterioribusque experimentis confirmatam}}
| fields = {{nowrap|Naturalist, botanist, and entomologist}}
| workplaces = University of Göttingen
University of Tübingen
| alma_mater = University of Tübingen
| doctoral_advisor = Philipp Friedrich Gmelin
Ferdinand Christoph Oetinger
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students = Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt
Friedrich Stromeyer
Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer
Wilhelm August Lampadius
Vasily Severgin
| notable_students =
| known_for = Textbooks on chemistry, pharmaceutical science, mineralogy, and botany
| author_abbrev_bot = J.F.Gmel.
| author_abbrev_zoo = Gmelin
| spouse = Rosine Louise Gmelin (1755–1828, née Schott)
| relatives = Leopold Gmelin (son)
| awards =
}}
Johann Friedrich Gmelin (8 August 1748 – 1 November 1804) was a German naturalist, chemist, botanist, entomologist, herpetologist, and malacologist.
Education
Johann Friedrich Gmelin was born as the eldest son of Philipp Friedrich Gmelin in 1748 in Tübingen. He studied medicine under his father{{cite web |url=http://web-genealogy.scs.illinois.edu/Info/gmelinjf.pdf |publisher=University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana |work=School of Chemical Sciences Web Genealogy |title=Genealogy Database Entry: Gmelin, Johann Friedrich |last=Mainz |first=Vera V. |author2=Gregory S. Girolami |year=1998 |access-date=19 April 2019}} at University of Tübingen and graduated with a Master's degree in 1768, with a thesis entitled: {{lang|la|Irritabilitatem vegetabilium, in singulis plantarum partibus exploratam ulterioribusque experimentis confirmatam}}, defended under the presidency of Ferdinand Christoph Oetinger,{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10958646?page=3|title='Irritabilitas vegetabilium in singulis plantarum partibus explorata, ulterioribusque experimentis confirmatam publice proponet' – Viewer | MDZ|website=www.digitale-sammlungen.de}} whom he thanks with the words {{lang|la|Patrono et praeceptore in aeternum pie devenerando, pro summis in medicina obtinendis honoribus}}.
Career
In 1769, Gmelin became an adjunct professor of medicine at University of Tübingen. In 1773, he became professor of philosophy and adjunct professor of medicine at University of Göttingen. He was promoted to full professor of medicine and professor of chemistry, botany, and mineralogy in 1778. He died in 1804 in Göttingen and is buried there in the Albani cemetery with his wife Rosine Louise Gmelin (1755–1828, née Schott).{{cn|date=September 2024}}
Johann Friedrich Gmelin when young became a respected colleague of Carl Linnaeus, probably when Linnaeus was visiting the Netherlands or northern Germany around 1770, and collected plants "Persia" on his behalf.Joseph Kastner, A world of naturalists, 1977, Alfred A Knopf, New York; page 35.Wilfrid Blunt, 1971 The Compleat Naturalist. A life of Linnaeus, Collins, London; page 190 letter of Linnaeus 20 December 1771 to John Ellis: "The younger Gmelin is still in Persia" "younger distinguishes him from his father Philipp Friedrich Gmelin, who had recently died Later in life he published several textbooks in the fields of chemistry, pharmaceutical science, mineralogy, and botany. He also edited and published the posthumous 13th edition of Systema Naturae by Carl Linnaeus from 1788 to 1793. This contained descriptions and scientific names of many new species, including birds that had earlier been catalogued without a scientific name by John Latham in his A General Synopsis of Birds. Gmelin's publication is cited as the authority for over 290 bird species{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=IOC World Bird List Version 5.4 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date= 24 January 2016 }} and also a number of butterfly species.{{cite journal |last=Vane-Wright |first=R. I. |date=1975 |title=The butterflies named by J. F. Gmelin (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278728690 |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=17–64}}
Legacy
Among his students were Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt, Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer, Friedrich Stromeyer, and Wilhelm August Lampadius. He was the father of Leopold Gmelin.
He described the redfin pickerel in 1789. In the scientific field of herpetology, he described many new species of amphibians and reptiles.The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. In the field of malacology, he described and named many species of gastropods.
The plant genus Gmelina was named after J.F. Gmelin (or possibly J.G. Gmelin, or both) by Linnaeus.
{{Botanist|J.F.Gmel.|Gmelin, Johann Friedrich}} The abbreviation "Gmel." is also found.See for instance:
Audubon, John James (1831) – Ornithological Biography : Volume 1, p. 232. Online available at wikisource.
Publications
- {{cite book |last= Gmelin |first= Johann Friedrich |author2=Ferdinand Christoph Oetinger |title=Irritabilitatem vegetabilium, in singulis plantarum partibus exploratam ulterioribusque experimentis confirmatam | series = Thesis Tübingen |year= 1768 |oclc= 10717434 }}
- {{lang|de|Allgemeine Geschichte der Gifte}}, 2 Vol., 1776/77 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-148875 Digital edition] of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
- {{lang|de|Allgemeine Geschichte der Pflanzengifte}}, 1777
- {{lang|de|Allgemeine Geschichte der mineralischen Gifte}}. Nürnberg: Raspe, 1777. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-169274 Digital edition] of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
- {{lang|de|Johann Friedrich Gmelins ... Einleitung in die Chemie zum Gebrauch auf Universitäten}}. Nürnberg: Raspe, 1780. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-25118 Digital edition] of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
- {{lang|de|Einleitung in die Pharmacie}}. Nürnberg: Raspe, 1781. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-27361 Digital edition] of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
- {{lang|de|Beyträge zur Geschichte des teutschen Bergbaus}}, 1783
- {{lang|de|Über die neuere Entdeckungen in der Lehre von der Luft, und deren Anwendung auf Arzneikunst, in Briefen an einen Arzt, von J. F. Gmelin}}, 1784
- {{lang|de|Grundsätze der technischen Chemie}}, 1786
- {{lang|la|Caroli a Linné, equitis aurati de stella polari, … Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata}}, Lipsiae [Leipzig], Georg Emanuel Beer, 1788–1793
- {{lang|de|Grundriß der Pharmazie}}, 1792
- {{lang|la|Apparatus Medicaminum tam simplicium quam praeparatorum et compositorum in Praxeos Adiumentum consideratus}}, Ps. 2, T. 1 – Ps. 2, T. 2., 1795–1796. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-170414 Digital edition] of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
- {{lang|de|Geschichte der Chemie}}, 1799
- {{lang|de|Allgemeine Geschichte der thierischen und mineralischen Gifte}}, 1806
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{commons category|Johann Friedrich Gmelin}}
- [http://web-genealogy.scs.illinois.edu/Info/gmelinjf.pdf Gmelin's chemical genealogy]
- {{MathGenealogy|76485}}
- {{DNB portal|116684674|TYP=}}
- [https://archive.today/20130112190036/http://gap.entclub.org/taxonomists/Gmelin/index.html Global Ant Project — World Ant Taxonomists: Johann Friedrich Gmelin (1748–1804)]
- {{IPNI author|id=3203-1}}
- [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Johann%20Friedrich%20Gmelin%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts books by Johann Friedrich Gmelin] at Internet Archive
- [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ Zoologica] Göttingen State and University Library
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich}}
Category:18th-century German botanists
Category:18th-century German naturalists
Category:German ornithologists
Category:German pteridologists
Category:Botanists with author abbreviations
Category:18th-century German zoologists