Allioideae

The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and weeds, such as Nothoscordum.{{sfn|Fay|Hall|2007}}

File:Adanson Oignons.jpg's description of Cepae 1763]]

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When Linnaeus formerly described the type genus Allium in his Species Plantarum in 1753,{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/306/mode/1up Allium I pp. 294–301]}} thirty species had this name. He placed Allium in a grouping he referred to as Hexandria monogynia (i.e. six stamens and one pistil){{sfn|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}} containing 51 genera in all.{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/297/mode/1up Hexandria monogynia I pp. 285–332]}}

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included Allium and related genera as a grouping within Liliaceae{{sfn|Adanson|1763|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/588/mode/1up VIII. Liliaceae. Part II. p. 42]}} as Section IV, Les Oignons (Onions), or Cepae in Latin.{{sfn|Adanson|1763|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/596/mode/1up VIII. Liliaceae Section IV. Cepae Part II. p. 50]}} De Jussieu is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system Allium was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, Asphodeles (Asphodeli), of the third class (Stamina epigyna) of Monocots.{{sfn|Jussieu|1789|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/146/mode/1up ordo VII Narcissi. pp. 51–53]}}

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by Batsch.{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by Borkhausen.{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire (1805), who developed the concept of Amaryllidaceae, continued Jussieu's treatment of Allium under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli).{{sfn|Jaume Saint-Hilaire|1805|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA130 Asphodelées vol. 1. pp. 126–133]}} He placed Allium in an unnamed monotypic section of Asphodeli defined as Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales (umbellate flowers, bulbous, calyx of six equal parts).{{sfn|Jaume Saint-Hilaire|1805|loc=[https://archive.org/details/expositiondesfa00saingoog/page/n295 Asphodelées Cinquième Section vol. 1. pp. 132–133]}}

Subsequently, de Candolle reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli.{{sfn|De Lamarck|De Candolle|1815|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 Vingtième Famille Liliacées Liliaceae pp. 198–255]}} He divided the Liliaceae into a series of Ordres, and the second ordre was named Asphodèles, based on Jussieus' family of that name,{{sfn|De Lamarck|De Candolle|1815|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA204 Liliaceae Second ordre: Asphodèles pp. 204–228]}} in which he placed Allium.{{sfn|De Lamarck|De Candolle|1815|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA204 Liliaceae Asphodèles CCXLII: Ail Allium pp. 218–228]}} The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in Dumortier's Florula Belgica (1827),{{sfn|Dumortier|1827|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA139 Fam. 104. Asphodeleae Juss. Trib. 1 Allieae pp. 139–140]}} with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, Lindley, the first English systematist, considered Alliaceae{{refn|group=notes|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to Link rather than Dumortier, referencing Alliaceae Link Handb. I: 152 (1829){{sfn|Link|1829|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae,{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/341/mode/1up Asphodeleae (including Alliaceae) pp. 273–274]}} separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related Gilliesieae (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in circumscription with many subdivisions, and were already paraphyletic ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/279/mode/1up Liliaceae: IV Scilleae (Allieae Link) p. 205]}}

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of Bentham and Hooker (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/359/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Allieae pp. 798–807]}} The Allieae included Lindley's Gilliesieae{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/365/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Gilliesieae pp. 804–806]}} as one of its four subtribes.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/311/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Allieae (Conspectus) pp. 750]}} Similarly in the German language literature, Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.{{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/130/mode/1up Subfamily Allioideae p. 96]}}

In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the ovary. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911).{{sfn|Lotsy|1911|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77531#page/740/mode/1up Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Gilliesiaceae pp. 732–734]}} This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985){{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA193 Alliaceae pp. 193–198]}} and Rahn (1998).{{sfn|Kubitzki|1998|loc=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 K. Rahn. Alliaceae pp. 70–78]}}

In 1926, John Hutchinson moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae,{{sfn|Hutchinson|1926}} although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969){{sfn|Huber|1969|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/796/mode/1up Die "Alliodeen" pp. 376–383]}} supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of Cronquist{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}}{{sfn|Cronquist|1988}} who reverted to a very broad concept of Liliaceae.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}

In 1985, Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more cladistic approach,{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA193 Alliaceae J.G. Agardh (1858) pp. 193–199]}} defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus Agapanthus and a group of genera that are now placed in Themidaceae, or its equivalent, the subfamily Brodiaeoideae of Asparagaceae.{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}} They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: Agapanthoideae,{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA196 Agapanthoideae p. 196]}} Allioideae,{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA196 Allioideae p. 196]}} and Gilliesioideae.{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=Gilliesioideae p. 198–199}} Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (Agapanthus and Tulbaghia). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the rbcL gene showed that Agapanthus was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family.{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}} They also raised Brodiaeeae to family rank as Themidaceae. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, Allium and Milula, and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae sensu stricto.

In the APG II system of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized sensu stricto or sensu lato, as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the ICBN conserved the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae sensu lato in APG II.

When the APG III system was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae sensu stricto became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae sensu lato.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.

Successive revisions of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification have changed the circumscription of the family. In the 1998 version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the 2003 version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto was recommended but optional; in the 2009 version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily Brodiaeoideae (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

The largest genera are Allium (260–690 species), Nothoscordum (25), and Tulbaghia (22). Some of the generic limits are not clear. Ipheion, Nothoscordum, and possibly others are not monophyletic.Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". Aliso 22(Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.

Allioideae is divided into four tribes: Allieae, Tulbaghieae, Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). Leucocoryneae was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae nom. nud. to tribe Leucocoryneae.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

Allieae contains only one genus Allium (Milula is merged with Allium in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, Tulbaghia and Prototulbaghia. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is sister to a clade composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". Aliso 22(Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.

It is characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths are long, tepals are free and the corona is absent. Spathe is formed from 2–5 bracts. The style is positioned apical relative to the ovary. The ovary usually has two, four or numerous ovules per locule in two longitudinal rows. It has one genus, Allium, and over 500 species. It is distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1–2 bracts. Style more or less gynobasic. Ovary usually has two ovules per locule, side by side. Floral symmetry zygomorphic, septal nectaries absent. Nine genera native to South America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1–2 bracts. Style more or less gynobasic. Ovary usually has two ovules per locule, side by side. Floral symmetry actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of Nothoscordum.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

Characterised by corm-shaped bulb or rhizome. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a corona, pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

{{As of|2014|December}}, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=https://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}}}

; Allieae

• Allium L. (includes Milula Prain)

; Gilliesieae

• Ancrumia Harv. ex Baker
• Erinna Phil.
• Gethyum Phil.
• Gilliesia Lindl. (including Pabellonia Quezada & Martic. and Stemmatium Phil.)
• Miersia Lindl.
• Schickendantziella Looser
• Solaria Phil.
• Speea Loes.
• Trichlora Baker

; Leucocoryneae

• Beauverdia Herter{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}
• Ipheion Rafinesque
• Leucocoryne Lindl.
• Nothoscordum Kunth.
• Tristagma Poepp.
• Zoellnerallium Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae

• Tulbaghia L.
• Prototulbaghia Vosa{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=Prototulbaghia, a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}

The genera Androstephium, Bessera, Bloomeria, Brodiaea, Dandya, Dichelostemma, Jaimehintonia, Milla, Muilla, Petronymphe, Triteleia, and Triteleiopsis are now treated in the family Themidaceae (alt. Asparagaceae subfam. Brodiaeoideae). Petronymphe has been restored to Themidaceae from Anthericaceae{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} (now a segregate of Agavaceae).{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }} Latace Phil. is included in Nothoscordum.

{{Clade

| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%

| label1 = Subfamily Allioideae

|1=

{{Clade

| 1= {{clade

| 1= {{clade

| 1= Tribe Allieae (monogeneric, Allium)

| 2= {{clade

| 1= Tribe Tulbaghieae

| 2= Tribes Gilliesieae, Leucocoryneae

}}}}}}}}

}}

Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere (North America, North Africa, Europe and Asia), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of Nothoscordum (N. bivalve, N. gracile) which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus, fourteen of the total of 18 genera are endemic to temperate South America.Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}{{sfn|Fay|Hall|2007}}

Some of the species of Allium are important food plants for example onions (Allium cepa), chives (A. schoenoprasum), garlic (A. sativum and A. scordoprasum), and leeks (A. porrum).{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }} Species of Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum, and Tulbaghia are cultivated as ornamentals.Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).

• Glossary of plant morphology
• Glossary of botanical terms

{{Reflist|group=notes}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=https://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
• [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

• {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see Species Plantarum
• {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}

:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]

:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]

• {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
• {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
• {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
• {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
• {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
• {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
• {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
• {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
• {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2=Joseph Dalton Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

• {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
• {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
• {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and Recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Agapanthoideae|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
• {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
• {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
• [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
• {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

• {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name Amaryllidaceae against Alliaceae, a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}

{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
• {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
• {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
• {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|title=Evolutionary Biology |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|pmc=2645363 |isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
• {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|bibcode=1992BotRv..58..225T |s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
• {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
• [https://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikispecies}}

• [https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
• [https://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]
• [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in Flora of North America]
• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
• [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011043114/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae |date=11 October 2006 }}
• [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226223357/http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon |date=26 February 2012 }}
• [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Asparagales subfamilies