Almond cultivation in California

Almonds were California's third most valuable agricultural product in 2019, accounting for $4.9 billion (about 11%) of agricultural output. Almond production increased from {{convert|703|e6lb}} in 2000 to {{convert|2.27|e9lb}} in 2017.{{citation|title=2018 California Almond Objective Measurement Report|publisher=National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Region|date=5 July 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Specialty_and_Other_Releases/Almond/Objective-Measurement/201807almom.pdf|access-date=21 Dec 2018|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030194412/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Specialty_and_Other_Releases/Almond/Objective-Measurement/201807almom.pdf|url-status=live}} Prices rose over the same period, fueled in part by overseas demand. Newly planted almond acreage has displaced more traditional cash crops, such as cotton.{{cite news|last1=Pierson|first1=David|title=California farms lead the way in almond production|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-california-almonds-20140112-story.html|periodical=Los Angeles Times|date=12 Jan 2014|accessdate=21 Dec 2018|archive-date=November 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130153803/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-california-almonds-20140112-story.html|url-status=live}}

File:AlmondShakerbeforeafter.jpg

In addition to consumer demand, the industry's growth has benefitted from mechanization. During the harvesting process, tree shakers are used to aggressively shake each almond tree, causing the nuts to fall to the ground. This reduces the need for labor relative to other crops, which has attracted farmers who are concerned with shortages of migrant workers.{{cite web |last1=Bjerga |first1=Alan |title=California Almonds Are Back After Four Years Of Brutal Drought |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-thirst-for-almonds/ |website=bloomberg |accessdate=November 7, 2018 |archive-date=November 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108181539/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-thirst-for-almonds/ |url-status=live }}

A 2014 report commissioned by the Almond Board of California, an industry group, found that the industry directly employed 21,000 people and indirectly supported an additional 83,000 jobs statewide. Including indirect effects, the industry added about $11 billion to the state's GSP.{{citation|title=The Economic Impacts of the California Almond Industry|last1=Sumner|first1=Daniel A.|last2=Matthews|first2=William A.|last3=Medellín-Azuara|first3=Josué|last4=Bradley|first4=Adrienne|publisher=University of California Agricultural Issues Center|url=http://aic.ucdavis.edu/almonds/Economic%20Impacts%20of%20California%20Almond%20Industry_Full%20Report_FinalPDF_v2.pdf|access-date=21 Dec 2018|archive-date=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223063011/http://aic.ucdavis.edu/almonds/Economic%20Impacts%20of%20California%20Almond%20Industry_Full%20Report_FinalPDF_v2.pdf|url-status=live}}

Almonds are California's most valuable export crop. Farmers exported $4.5 billion worth to foreign countries in 2016, about 22% of the state's total agricultural exports. The majority of these exports went to the European Union, China and India. While the EU is the largest consumer, the latter two countries are expanding markets where the state's Almond Board has actively marketed the nuts as a healthy snack.

As part of the 2018 China–United States trade war, China has imposed a 50% tariff on almonds. As a result, some Chinese businesses have resorted to importing almonds from other producers in Africa and Australia.{{cite web |last1=Craymer |first1=Lucy |title=U.S. Almond Farmers Are Reeling From Chinese Tariffs |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-tariffs-hit-u-s-almond-exports-1532793600 |website=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=5 November 2018 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208075547/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-tariffs-hit-u-s-almond-exports-1532793600 |url-status=live }}

During the global supply chain disruption, shipping companies placed a lower priority on products that paid lower shipping rates resulting in various exports being delayed. More than three-quarters of the containers leaving Los Angeles were empty in July 2021 whereas about two-thirds of the containers leaving U.S. ports are typically filled with exports. Many of containers were going back empty due to the rush by shippers to bring in imports of back-to-school supplies and fall fashions from Asia.{{Cite news|last=Horsley|first=Scott|date=July 23, 2021|title=Farmers Have A Big Problem On Their Hands: They Can't Find A Way To Ship Their Stuff|language=en|work=NPR News|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/23/1019496567/farmers-have-a-big-problem-on-their-hands-they-cant-find-a-way-to-ship-their-stu|access-date=2021-11-16|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819220138/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/23/1019496567/farmers-have-a-big-problem-on-their-hands-they-cant-find-a-way-to-ship-their-stu|url-status=live}} This impacted the almond growers along with Midwestern farmers who ship to customers overseas.{{Cite news |last=Sahagún |first=Louis |date=2022-07-05 |title=A billion pounds of California almonds stranded at ports amid drought, trade woes |url=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-07-05/california-almond-growers-are-feeling-the-squeeze |access-date=2022-07-06 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706201926/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-07-05/california-almond-growers-are-feeling-the-squeeze |url-status=live }}

File:Beekeepers inspect their colonies in a California almond orchard.jpg

Like many crops, almond cultivation requires cross-pollination. Although almonds can be pollinated by many insects, commercial almond farming is heavily dependent on honey bees. Commercial almond growers may rent hives during the blooming season to ensure pollination success.{{cite web |last1=Jimenez |first1=Ilana |title=Bees And Almonds: How Are Almond Trees Pollinated |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/nut-trees/almonds/how-are-almond-trees-pollinated.htm |website=gardeningknowhow |date=November 14, 2017 |accessdate=November 7, 2018 |archive-date=March 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323102213/https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/nut-trees/almonds/how-are-almond-trees-pollinated.htm |url-status=live }} Starting in 2006, California almond growers began to suffer losses due to colony collapse disorder, a poorly understood phenomenon resulting in the decline of bee populations. While this increased pollination expenses for many growers, high demand for almonds created an incentive to transport bees from across the United States to California. The state's bee population has since partly recovered, and in 2018 accounted for more than half of all bee colonies in the United States.

File:California Drought Status July 19th 2016.png

California suffered a severe drought from 2011 to 2017. In addition to economic consequences for the state's almond growers, the industry came under criticism for its water use. As of 2015, almond cultivation consumed about 10% of the state's water.{{cite web |last1=Gonzales |first1=Richard |title=How Almonds Became A Scapegoat For California's Drought |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/16/399958203/how-almonds-became-a-scapegoat-for-californias-drought?t=1541340780479 |website=npr |accessdate=7 November 2018 |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222125444/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/16/399958203/how-almonds-became-a-scapegoat-for-californias-drought?t=1541340780479 |url-status=live }} Furthermore, almond acreage increased by 14% from 2007 to 2014, while almond irrigation increased by 27%.{{cite web |last1=Pickett |first1=Mallory |title=In The Midst Of Drought, California Farmers Used More Water For Almonds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mallorypickett/2016/09/28/satellite-images-reveal-impact-of-almond-boom/ |website=Forbes |accessdate=9 December 2018 |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173203/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mallorypickett/2016/09/28/satellite-images-reveal-impact-of-almond-boom/ |url-status=live }} Critics have pointed out that the state's 6,000 almond farmers use roughly 35 times the amount of water as the 466,000 residents of Sacramento.{{cite web |last1=Kasler |first1=Dale |last2=Reese |first2=Phillip |last3=Sabalow |first3=Ryan |title=California almonds, partly blamed for water shortage, now dropping in price |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article57432423.html |website=The Sacramento Bee |accessdate=21 December 2018 |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222132740/https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article57432423.html |url-status=live }}

To supplement reduced deliveries from the state's water system, many almond farmers increased groundwater pumping, which can unsustainably deplete aquifers and cause land subsidence.

Almond production fell somewhat as a result of the drought, contributing to higher prices and dampening consumer demand. To compensate, many farmers removed older, less-productive almond trees and replaced them with newer plantings that use less water. Since these trees will take about five years to become productive, some farmers have expressed concerns about a future almond surplus.

File:AlmondorchardWintonCA08.jpg|alt=An avenue of trees in an orchard in Winton]]

In the 2015/2016 crop year, the California almond industry produced over {{convert|1.5|e6MT}} of hulls and over {{convert|0.5|e6MT}} of shells. Historically, these byproducts have been used for livestock feed and bedding, or as fuel for cogeneration plants. However, declining demand for these uses combined with an increasing supply of almonds has created a mismatch. The Almond Board of California, an industry association, has researched ways to incorporate almond byproducts into other industries such as food, automotive, and pharmaceuticals.

One possible use investigated by the Board is feedstock for bioenergy. For example, biochar made from almond shells can be integrated into automobile and plane tires, allowing them to better resist changing temperatures. Biochar can also be used to make stronger, biodegradable plastic goods such as garbage bags and flower pots.

A similar sustainability initiative has been "whole orchard recycling". At the end of their productive life, whole almond trees are ground up and the remains are integrated back into the soil, which retains the tree's nutrients. This process also increases the soil's ability to hold water.

Ferrisia gilli is an economically significant pest of almond in California.{{cite journal | last1=Daane | first1=Kent M. | last2=Cooper | first2=Monica L. | last3=Triapitsyn | first3=Serguei V. | last4=Walton | first4=Vaughn M. | last5=Yokota | first5=Glenn Y. | last6=Haviland | first6=David R. | last7=Bentley | first7=Walt J. | last8=Godfrey | first8=Kris E. | last9=Wunderlich | first9=Lynn R. | title=Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex | journal=California Agriculture | publisher=UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) | volume=62 | issue=4 | year=2008 | issn=0008-0845 | doi=10.3733/ca.v062n04p167 | pages=167–176 | s2cid=54928048| doi-access=free }} F. gilli was formerly known as a California population of F. virgata (the striped mealybug), only being studied sufficiently to recognize that it is distinguishable from F. virgata due to its severe impact on pistachio and almond in this state. Xanthomonas pruni (syn. X. campestris pv. pruni, syn. X. arboricola pv. pruni) was unknown here until detection in Sacramento and northern San Joaquin Valley in the spring of 2013.{{cite journal | title=Bacterial Spot of Almond in California – Update on the Disease and its Management | journal=Sacramento Valley Almond News | date=December 2014 | url=http://www.sacvalleyorchards.com/almonds/foliar-diseases/bacterial-spot-of-almond/ | access-date=2022-05-04 | first1=J. E. | last1=Adaskaveg | first2=B. | last2=Holtz | first3=R. | last3=Duncan | first4=D. | last4=Doll | publisher=UCANR | archive-date=July 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701114215/http://www.sacvalleyorchards.com/almonds/foliar-diseases/bacterial-spot-of-almond/ | url-status=live }} Amyelois transitella (the misnamed navel orangeworm) is one of the worst pests of this crop here.{{cite journal | last1=Wilson | first1=Houston | last2=Burks | first2=Charles S | last3=Reger | first3=Joshua E | last4=Wenger | first4=Jacob A | editor-last=Tindall | editor-first=Kelly | title=Biology and Management of Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in California | journal=Journal of Integrated Pest Management | publisher=Entomological Society of America (OUP) | volume=11 | issue=1 | date=2020-01-01 | issn=2155-7470 | doi=10.1093/jipm/pmaa025 | pages=1–15| doi-access=free }} Because larvae are unable to bore through the hull, early adults oviposit into the previous year's fallen wasted almonds (mummies) and then attack the new crop in mid-June or early July when the hulls split. {{As of|2020}} NOW losses have no clear year-over-year or per-cultivar trends due to the great importance of overwintering, and the great variability of overwintering suitability of mummies by year and cultivar.{{cite web | url=http://www.almonds.com/sites/default/files/2020-03/How%20much%20does%20NOW%20damage%20cost_slides.pdf | first=Mel | last=Machado | publisher=Blue Diamond Growers & Almond Board of California | date=March 2020 | title=How much does NOW damage cost? | access-date=May 9, 2022 | archive-date=November 10, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110120549/https://www.almonds.com/sites/default/files/2020-03/How%20much%20does%20NOW%20damage%20cost_slides.pdf | url-status=live }}

• California nut crimes
• California Almond Growers

{{reflist}}

{{Agriculture in the United States}}

{{portalbar|Agriculture|California|Food}}

Category:Agriculture in California

Category:Almond production