Almotriptan
{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477318440
| image = Almotriptan skeletal.svg
| width = 240
| alt =
| image2 = Almotriptan molecule ball.png
| width2 = 260
| alt2 = Ball-and-stick model of the almotriptan molecule
| tradename = Axert
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|almotriptan}}
| MedlinePlus = a603028
| DailyMedID = Almotriptan
| routes_of_administration = By mouth
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = CC05
| ATC_supplemental =
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = {{cite web | title=Almotriptan tablet, film coated | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6fa380c4-c885-4743-85bf-88819ae68645 | access-date=17 February 2021}}{{cite web | title=Axert- almotriptan malate tablet, coated | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=886c13fa-4547-4411-88aa-8e23a7a698f6 | access-date=17 February 2021}}
| legal_EU = Rx-only
| legal_status = Rx-only
| bioavailability = 70%
| protein_bound = 35%
| metabolism = Liver
| elimination_half-life = 3–4 hours
| index2_label = as salt
| IUPHAR_ligand = 7110
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number = 154323-57-6
| PubChem = 123606
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00918
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 110198
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 1O4XL5SN61
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D02824
| KEGG2_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG2 = D02825
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 520985
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1505
| IUPAC_name = N,N-dimethyl-2- [5-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonylmethyl)- 1H-indol-3-yl]-ethanamine
| C=17 | H=25 | N=3 | O=2 | S=1
| smiles = CN(C)CCc2c[nH]c3ccc(CS(=O)(=O)N1CCCC1)cc23
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C17H25N3O2S/c1-19(2)10-7-15-12-18-17-6-5-14(11-16(15)17)13-23(21,22)20-8-3-4-9-20/h5-6,11-12,18H,3-4,7-10,13H2,1-2H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = WKEMJKQOLOHJLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
Almotriptan (trade name Axert and others) is a triptan medication discovered and developed by Almirall for the treatment of heavy migraine headache.
It was patented in 1992 and approved for medical use in 2000.{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA531 |language=en}}
Medical uses
Almotriptan is prescribed to treat the acute headache phase of migraine attacks with or without aura.{{cite web|title=Almotriptan Facts and Comparisons|url=https://www.drugs.com/cdi/almotriptan.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=7 October 2012}} Almotriptan is approved in the US for the treatment of migraine in adolescent from 12 to 17 years of age.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gelfand AA, Goadsby PJ | title = Treatment of pediatric migraine in the emergency room | journal = Pediatric Neurology | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 233–241 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22964436 | doi = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.06.001 | publisher = Elsevier BV | pmc = 3681416 }}
= Efficacy =
The efficacy and tolerability of almotriptan has been studied in numerous randomised, controlled trials totaling more than 4800 adults with either moderate or severe attacks of migraine. Its efficacy is significantly more effective than placebo and alleviates nausea, photophobia and phonophobia linked to migraine attacks. Almotriptan has similar efficacy as a standard dose of sumatriptan, another triptan drug, and fewer adverse effects.
Contraindications
As with other triptans, almotriptan should not be used in patients with a history, symptoms or signs of ischaemic heart disease (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, documented silent ischaemia, Prinzmetal's angina) or severe hypertension and uncontrolled mild or moderate hypertension.
Other contraindications are previous cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), peripheral vascular disease, severe hepatic impairment, concomitant administration of ergotamine, ergotamine derivatives (including methysergide) and other 5-HT1B/D agonists.
Side effects
Almotriptan has proved to have an adverse effects profile similar to placebo when used following the Summary of Product Characteristics instructions (see references).
Pharmacology
= Mechanism of action =
{{further|Serotonin receptor agonist|Triptan#Mechanism_of_action}}
Like all triptans, almotriptan has a high and specific affinity for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors. Binding of the drug to the receptor leads to vasoconstriction of the cranial (brain) blood vessels and thus affects the redistribution of blood flow. Almotriptan significantly increases cerebral blood flow and reduces blood flow through extracerebral cranial vessels. Even though it affects cranial blood vessels a single standard dose of almotriptan has no clinically significant effect on blood pressure or heart rate in both young and elderly healthy volunteers. Larger doses seem to slightly increase blood pressure but not beyond clinical relevance.{{cite journal | vauthors = Keam SJ, Goa KL, Figgitt DP | title = Almotriptan: a review of its use in migraine | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 387–414 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11817980 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262020-00010 | s2cid = 242752549 }}
= Pharmacokinetics =
Almotriptan has linear pharmacokinetics up to the 16-fold standard dose. Its biological half-life is 3 hours, and its bioavailability 70%.
Cmax is observed 1.5–4 hours after oral administration, and approximately 50% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine. Metabolism is mediated through the enzymes MAO-A and CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 oxidation.
Almotriptan clearance is moderately reduced in the elderly but does not require dose adjustment. Sex does not alter the pharmacokinetics of the drug. People with moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction are recommended to use only half the dose.{{cite journal | vauthors = McEnroe JD, Fleishaker JC | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of almotriptan, a serotonin 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist for the treatment of migraine | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 237–246 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15762767 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-200544030-00002 | s2cid = 23136754 }}
Interactions
Almotriptan is metabolized mainly by MAO-A and to lesser extent by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Studies of drugs used as preventive against migraine (propranolol and verapamil), anti-depressants (moclobemide and fluoxetine) yielded results that showed significant altering of the pharmacokinetics of almotriptan though they were deemed not clinically relevant.
Society and culture
= Brand names =
Brand names include Axert (US, Canada), Almogran (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, South Korea...), Almotrex (Italy), Almozen (Bulgaria and Poland), Dezamigren (Poland), and Amignul (Spain).
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/154323-57-6 | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Almotriptan }}
- {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/almotriptan%20malate | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Almotriptan malate }}
{{Triptans}}
{{Serotonergics}}
{{Tryptamines}}
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Category:N,N-Dialkyltryptamines
Category:Drugs developed by Johnson & Johnson