Alternative flatworm mitochondrial code
{{Short description|An alternative genetic code found in the mitochondrial genome of flatworms}}
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 14) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes.
Code
: AAs = FFLLSSSSYYY*CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
:Starts = -----------------------------------M----------------------------
: Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
: Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
: Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)
Differences from the standard code
| class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align: center;"
|+ | ||||
| DNA codons | RNA codons | This code (14) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | Standard code (1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
AAA | AAA | style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Asn (N) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Lys (K) |
AGA | AGA | style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) |
AGG | AGG | style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) |
TAA | UAA | style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Tyr (Y) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | STOP = Ter (*) |
TGA | UGA | style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | STOP = Ter (*) |
Systematic range and comments
- Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms).
Code 14 differs from code 9 (the echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code) only by translating UAA to Tyr rather than STOP. A study in 2000{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA |date=October 2000 |series=10 |volume=97 |issue=21 |pages=11359–64 |title=Changes in mitochondrial genetic codes as phylogenetic characters: two examples from the flatworms. |pmid=11027335 |pmc=17205 |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.21.11359 |vauthors=Telford MJ, Herniou EA, Russell RB, Littlewood DT|bibcode=2000PNAS...9711359T |doi-access=free }} has found no evidence that the codon UAA codes for Tyr in the flatworms but other opinions exist. There are very few GenBank records that are translated with code 14 but a test translation shows that re-translating these records with code 9 can cause premature terminations. More recently, UAA has been found to code for tyrosine in the nematodes Radopholus similis{{cite journal |title=A unique genetic code change in the mitochondrial genome of the parasitic nematode Radopholus similis |pmc=2761399 |author=Joachim EM Jacob |author2=Bartel Vanholme |author3=Thomas Van Leeuwen |author4=Godelieve Gheysen |name-list-style=amp |date=2009 |pmid=19778425 |doi=10.1186/1756-0500-2-192 |volume=2 |journal=BMC Res Notes |pages=192 |doi-access=free }} and Radopholus arabocoffeae.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Radopholus+arabocoffeae|title = Taxonomy browser (Radopholus arabocoffeae)}}
See also
References
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