Amphimachairodus

The genus Amphimachairodus was first proposed by Miklos Kretzoi for the species Machairodus palanderi.{{Cite journal|last1=Kretzoi|first1=M.|date=1929|title=Materialen zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroideen|journal=Cong. Int. Zool. Budapest|volume=10|pages=1293–1355}}

Machairodus horribilis was first described in 1903 by Schlosser, who failed to correctly designate a holotype specimen, and thus the species was largely ignored until a 2008 paper redescribed the species and properly designated a lectotype for it.{{Cite journal|last1=Qiu |first1=Zhan-Xiang |last2=Liu |first2=Jin-Yi |title=Description of Skull Material of Machairodus horribilis Schlosser, 1903 |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=265–283}} It was subsequently suggested to be reassigned to Amphimachairodus by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1583750 |title=Taxonomic revision of a Machairodontinae (Felidae) from the Late Hemphillian of México |date=2020 |last1=Ruiz-Ramoni |first1=Damián |last2=Rincón |first2=Ascanio D. |last3=Montellano-Ballesteros |first3=Marisol |journal=Historical Biology |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=1312–1319 |s2cid=91277834 }}

Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus was described in 1988 by Joan Pons-Moyà based on fossils from the early Pliocene, found on the Iberian Peninsula.{{Cite journal|last1=Pons-Moyà |first1=J. |date=1988 |title=Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus nov. sp. (Felidae, Carnivora). Nuevo Machairodontini del Plioceno inferior de la Península Ibérica |trans-title=Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus nov. sp. (Felidae, Carnivora). New Machairodontini from the Lower Pliocene of the Iberian Peninsula|journal=Paleontologia i Evolució |volume=22 |pages=51–54 |language=Spanish}} But Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019 considered the fossils too scarce to confirm its assignment to the genus.

Machairodus kurteni was described in 1992. The same paper also resurrected the previously-synonymized Pogonodon copei as Machairodus copei, and reassigned the subspecies Machairodus aphanistus taracliensis as Machairodus giganteus taracliensis.{{Cite journal|jstor=23735460 |title=A new species of Machairodus from the late Miocene Kalmakpai locality in eastern Kazakhstan (USSR) |last1=Sotnikova |first1=M. V. |journal=Annales Zoologici Fennici |date=1991 |volume=28 |issue=3/4 |pages=361–369 }}

Machairodus kabir was described in 2005,{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.10.002 |title=A new machairodontine (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene hominid locality of TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad |date=2005 |last1=Peigné |first1=Stéphane |last2=De Bonis |first2=Louis |last3=Likius |first3=Andossa |last4=MacKaye |first4=Hassane Taïsso |last5=Vignaud |first5=Patrick |last6=Brunet |first6=Michel |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=243–253 |bibcode=2005CRPal...4..243P }} and reassigned to Amphimachairodus in 2007.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280578190 |title=Amphimachairodus (Felidae, Mammalia) from Sahabi (latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene, Libya), with a review of African Miocene Machairodontinae}} The describing paper also considered the species Machairodus tingii, Machairodus leoninus, Machairodus taracliensis, and Machairodus palanderi synonyms or subspecies of "Machairodus" giganteus. In 2022, this species was proposed to be reassigned to a separate genus, called Adeilosmilus.{{Cite journal |author1=Jiangzuo, Q. |author2=Werdelin, L. |author3=Sun, Y. |year=2022 |title=A dwarf sabertooth cat (Felidae: Machairodontinae) from Shanxi, China, and the phylogeny of the sabertooth tribe Machairodontini |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=284 |pages=Article 107517 |bibcode=2022QSRv..28407517J |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107517}}

Amphimachairodus alvarezi was described by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019.

In 2023, a review of the genus considered species Amphimachairodus irtychensis a junior synonym of A. horribilis, and A. kurteni a synonym of A. palanderi.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2067756 |title=Fast spread followed by anagenetic evolution in Eurasian and North American Amphimachairodus |date=2023 |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaoming |last2=Carranza-Castañeda |first2=Oscar |last3=Tseng |first3=Z. Jack |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=780–798 |s2cid=248597661 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nd8t0tq }}

The species Amphimachairodus hezhengensis was described in 2023.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.0019 |title=Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau |date=2023 |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Qigao |last2=Werdelin |first2=Lars |last3=Sanisidro |first3=Oscar |last4=Yang |first4=Rong |last5=Fu |first5=Jiao |last6=Li |first6=Shijie |last7=Wang |first7=Shiqi |last8=Deng |first8=Tao |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=290 |issue=1997 |pmid=37072045 |pmc=10113030 }}

Amphimachairodus has been suggested to be a paraphyletic evolutionary grade that evolved from species of the genus Machairodus, and is in turn ancestral to later homotherines like Homotherium.{{Cite journal |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Qigao |last2=Werdelin |first2=Lars |last3=Sun |first3=Yuanlin |date=May 2022 |title=A dwarf sabertooth cat (Felidae: Machairodontinae) from Shanxi, China, and the phylogeny of the sabertooth tribe Machairodontini |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=284 |at=Article 107517 |bibcode=2022QSRv..28407517J |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107517}}

File:Amphimachairodus giganteus forefoot.JPG

There was marked sexual dimorphism in A. giganteus, with males being much larger than females.{{cite book |last=Turner |first=A. |author2=Antón, M. |title=The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1997 |url=http://google.com/books?id=lUB9I01-v04C&printsec=frontcover |isbn=978-0-2311-0229-2 |oclc=34283113}}

The species Amphimachairodus coloradensis, from the United States was a significantly large animal, about {{convert|1.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the shoulder, according to skeletal and life reconstructions, potentially making it one of the largest known felids.{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Alan |last2=Anton |first2=Mauricio |author-link2=Mauricio Anton |date=1997 |title=The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives}} All Amphimachairodus species have a developed mandibular flange, however, A. colaradensis is distinguishable from A. giganteus and A. kurteni by subtle differences in the shape of the mandible and placement of lower carnassials.

In size and proportions, the Eurasian species A. giganteus was remarkably similar to a modern lion or tiger and had a shoulder height of {{convert|1.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. This species has a skull length of around {{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on}}.{{cite book |last=Augusti |first=Jordi |date=2002 |title=Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe |page=195 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-2311-1641-1}} The African species A. kabir is suggested to have weighed over {{convert|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. This would make it comparable in size to Xenosmilus and slightly smaller than Smilodon populator.

A. horribilis of China is one of largest known species in the genus, weighing around {{convert|405|kg|lb|abbr=in}}. This is comparable in size to the much later Smilodon populator.{{cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Tao |last2=Zhang |first2=Y. X |last3=Tseng |first3= Z. J |last4=Kuan-Su |first4= Hou |date=October 2016 |title=A skull of Machairodus horribilis and new evidence for gigantism as a mode of msaic evolution in machairodonts (Felidae, Carnivora) |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=302-318 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309409331_A_skull_of_Machairodus_horribilis_and_new_evidence_as_a_mode_of_mosaic_evolution_in_machairodonts_Felidae_Carnivora}}{{cite book |author=Giovanni G. Bellani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xK2wDwAAQBAJ |title=Felines of the World. Discoveries in Taxonomic Classification and History |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=9780128172773 |pages=31 |access-date=19 September 2022}} Its skull, measuring upwards of {{convert|16|in|cm}} in length, is one of the largest known skulls for any machairodont, with only a recently described S. populator skull rivaling it in size, with the latter cat outweighing A. horribilis at {{Convert|960|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |last=Switek |first=Brian |date=November 3, 2016 |title=The Biggest Saber Cat |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/the-biggest-saber-cat/ |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=Scientific American}}{{Cite news |last1=Sokol |first1=Joshua |date=14 March 2020 |title=They Knew Saber-Toothed Tigers Were Big. Then They Found This Skull |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/science/saber-toothed-tiger.html?referringSource=articleShare |newspaper=The New York Times}} A. coloradensis is smaller than the mentioned species, it was estimated to have an average weight around {{Convert|115|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.{{cite journal |last=Meachen |first=J. A. |year=2012 |title=Morphological convergence of the prey-killing arsenal of sabertooth predators |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261974255_Morphological_convergence_of_the_prey-killing_arsenal_of_sabertooth_predators |journal=Paleobiology |volume=38 |issue=1 |doi=10.2307/41432156}} A 2021 study suggested a slightly higher average weight of {{Convert|144|kg|lb|abbr=on}} with a range of {{Convert|116-171|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, based on the articular width of the humerus.{{Cite journal |last1=Orcutt |first1=John D. |last2=Calede |first2=Jonathan J.M. |year=2021 |title=Quantitative Analyses of Feliform Humeri Reveal the Existence of a Very Large Cat in North America During the Miocene |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-021-09540-1 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=729–751 |doi=10.1007/s10914-021-09540-1 |s2cid=235541255}}

Amphimachairodus was about {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=off}} long and probably hunted as an ambush predator. Its legs were too short to sustain a long chase, but it most likely was a good jumper. It probably used its canines to cut open the throat of its prey, severing the major arteries and possibly crushing the windpipe. Its teeth were rooted to its mouth and were not as delicate as those of most other saber-toothed cats of the time, which had extremely long canines that hung out of their mouths. The fangs of Amphimachairodus, however, were able to easily fit in its mouth comfortably while being long enough to be effective for hunting.{{Cite journal |last1=Legendre |first1=S. |author2=Roth, C. |title=Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia) |journal=Historical Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=85–98 |year=1988 |doi=10.1080/08912968809386468 }}

This specimen was from a large male A. giganteus with the skull measuring {{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on}} from the Late Miocene in China, comparable to a male lion or tiger.{{cite web|title=Male Machairodus giganteus skull|url=http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=375&cat=79&page=1|publisher=Black Hill Institute|access-date=2013-04-11|archive-date=2010-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223203804/http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=375&cat=79&page=1|url-status=dead}} Deformation of the skull through natural fossilization processes has changed the shape slightly, making it asymmetrical, but overall it remains an excellent specimen for studying the cranial morphology of this particular genus and species.

For felines, this skull is rather long, but rivaled by the skulls of the two largest species of extant cats: the lion and tiger.{{Cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A. |orig-year=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/82/mode/2up |pages=83–202 |isbn=978-90-04-08876-4}} When compared with the skull of a regular lion, it is long and very narrow, particularly in the muzzle and width of the zygomatic arches. Its sagittal crest is well pronounced. Compared with other machairodonts, the canines are stout and capable of large amounts of stress. This characteristic is slightly remodeled in females, whose canines are slimmer and generally longer.{{cite web|title=Female Machairodus giganteus skull|url=http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=749&cat=79&page=1|access-date=2013-04-11|archive-date=2015-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920072216/http://www.bhigr.com/store/product.php?productid=749&cat=79&page=1|url-status=dead}} Compared with females, the orbit of males are smaller, muzzles larger, the anterior-most portion of the nasal bones generally flare upwards slightly, and the downward slope of the dorsal edge of the skull in front of the orbit is not as pronounced, producing a straighter profile. Compared with the most well known machairodont Smilodon, commonly referred to as the "saber-toothed cat", the canines are much shorter, the facial portion again is much longer, and the teeth not reduced so far in number. Several machairodonts, namely Megantereon, bear flanges on the mandible, which are very reduced in A. giganteus though characteristics of the mandible associated with the flanges are present, particularly the lateral flattening of the anterior portion of the mandible, creating a cross section more square than semi-circular. The dental formula for this specimen is {{dentalFormula|upper=3.1.2.1|lower=3.1.2.1}}.

Amphimachairodous’ forehead were wider than their rostrum, which may have been an adaption to live in open environments. Despite its great size, A. horribilis was better equipped to hunt relatively smaller prey than Smilodon, as evidenced by its moderate jaw gape of 70 degrees, similar to the gape of a modern lion.{{cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Tao |last2=Zhang |first2=Y. X |last3=Tseng |first3= Z. J |last4=Kuan-Su |first4= Hou |date=October 2016 |title=A skull of Machairodus horribilis and new evidence for gigantism as a mode of msaic evolution in machairodonts (Felidae, Carnivora) |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=302-318 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309409331_A_skull_of_Machairodus_horribilis_and_new_evidence_as_a_mode_of_mosaic_evolution_in_machairodonts_Felidae_Carnivora}}{{cite web |last=Switek |first=Brian |date=November 3, 2016 |title=The Biggest Saber Cat |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/the-biggest-saber-cat/ |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=Scientific American}} Analysis on their jaw anatomy suggests that sabertooth jaws weren’t suited for attacking large prey, but instead used more for effectively killing normal sized prey faster than their non sabertoothed relatives.{{cite journal |last1=Andersson |first1=K. |last2=Norman |first2=D. |last3=Werdelin |first3=L. |year=2011 |title=Sabretoothed carnivores and the killing of large prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |page=e24971 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624971A |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024971 |pmc=3198467 |pmid=22039403 |doi-access=free}} {{open access}} This is further supported in a 2020 paper, where the effective jaw gape was restricted between 45 and 65 degrees, furthermore proving not all sabertooths were large prey specialists. Supplementary material for the study suggests A. giganteus and A. coloradensis had jaw gaps of 62.25 and 68.11 degrees respectively.{{cite journal |last1=Lautenschlager |first1=Stephan |last2=Figueirido |first2=Borja |last3=Cashmore |first3=Daniel D. |last4=Bendel |first4=Eva-Maria |last5=Stubbs |first5=Thomas L. |year=2020 |title=Morphological convergence obscures functional diversity in sabre-toothed carnivores |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=287 |issue=1935 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.1818 |issn=1471-2954 |pmc=7542828 |pmid=32993469 |doi-access=free}}^{Including supplementary materials}

At the Optima fossil site in Oklahoma isotopic analysis suggest a high degree of niche partitioning within the carnivore guild (Agriotherium, Borophagus, Eucyon, & the mustelid Pliotaxidea) with A. coloradensis having a preference for horses (61.4%) as opposed to camels, mastodons, pronghorns & rhinos (38.7%). A. coloradensis also had the lowest degree of moderate & heavy tooth wear, suggesting it primarily fed on soft tissues.{{cite journal |last1=Frederickson |first1=Joseph |last2=Joshua |first2=Cohen |last3=Michael |first3=Engel |last4=Tyler |first4=Hunt |last5=Greg |first5=Wilbert |last6=Olga |first6=Castañeda |last7=Nicholas |first7=Czaplewski |date=Mar 2022 |title=The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app67/app009412021.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=221–238 |doi=10.4202/app.00941.2021 |s2cid=247898700 |access-date=29 July 2023}}{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app67/app009412021.html |website=App.pan}}

According to Christiansen 2007, a {{cvt|224.8|kg}} A. giganteus has a bite force of 1,045.4 newtons at the canines.{{cite journal |last=Christiansen |first=P. |year=2007 |title=Comparative bite forces and canine bending strength in feline and sabretooth felids: implications for predatory ecology |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=423–437 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00321.x |doi-access=free}}

A. hezhengensis is believed to have been gregarious, due to its adaptation of living in open environments, evidence of healed pathological forepaw, and the large abundant of large Carnivora in Linxia Basin.

However, it is unknown if other members of the genus were gregarious or solitary.

File:Machairodus palanderi.jpg

Amphimachairodus giganteus was an inhabitant of woodlands and open floodplains as based on finds in Pikermi in Greece and Shanxi Province in China, indicating it had habitat preferences similar to modern lions in many respects. Specimens recovered from Turolian deposits indicate that the fauna living there was much the same, differing only by species in many cases.

File:Amphimachairodus hezhengensis life restoration - Jiangzuo et al 2023.jpg]]

Among the creatures it shared its environment with were bovids such as Parabos, Lutung monkeys, the proboscidean Anancus, the rhino Aceratherium, antelopes such as Tragoportax and Miotragocerus as well as gazelles and deer, a very large species of hyrax, early goats, various giraffes, camels such as Paracamelus, the horse Hipparion, a species of aardvark, the chalicothere Ancylotherium and the beaver-like Dipoides.

Other carnivores it shared its territory with include the percrocutid Dinocrocuta, the bear Agriotherium, fellow machairodonts Metailurus and Paramachairodus and hyenas like Thalassictis.{{cite book |last=Augusti|first=Jordi|date=2002 |title=Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe

|pages=182–190 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231116411}}

The larger herbivores were likely common prey for Amphimachairodus, and it likely would have competed with Agriotherium for food, possibly yielding kills to the bear and possibly also stealing kills from hyenas such as Thalassictis and from Metailurus when the opportunity arose.{{cite book |last=Antón |first=Mauricio |title=Sabertooth |date=2013 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |isbn=9780253010421 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |pages=53–54}}

Amphimachairodous horribilis lived in a multitude of paleoenvironments such as open woodland and open grassland. It shared its environment with forested mammals such as primates, chalicotheres, and the deer Eostyloceros. While in open grassland, it coexisted with Hipparion and giraffids, although the latter was rare.{{Cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Tao |last2=Zhang |first2=Yun-Xiang |date= |title=A skull of Machairodus horribilis and new evidence for gigantism as a mode of mosaic evolution in machairodonts (Felidae, Carnivora) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309409331 |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=54 |pages=302–318 |via=ResearchGate}} This species of Amphimachairodous was probably a hunter of Hipparion.{{cite web |last=Weisberger |first=Mindy |date=November 7, 2016 |title=Saber-Toothed Cat Had a Huge Skull, But a Puny Bite |url=http://www.livescience.com/56775-sabertooth-cat-bite-diversity.html |access-date=2019-05-22 |website=Live Science}} It would have also lived alongside the large pig Kubanochoerus.

In North America, in places such as Coffee Ranch in Texas, Amphimachairodus coloradensis shared territory with Agriotherium as it had in Africa and Eurasia, but also shared territory with the feliform Barbourofelis and the canids such as Vulpes, Epicyon and Borophagus, and herbivores like the camels Aepycamelus and Hemiauchenia the pronghorn antelope Cosoryx, horses like Dinohippus, Neohipparion and Nannippus, the peccary Prosthennops and rhinoceroses like Teleoceras and Aphelops.{{cite book|last=Antón|first=Mauricio|title=Sabertooth|date=2013|publisher=University of Indiana Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=9780253010421|page=39}}{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Alan |year=1997 |title=The Big Cats and their fossil relatives|publisher= Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-10228-5 |page=201}}

In the Djurab desert in northern Chad, Amphimachairodus kabir co-existed with fellow machairodonts Lokotunjailurus, Tchadailurus and early representatives of the genus Megantereon. In addition, animals such as crocodiles, three-toed horses, fish, monkeys, hippos, aardvarks, turtles, rodents, giraffes, snakes, antelopes, pigs, mongooses, foxes, hyenas, otters, honey badgers and the hominid Sahelanthropus dwelled here, providing ample food. Based on these and other fossils, it is theorized that the Djurab was once the shore of a lake, generally forested close to the shore with savannah-like areas some distance away.{{Cite web|last=January 2011|first=Charles Q. Choi 17|date=2011-01-17|title=Sabertooth Cats May Have Feasted on Early Humans|url=https://www.livescience.com/10416-sabertooth-cats-feasted-early-humans.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=livescience.com|language=en}} The great number of cat species in the environment indicates that there was significant prey and available niches for multiple species of large felids to coexist.{{Cite web|url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2018v40a3.pdf |title=New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad) |date=2018-02-15 |website=Science Press}}{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/paleo-profile-the-chad-cat/ |website=Scientific American |title=Paleo Profile: The Chad Cat }}

In the Late Miocene of the Tibetan Plateau, Amphimachairodus hezhengensis would have coexisted with a number of other large carnivores including two species of medium-sized bears, the barbourofelid Albanosmilus, fellow Machairodont Machairodus, and the huge hyena Dinocrocuta. Potential prey species in the locality would have included rhinoceroses, pigs, deer, and medium-sized bovids. Other animals known from the area include skunks, mustelids, and four species of small to medium-sized hyena.{{cite journal |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q |last2=Werdelin |first2=L |last3=Sanisidro |first3=O |last4=Yang |first4=Rong |last5=Fu |first5=Jiao |last6=Li |first6=Shijie |last7=Wang |first7=Shiqi |last8=Deng |first8=Tao |title=Origin of adaptations to openenvironments and social behaviour insabretoothed cats from the northeasternborder of the Tibetan Plateau |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=April 2023 |volume=290 |issue=1997 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.0019 |pmid=37072045 |pmc=10113030 |s2cid=20230019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370122411 }}

{{Reflist}}

{{Machairodontinae}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16974134|from2=Q110971730|from3=Q110973970|from4=Q110979133|from5=Q122086380|from6=Q110974030|from7=Q110973654}}

Category:Homotherini

Category:Miocene mammals of Europe

Category:Miocene mammals of Africa

Category:Miocene mammals of Asia

Category:Miocene mammals of North America

Category:Fossil taxa described in 1929

Category:Prehistoric carnivoran genera