Anas

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Female mallard nest - natures pics edit2.jpg

| image_caption = Female mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) with brood of young

| taxon = Anas

| type_species = Anas boschas{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=14 |title= Anatidae |author= |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-08-05 |archive-date= 2023-08-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230811192017/https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=14 |url-status= live }} = Anas platyrhynchos

| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1766

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = 31 extant, see text

| synonyms = * Nettion

Querquedula
Punanetta

}}

Anas is a genus of dabbling ducks. It includes the pintails, most teals, and the mallard and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of a molecular phylogenetic study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera. The genus now contains 31 living species. The name Anas is the Latin for "duck".

Systematics

The genus Anas was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title=Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=122 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727027 | archive-date=2017-07-31 | access-date=2018-02-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731224203/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727027 | url-status=live }}{{cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=460 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109100 | archive-date=2022-03-16 | access-date=2018-02-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316022209/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109100 | url-status=live }} Anas is the Latin word for a duck.{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=46 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n46/mode/1up}} The genus formerly included additional species. In 2009 a large molecular phylogenetic study was published that compared mitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the family Anatidae. The results confirmed some of the conclusions of earlier smaller studies and indicated that the genus as then defined was non-monophyletic.{{ cite journal | last1=Gonzalez | first1=J. | last2=Düttmann | first2=H. | last3=Wink | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=279 | issue=3 | pages=310–318 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x }} Based on the results of this study, Anas was split into four proposed monophyletic genera with five species including the wigeons transferred to the resurrected genus Mareca, ten species including the shovelers and some teals transferred to the resurrected genus Spatula and the Baikal teal placed in the monotypic genus Sibirionetta.{{cite web | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Screamers, ducks, geese & swans | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=24 July 2017 | archive-date=1 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165500/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/ | url-status=live }}

=Species=

There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
class="wikitable"
120px	African black duck	Anas sparsa	eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa from South Africa n north to South Sudan and Ethiopia with outlying populations in western equatorial Africa, in south east Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon.
120px	Yellow-billed duck	Anas undulata	southern and eastern Africa.
120px	Meller's duck	Anas melleri	eastern Madagascar.
120px	Pacific black duck	Anas superciliosa	Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the southwestern Pacific, reaching to the Caroline Islands in the north and French Polynesia in the east
120px	Laysan duck	Anas laysanensis	Hawaiian Islands
120px	Hawaiian duck	Anas wyvilliana	Hawaiian islands
120px	Philippine duck	Anas luzonica	the Philippines
120px	Indian spot-billed duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	Pakistan and India
120px	Eastern spot-billed duck	Anas zonorhyncha	Southeast Asia
120px	Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos	Alaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across Eurasia, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea, in the east, south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand
120px	Mottled duck	Anas fulvigula	Gulf of Mexico coast between Alabama and Tamaulipas (Mexico) and Florida
120px	American black duck	Anas rubripes	Saskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States
120px	Mexican duck	Anas diazi	Mexico and the southern United States.
120px	Cape teal	Anas capensis	sub-Saharan Africa
120px	White-cheeked pintail	Anas bahamensis	Caribbean, South America, and the Galápagos Islands
120px	Red-billed teal	Anas erythrorhyncha	southern and eastern Africa
120px	Yellow-billed pintail	Anas georgica	South America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia
120px	Eaton's pintail	Anas eatoni	island groups of Kerguelen and Crozet in the southern Indian Ocean
120px	Northern pintail	Anas acuta	Europe, Asia and North America
120px	Eurasian teal	Anas crecca	northern Eurasia
120px	Green-winged teal	Anas carolinensis	North America except on the Aleutian Islands
120px	Yellow-billed teal	Anas flavirostris	Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil.
120px	Andean teal	Anas andium (formerly included in A. flavirostris)	Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
120px	Sunda teal	Anas gibberifrons	Indonesia.
120px	Andaman teal	Anas albogularis (formerly included in A. gibberifrons)	Andaman Islands (India) and Great Coco Island (Burma)
120px	Grey teal	Anas gracilis	Australia and New Zealand
120px	Chestnut teal	Anas castanea	Tasmania and southern Victoria, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island
120px	Bernier's teal	Anas bernieri	Madagascar
120px	Brown teal	Anas chlorotis	New Zealand
120px	Auckland teal	Anas aucklandica	Auckland Islands south of New Zealand
120px	Campbell teal	Anas nesiotis (formerly included in A. aucklandica)	New Zealand

Extinct Species

{{extinct}}Mariana mallard, Anas oustaleti
{{extinct}}Mascarene teal, Anas theodori
{{extinct}}Chatham Island Duck, Anas chathamica

Formerly placed in Anas:

Bronze-winged duck, Speculanas specularis
Crested duck, Lophonetta specularioides
Baikal teal Sibirionetta formosa
Salvadori's teal, Salvadorina waigiuensis
species in the genus Mareca, the wigeons (including the gadwall and the falcated duck)
species in the genus Spatula, the shovelers and related teals

=Phylogeny=

Cladogram based on the analysis of Gonzalez and colleagues published in 2009.

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%

|label1=Anas

|1={{clade

|1=Auckland teal (A. aucklandica)

|2=Brown teal (A. chlorotis)

}}

|2=Bernier's teal (A. bernieri)

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Chestnut teal (A. castanea)

|2=Sunda teal (A. gibberifrons)

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Yellow-billed teal (A. flavirostris)

|2=Green-winged teal (A. carolinensis)

}}

|2=Eurasian teal (A. crecca)

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Northern pintail (A. acuta)

|2=Yellow-billed pintail (A. georgica)

}}

|2=Red-billed teal (A. erythrorhyncha)

}}

|2=White-cheeked pintail (A. bahamensis)

}}

|2=Cape teal (A. capensis)

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Mexican duck (A. diazi)

|2=American black duck (A. rubripes)

|3=Mottled duck (A. fulvigula)

}}

|2=Mallard (A. platyrhynchos)

}}

|2=Indian spot-billed duck (A. poecilorhyncha)

}}

|2=Philippine duck (A. luzonica)

}}

|2=Laysan duck (A. laysanensis)

}}

|2=Pacific black duck (A. superciliosa)

}}

|2=Meller's duck (A. melleri)

}}

|2=Yellow-billed duck (A. undulata)

}}

|2=African black duck (A. sparsa)

}}

=Fossil record=

File:Anas blanchardi aquitaniano st gerard les puys.JPG

A number of fossil species of Anas have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:

†Anas sp. (Late Miocene of China){{cite journal |last=Stidham|first=T.A.|year=2015|title=Re-description and phylogenetic assessment of the Late Miocene ducks Aythya shihuibas and Anas sp. (Aves: Anseriformes) from Lufeng, Yunnan, China|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|volume=10|pages=335–349|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201512/P020151204377366662733.pdf}}
†Anas sp. (mid-sized species from the Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)
†Anas amotape (Campbell 1979) (Talara Tar Seeps, Late Pleistocene of Peru){{cite book | last=Campbell|first=Kenneth E. | date= 1979 | title=The non-passerine Pleistocene avifauna of the Talara Tar Seeps, northwestern Peru | publisher=Royal Ontario Museum | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/52133 | doi=10.5962/bhl.title.52133 | isbn=0888542305}}
†Anas bunkeri (Wetmore 1944) (Early -? Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of WC USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade?
†Anas cheuen Agnolín 2006 (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) – Dafila?{{cite journal |last1=Agnolín |first1=F.L. |year=2006|title=Dos nuevos Anatidae (Aves, Anseriformes) del Pleistoceno Inferior-Medio de Argentina|journal=Studia Geológica Salmanticensia|volume=42|pages=81–95|url=https://revistas.usal.es/historico/index.php/0211-8327/article/view/7111/7162}}
†Anas ganii Burchak-Abramovich, Suspanov and David 1996 (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Moldova)
†Anas greeni (Brodkorb 1964) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA){{cite journal |last1=Brodkorb|first1=Pierce|year=1964|title=A Pliocene Teal from South Dakota

|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences|volume=27|issue=1|pages=55–58|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/129619#page/67/mode/1up}} – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?

†Anas itchtucknee McCoy 1963{{cite journal |last=McCoy|first=J.J.|year=1963|title=The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida|journal=The Auk|volume=80|issue=3|pages=335–351|doi=10.2307/4082892 |jstor=4082892 |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/auk/vol80/iss3/8}} (Late Pleistocene of Florida, USA) doubtful validity{{cite journal|last=Campbell| first=Kenneth E.| journal=Contributions in Science | title=A review of the Rancholabrean avifauna of the Itchtucknee River, Florida | volume=330 | pages=119–129 | date= 1980 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/226843 | doi=10.5962/p.226843| doi-access=free }}
†Anas kisatibiensis Burchak-Abramovich and Mczedlidze 1995 (nomen nudum) (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi, Georgia)
†Anas kurochkini Zelenkov & Panteleyev 2015 (Late Miocene of Sea of Azov, southern Russia)
†Anas lambrechti Spillman 1942 [Archaeoquerquedula lambrechti] (Pleistocene of Ecuador)
†Anas ogallalae (Brodkorb 1962) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA){{cite journal |last1=Brodkorb|first1= P.|year=1962|title=A teal from the Lower Pliocene of Kansas|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences|volume=25|issue=2|pages=157–160}} – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
Bermuda Islands flightless duck †Anas pachyscelus Wetmore 1960 (Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
†Anas pullulans (Brodkorb 1961) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Oregon, USA){{cite journal |last1=Brodkorb|first1= P.|year=1961|title=Birds from the Pliocene of Juntura, Oregon|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences|volume=24|issue=3|pages=169–184}} – Punanetta?
†Anas schneideri Emslie 1985 (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)

Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the Anas assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:

†"Anas" basaltica (Late Oligocene of Czech Republic) is apparently an indeterminate heron.
†"Anas" blanchardi, "A." consobrina, "A." natator are now in Mionetta
†"Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium), "A." risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and "A." skalicensis (Early Miocene of Czech Republic), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.
†"Anas" albae (Late Miocene of Hungary), "A." eppelsheimensis (Early Pliocene of Germany) and "A." isarensis (Late Miocene of Germany) are apparently Anatidae of unclear affiliations
†"Anas" integra and "A." oligocaena are now in Dendrochen.
†"Anas" lignitifila from the Late Miocene of Tuscany has been moved to its own genus, Bambolinetta, being a highly unusual marine waterfowl.
†"Anas" luederitzensis (Early Miocene of Namibia) may belong within Oxyurini{{cite journal |last=Mourer-Chauviré|first=Cécile |year=2008|title=Birds (Aves) from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia|journal=Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia|volume=20|pages=147–167}}
†"Anas" robusta is now tentatively placed in Anserobranta.{{cite journal |last1=Mayr|first1=G. |last2=Lechner|first2=T.|last3=Böhme|first3=M.|year=2022|title=Nearly complete leg of an unusual, shelduck-sized anseriform bird from the earliest late Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede (Germany)|journal=Historical Biology|volume=35|issue=4|pages=465–474|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2045285|doi-access=free}}
†"Anas" sansaniensis is now placed in Chenoanas
†"Anas" velox (Middle – Late? Miocene of C Europe) and "A." meyerii (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong Anas, and they may be ancestral dabbling ducks.

Anas elapsum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) is now synonymised with the extant Hardhead.{{cite journal |last=Olson|first=S.L.|year=1977|title=The identity of the fossil ducks described from Australia by C. W. De Vis |journal=Emu|volume=77|issue=3|pages=127–131|doi=10.1071/MU9770127 }} Anas gracilipes and Anas strenuum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) are both junior synonyms of the extant Chestnut teal.

Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the moa-nalos. These may be descended from a common ancestor of dabbling ducks such as the Pacific black duck, Laysan duck, and mallard. Phylogenetically, they may even form a clade within the traditional genus Anas. However, when compared to these species – which are representative of dabbling ducks in general – the moa-nalos are a radical departure from the Anseriforme bauplan. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly phylogenetic taxonomy may be difficult to apply.{{citation needed|date=October 2009}}

External links

{{Commons-inline}}
{{Wikispecies-inline}}

Category:Dabbling ducks

Category:Bird genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Anas

Systematics

=Species=

=Phylogeny=

=Fossil record=

See also

External links