Anastasius I Dicorus#Administrative reform and introduction of new coinage

File:Diptych Barberini Louvre OA3850.JPG, a 6th-century ivory diptych representing either Anastasius or Justinian I|upright]]

Anastasius was born at Dyrrachium; the date is unknown, but is thought to have been no later than 431. He was born into an Illyro-Roman family.{{cite thesis |last1=Focanti |first1=Lorenzo |title=The fragments of late antique patria |date=1988 |publisher=University of Gottingen |page=214 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/158345382.pdf |quote=Christodorus’ flourishing is dated to the reign of Anastasius I Dicorus (491–518 AD). Born circa 431 AD, the Illyrian soldier rose to the throne thanks to his marriage to Ariadne, the widow of the preceding ruler Zeno.}}{{cite book|last=Croke|first=Brian|title=Count Marcellinus and his chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ep6U-meRt00C&pg=PA89|access-date=12 October 2010|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815001-5|page=89}} Anastasius had one black eye and one blue eye (heterochromia), and for that reason he was nicknamed Dicorus ({{langx|grc|Δίκορος|Díkoros}}, "two-pupiled").[http://www.roman-emperors.org/anastasi.htm Anastasius (AD 491–518)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824180146/http://www.roman-emperors.org/anastasi.htm |date=24 August 2006 }} Hugh Elton – Florida International University – An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors Before becoming emperor, Anastasius was a silentiary.{{sfn|Martindale|1980|p=78}}

Anastasius is known to have had a brother named Paulus, who served as consul in 496.{{Cite web |url=http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-024.html |title=The Consular List |access-date=2 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417024211/http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-024.html |archive-date=17 April 2008 |url-status=dead }} With a woman known as Magna, Paulus was father to Irene, who married Olybrius. This Olybrius was the son of Anicia Juliana and Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus.{{sfn|Pazdernik|1999|pp=300–301}} The daughter of Olybrius and Irene was named Proba. She married Probus and was mother to a younger Juliana. This younger Juliana married another Anastasius, maternal grandson of Theodora, and was mother of Areobindus, Placidia, and a younger Proba, who married Flavius Anastasius, born in 530, and mothered Areobindus, born in 550, and Placidia, born in 552 and wife of John Mystacon.Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 3Christian Settipani, Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle, Paris, de Boccard, 2006, 26 vii 2014 Another nephew of Anastasius was Flavius Probus, consul in 502.Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2 Anastasius' sister, Caesaria, married Secundinus, and gave birth to Hypatius and Pompeius. Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Moschianus Probus Magnus, consul in 518, was a great-nephew of Anastasius. His daughter Juliana later married Marcellus, a brother of Justin II. The extensive family may well have included several viable candidates for the throne.{{Cite web |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/justin.htm |title=James Allan Evans, "Justin I (518–527 A.D.)" |access-date=22 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515232101/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justin.htm |archive-date=15 May 2008 |url-status=live }}

File:Flavius Anastasius Probus 01c.JPG (right) on the consular diptych of his grandnephew Sabinianus Anastasius (AD 517). The third figure may be the co-consul Agapitus.{{cite book|editor-last=Weitzmann|editor-first=Kurt|year=1979|title=Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century|location=New York|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efLuB7QPDm8C&pg=PA97|page=97|isbn=9780870991790 }}]]

In the weeks following the death of Zeno (491), crowds gathered in the Hippodrome of Constantinople and demanded a Chalcedonian and properly Roman successor, chanting "Give the Empire an Orthodox emperor! Give the Empire a Roman Emperor!"{{Cite book|title=History of the Byzantine State|last=Ostrogorski|first=Georgije|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1969|oclc=812752850|location=New Brunswick, NJ.|pages=59}} Under such pressure, Ariadne, Zeno's widow, turned to Anastasius. Anastasius was in his sixties at the time of his ascension to the throne. Ariadne chose Anastasius over Zeno's brother Longinus, which upset the Isaurians. Once he took office, Anastasius exiled Longinus and purged a number of Isaurians officials from government.{{sfn|Kaldellis|2023|p=223}} Religiously, Anastasius' sympathies were with the Monophysites. Consequently, as a condition of his accession, the patriarch of Constantinople required that he pledge not to repudiate the Council of Chalcedon.{{Cite journal|last=Myres|first=J. N. L.|date=1 January 1940|editor-last=Charanis|editor-first=Peter|title=The Religious Policy of Anastasius I|jstor=705334|journal=The Classical Review|volume=54|issue=4|pages=208–209|doi=10.1017/s0009840x00087229|s2cid=246877719}}

Ariadne married Anastasius on 20 May 491,The date is based on Zonaras' (Book XIV, 3.24) statement that the marriage took place "forty days after Zeno's burial" by assuming that it occurred the day after his death. shortly after his accession on 11 April.Zacharias Rhetor, Book VI: "And Anastasius, his successor, received the kingdom on the fourth day of the Great Week." Easter Day fell on 7 April.Chronicon Paschale 491: "he was crowned in the month Xanthicus, which is also April, on he 5th day of Holy Week."Theophanes Confessor 491: "Anastasios was crowned in the Kathisma of the Hippodrome... on 14 April, it being Holy Thursday." Holy Thursday actually fell on 11 April. He gained popular favour by a judicious remission of taxation, in particular by abolishing the hated tax on receipts, which was mostly paid by the poor. He displayed great vigour and energy in administering the affairs of the empire.{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Anastasius I|volume=1|page=919}}{{sfn|Norwich|1988|p=184}} His reforms improved the empire's tax base and pulled it from financial depression and bleak morale. By the end of his reign, it is claimed that the treasury had 320,000 lb gold reserve.{{Cite book|last=Crawford|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Anastasius+I%22+of+Jerusalem&pg=PT18|title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2013|isbn=978-1-84884-612-8|location=South Yorkshire, UK|pages=3}}

Not long after his accession, the circus factions caused riots and set fires around the Hippodrome. Though its exact cause is unclear, the riot was pacified when Anastasius replaced the city prefect Julian with his brother-in-law Secundinus.{{sfn|Kaldellis|2023|p=223}}

File:Solidus Anastasius.jpg of Anastasius I|upright=1.2]]

Under Anastasius, the empire engaged in the Isaurian War against Longinus and the Anastasian War against Sassanid Persia.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1957|p=60}}Zacharias of Mytilene, Syriac Chronicle, Book VII, Chapter VI

The Isaurian War (492–497) was instigated by the Isaurian supporters of Longinus, the brother of Zeno, who was passed over for the throne in favour of Anastasius, and local discontents. The banished Isaurian officials, led by the ex-bishop Conon and former governor Lilingis, gathered in Isauria and mounted a revolt.{{harvnb|Haarer|2006|pp=23–25}}{{harvnb|Kaldellis|2023|pp=223–224}} Their defeat by John the Scythian and John the Hunchback in the Battle of Cotyaeum in 492 broke the back of the revolt, but guerrilla warfare continued in the Isaurian Mountains for several years.{{sfn|Haarer|2006|pp=23–25}} The resistance hinged upon the Isaurians' retention of the mountain strongholds.{{sfn|Haarer|2006|pp=25-26}} Anastasius passed economic legislations in the mid-490s, which suggests that the war did not absorb all of the energy and resources of the government. After five years, the Isaurian resistance was broken. Large numbers of Isaurians were forcibly relocated to Thrace to ensure that they would not revolt again.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1957|p=60}}

During the Anastasian War of 502–505 against the Sassanid Persians, the Sassanids captured the cities of Theodosiopolis and Amida, although the Romans later received Amida in exchange for gold. The Persian provinces also suffered severely, and a peace was concluded in 506. Anastasius afterward built the strong fortress of Daras, which was named Anastasiopolis, to hold the Persians at Nisibis in check. The Balkan provinces were denuded of troops, however, and were devastated by invasions of Slavs and Bulgars. To protect Constantinople and its vicinity against them, Anastasius built the Anastasian Wall, extending from the Propontis to the Black Sea. He converted his birthplace, Dyrrachium, into one of the most fortified cities on the Adriatic with the construction of Durrës Castle.{{sfn|Norwich|1988|p=186}}

Once the relationship between the Romans the Ostrogoths was restored, Italy was independently governed by the Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric, but under the conditions agreed with Anastasius, Theodoric could not make laws, mint his own coins nor appoint Goths to the consulship and civil offices. However, he had the right to promulgate edicts, and appoint Romans to the consulship and civil offices and Goths to the military offices.{{aut|J. B. Bury}}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/13B*.html#p454 History of the Later Roman Empire, pp. 454–455] Theodoric forged a relationship with the Visigothic king Alaric II in Gaul. Anastasius became wary of Theodoric's imperial ambition in the West. In the Frankish rex Clovis, the emperor found an ally. Partly thanks to the former magister militum Gundobad,Wijendaele (2024), pag. 196 states: "Gundobad as a person is most eligible as a bridge between Clovis and the Roman emperor in Constantinople. His titles and the legal texts show that his domain was still part of the Roman Empire". he teamed up with Clovis to overthrow the Gothic hegemony in the West. In the Franco–Gothic War (507–511), Clovis defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Vouillé. The threat of an invasion by the Roman army had prevented Theodoric from intervening in the battle on time to support the Visigoths in 507.Cassiodorus, Var., 2.5Wijnendaele (2024), pag. 212-213 states: The moment Theodoric had an expedition ready to help Alaric II for help over the Alps in 507, he had to keep the same troops ready because of the Roman threat that apparently appeared out of nowhere in his own Italian backyard. In early 508, a Roman attack actually took place in the Italian boot. Anastasius had sent an expedition force of 8,000 soldiers for this attack, but the Roman intervention was not aimed at conquest,{{sfn|Wijnendaele|2024|p=212}}{{Cite book|last=Mathisen|first=Ralph W.|title=The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began|date=2012|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-1-61451-099-4|editor-last=Mathisen|editor-first=Ralph W.|chapter=Clovis, Anastasius, and Political Status in 508 C.E.: The Frankish Aftermath of the Battle of Vouillé|pages=87|doi=10.1515/9781614510994.79|editor-last2=Shanzer|editor-first2=Danuta|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/29750646}} since it did not seek a confrontation with Theodoric's army and limited itself only to the looting of some cities in the south. The Franks were thus more successful in the war.

File:Byzantine Dardanelles Customs Law.JPG' customs.]]

Anastasius was a convinced Monophysite, but his ecclesiastical policy was moderate. He endeavoured to maintain the principle of the Henotikon of Zeno and the peace of the church. Yet, in 512, perhaps emboldened after his military success against the Persians, Anastasius deposed the Metropolitan of Chalcedon and replaced him with a Monophysite. That violated his agreement with the Patriarch of Constantinople and precipitated riots in Chalcedon. The following year, the general Vitalian started a rebellion, quickly defeated an imperial army and marched on Constantinople. With the army closing in, Anastasius gave Vitalian the title of Commander of the Army of Thrace and began communicating with the Pope on a potential end to the Acacian schism. Two years later, General Marinus attacked Vitalian and forced him and his troops to the northern part of Thrace. After the conclusion of the conflict, Anastasius had undisputed control of the empire until his death in 518.{{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Byzantium|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|publisher=Palgrave|year=2001|isbn=978-0-333-71830-8|location=Houndmills, Hampshire|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00warr/page/56 56]|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00warr/page/56}}

File:730654 ANASTASIUS I Gold Tremissis.jpg (one-third of a solidus) of Anastasius I|upright=1.2]]

The Anonymous Valesianus gives a (most likely fictional) account of Anastasius attempting to predict his successor. Anastasius did not know which of his three nephews would succeed him and so he put a message under one of three couches and had his nephews take seats in the room. He believed that the nephew who sat on the couch with the message would be his heir. However, two of his nephews sat on the same couch, and the one with the concealed message remained empty. After putting the matter to God in prayer, he determined that the first person to enter his room the next morning would be the next emperor, and that person turned out to be Justin, the commander of the Excubitors (comes excubitorum).Anonymous Valesianus II, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/2*.html#74 Pars Posterior 74.]

Anastasius died childless in Constantinople on 9 July 518.Marcellinus Comes [https://books.google.com/books?id=SNMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 518]: "The emperor Anastasius died suddenly, aged more than eighty. He reigned for twenty-seven years, two months and twenty-nine days [inclusive]."Zacharias Rhetor VII, xiv: "Anastasius died on the ninth of July."Theophanes Confessor 518: "On 9 April of the ninth indiction Anastasios the impious emperor died after ruling for 27 years and 7 months." (partially inaccurate) He was 90 and a half years old according to the later chronicles of John Malalas ({{Circa}} 491–578) and the Chronicon Paschale ({{Circa}} 630).Chronicon Paschale 518: "Anastasius fell sick... gave up the spirit, aged 90 years and five months. [Justin] became emperor in the consulship of Magnus, in the month Panemus, which is also July, on the 9th."John Malalas [https://es.calameo.com/read/000675905f2f4bf509d49 XVI, 22]. "He was terrified and breathed his last, at the age of 90 years and five months." The early 6th-century historian Victor of Tunnuna states that he died at the age of 88,Victor of Tunnuna, [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_11/#page/196/mode/1up s.a. 518]. "anno viae suae III." [In his 88th year of life, i.e. born in 431] a figure accepted by most modern historians.{{sfn|Martindale|1980|p=78}}

He became the last emperor known to be consecrated as divus on his death. Anastasius left the Imperial treasury with 23,000,000 solidi, which is 320,000 pounds of gold or {{convert|420|LT|MT}}.{{sfn|Norwich|1988|pp=188–9}} Justin then became the next emperor.{{sfn|Durant|1950|p=104}}

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| footer = Copper coins from Anastasius I's reign. A follis (40 nummi) on top and a half follis (20 nummi) on bottom. The value of the coins are indicated with Greek numerals where M = 40 and K = 20.

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Anastasius showed an interest in administrative efficiency and issues concerning the economy. Whenever it was possible in governmental transactions, he altered the method of payment from goods to hard currency. This practice decreased the potential for embezzlement and the need for transportation and storage of supplies. It also allowed for easier accounting. He also applied this practice to taxes, mandating that taxes be paid with cash rather than with goods. He eliminated the practice of providing soldiers with their arms and uniforms; instead he allotted each soldier a generous sum of money with which to purchase their own. These changes to imperial policy seemed beneficial; taxpayers often paid smaller tax bills than they had before, while government revenue increased. The increase in revenue allowed the emperor to pay soldiers a higher wage, which attracted native Roman soldiers to the military, as opposed to the barbarian and Isaurian mercenaries which some previous emperors had been forced to rely on.{{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Byzantium|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|publisher=Palgrave|year=2001|isbn=978-0-333-71830-8|location=Handmills, Hampshire|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00warr/page/57 57]|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00warr/page/57}} Anastasius is often cited for his "prudent management" of the empire's finances.{{Cite book|title=The Economic History of Byzantium|last=Laiou|first=Angeliki|author-link=Angeliki Laiou|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections|year=2002|isbn=978-0-88402-288-6|location=Washington DC|pages=940}}

Amidst these reforms, though, Anastasius continued the practice of selling official positions. He sold so many that he has been accused of having facilitated the creation of a civilian aristocracy. This claim is strengthened by the growth in influence of families that often held high level positions in the government, such as the Apiones from Egypt. This has puzzled historians, given that the emperor seems to have minimised government corruption/inefficiency in other areas. Anastasius I also gave official positions to his close friend General Celer, his brother-in-law, his brother, his nephews, and his grand-nephews.

The complex monetary system of the early Byzantine Empire, which suffered a partial collapse in the mid-5th century, was revived by Anastasius in 498. The new system involved three denominations of gold, the solidus and its half (semissis) and third (tremissis); and five denominations of copper, the follis (worth 40 nummi) and its fractions down to a nummus. It would seem that the new currency quickly became an important part of trade with other regions. A follis coin has been found in the Charjou desert, north of the River Oxus.{{Cite journal|last=Pyatnitsky|first=Yuri|date=1 January 2006|title=New Evidence for Byzantine Activity in the Caucasus During the Reign of the Emperor Anastasius I|jstor=43580526|journal=American Journal of Numismatics|volume=18|pages=113–122}} Four solidi from his reign have been recovered as far from the Roman Empire as China. China might seem an unlikely trading partner, but the Romans and the Chinese were probably able to do business via Central Asian merchants travelling along the Silk Roads. Some Roman trading partners attempted to replicate the coins of Anastasius. The currency created by Anastasius stayed in use and circulated widely for long after his reign.

A 40-nummi coin of Anastasius is depicted on the obverse of North Macedonia's 50 denar banknote, issued in 1996.[http://www.nbrm.gov.mk National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819150726/http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/ |date=19 August 2008 }}. Macedonian currency. Banknotes in circulation: [http://www.nbrm.mk/default.asp?ItemID=5C72BB65613C2C40AA77979B95FB6889 50 Denars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024202736/http://nbrm.mk/default.asp?ItemID=5C72BB65613C2C40AA77979B95FB6889 |date=24 October 2012 }}. – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.

{{portal|Byzantine Empire}}

• List of Byzantine emperors

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|first1=Ignacio|last1=Arce|first2=Denis|last2=Feissel|title=The Edict of Emperor Anastasius I (491–518 AD): An Interim Report|publisher=DAAD|location=Amman|oclc=889751713|date=2014}}
• {{cite book | last=Brown | first=Peter | year=1989 | title=The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150–750 | place=New York and London | publisher=W.W. Norton and Co.| isbn=978-0-39395-803-4}}
• {{cite book|first=Peter|last=Charanis|title=The religious policy of Anastasius I: emperor of the later Roman Empire 491–518|publisher= University of Wisconsin—Madison|location=Madison Wis.|date=1935|oclc=827230820}}
• {{cite book | last=Durant | first=Will | year=1950 | title=The Age of Faith | volume=IV | series=The Story of Civilization | location=New York | publisher=Simon and Schuster | oclc=225699907 }}
• {{cite book|first1=Geoffrey|last1=Greatrex|first2=Samuel N. C.|last2=Lieu|title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363–628|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-14687-6|date=29 June 2005}}
• {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Medieval History|editor=Hussey, J.M.|publisher=CUP Archive|date=1985|isbn=978-0-521-04535-3}}
• {{Cite book|last=Haarer|first=Fiona|year=2006|title=Anastasius I: Politics and Empire in the Late Roman World|publisher=Francis Cairns}}
• {{cite book|last=Kaldellis |first=Anthony |title=The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium |date=2023 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0197549322}}
• {{Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire|volume=2}}
• {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
• {{Cite book|title=Byzantium: the Early Centuries|last=Norwich|first=John|publisher=Penguin|year=1988|isbn=978-0-670-80251-7|location=London}}
• {{Cite book|title = History of The Byzantine State|last = Ostrogorsky|first = George|publisher = Rutgers University Press|year = 1957|oclc=422217218|location = New Brunswick}}
• {{cite book | last=Pazdernik | first=Charles | year=1999 | chapter=Anicia Juliana | title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World | editor1=G.W. Bowersock | editor2=Peter Brown | editor3=Oleg Grabar | location=Cambridge, MA | publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | isbn=978-0-67451-173-6 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe }}
• {{cite book|first=Christian|last=Settipani|title=Les ancêtres de Charlemagne|date=1989|language=fr}}
• {{cite book|first=Christian|last=Settipani|title=Continuité gentilice et continuité sénatoriale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale|date=2000|language=fr}}
• {{cite book|first=Christian|last=Settipani|title=Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs|date=2006|language=fr}}
• {{cite book | last = Rösch | first = Gerhard | title = Onoma Basileias: Studien zum offiziellen Gebrauch der Kaisertitel in spätantiker und frühbyzantinischer Zeit | language = de | series = Byzantina et Neograeca Vindobonensia | publisher = Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften | year = 1978 | isbn = 978-3-7001-0260-1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Wijnendaele |first=Jeroen W.P. |date=2024 |lang=nl |title=De wereld van Clovis, de val van Rome en de geboorte van het westen |trans-title=The World of Clovis, the Fall of Rome and the Birth of the West |publisher=Ertsberg |isbn=9789464984064}}
• Zacharias of Mytilene, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120015215/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/fathers/zachariah07.htm Syriac Chronicle, Book VII], Chapter VI

• {{Commons-inline}}
• {{Wikisource-inline|Author:Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I}}

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{{s-hou|Leonid dynasty||{{circa|431|lk=no}}|9 July|518}}

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{{s-ttl | title=Byzantine emperor | years=491–518}}

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{{s-ttl | title=Roman consul | years=492 |regent1=Rufus }}

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Eusebius II}}

{{s-bef | before=Paulus,
Post consulatum Viatoris (West)}}

{{s-ttl | title=Roman consul II | years=497}}

{{s-aft | after=Paulinus,
John the Scythian}}

{{s-bef | before= Ennodius Messala,|before2=Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus}}

{{s-ttl | title=Roman consul III | years=507 |regent1=Venantius and Clovis I }}

{{s-aft | after=Decius Basilius Venantius,
Celer}}

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{{Roman emperors}}

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