Ancient Greek accent#Wheeler's law

The ancient Greek grammarians indicated the word-accent with three diacritic signs: the acute (ά), the circumflex (ᾶ), and the grave (ὰ). The acute was the most commonly used of these; it could be found on any of the last three syllables of a word. Some examples are:

• {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} {{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}} 'man, person'
• {{lang|grc|πολίτης}} {{grc-transl|πολίτης}} 'citizen'
• {{lang|grc|ἀγαθός}} {{grc-transl|ἀγαθός}} 'good'

The circumflex, which represented a falling tone, is found only on long vowels and diphthongs, and only on the last two syllables of the word:

• {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} {{grc-transl|σῶμα}} 'body'
• {{lang|grc|γῆ}} {{grc-transl|γῆ}} 'earth'

When a circumflex appears on the final syllable of a polysyllabic word, it usually represents a contracted vowel:

• {{lang|grc|ποιῶ}} {{grc-transl|ποιῶ}} 'I do' (contracted form of {{lang|grc|ποιέω}} {{grc-transl|ποιέω}})

The grave is found, as an alternative to an acute, only on the last syllable of a word.

When a word such as {{lang|grc|ἀγαθός}} {{grc-transl|ἀγαθός}} 'good' with final accent is followed by a pause (that is, whenever it comes at the end of a clause, sentence, or line of verse),{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=37}} or by an enclitic word such as the weak form of {{lang|grc|ἐστίν}} {{grc-transl|ἐστίν}} 'is' (see below), the accent is written as an acute:

• {{lang|grc|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός}} {{grc-transl|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός}} '[a] good man'
• {{lang|grc|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός ἐστιν}} {{grc-transl|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός ἐστιν}} '[he] is [a] good man'

However, when the word does not come before a pause or an enclitic, the acute accent is replaced by a grave:

• {{lang|grc|ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος}} {{grc-transl|ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος}} 'a good person'

It is generally assumed that when a word was written with a grave it indicates that there was no rise in pitch, or only a small one.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=18}}

In all there are five different possibilities for placing an accent. The terms used by the ancient Greek grammarians were:{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=18}}

• Oxytone ({{lang|grc|ὀξύτονος}}): acute on the final syllable (e.g. {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} 'father')
• Paroxytone ({{lang|grc|παροξύτονος}}): acute on the penultimate (e.g. {{lang|grc|μήτηρ}} 'mother')
• Proparoxytone ({{lang|grc|προπαροξύτονος}}): acute on the antepenultimate (e.g. {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} 'person')
• Perispomenon ({{lang|grc|περισπώμενος}}): circumflex on the final (e.g. {{lang|grc|ὁρῶ}} 'I see')
• Properispomenon ({{lang|grc|προπερισπώμενος}}): circumflex on the penultimate (e.g. {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} 'body')

The word barytone ({{lang|grc|βαρύτονος}}) refers to any word which has no accent (either acute or circumflex) on the final syllable, that is the 2nd, 3rd and 5th possibilities above.{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§158}}

In Greek, if an accent mark is written on a diphthong or vowel written with a digraph such as {{lang|grc|ει}}, it is always written above the second vowel of the diphthong, not the first, for example:{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=16}}

• {{lang|grc|τοῖς ναύταις}} {{grc-transl|τοῖς ναύταις}} 'for the sailors'
• {{lang|grc|εἷς}} {{grc-transl|εἷς}} 'one'

When a word such as a proper name starts with a capital vowel letter, the accent and breathing are usually written before the letter. If a name starts with a diphthong, the accent is written above the second letter. But in {{lang|grc|ᾍδης}} {{grc-transl|ᾍδης}} 'Hades', where the diphthong is the equivalent of an alpha with iota subscript (i.e. {{lang|grc|ᾇ}}), it is written in front:

• {{lang|grc|Ἥρα}} {{grc-transl|Ἥρα}} 'Hera'
• {{lang|grc|Αἴας}} {{grc-transl|Αἴας}} 'Ajax'
• {{lang|grc|ᾍδης}} {{grc-transl|ᾍδης}} 'Hades'

When combined with a rough or smooth breathing, the circumflex goes on top of the breathing, while the acute or grave is written to the right of the breathing, as in the above examples. When an accent is combined with a diaeresis mark, as in {{lang|grc|νηΐ}} {{grc-transl|νηΐ}}, the accent is written on top.

Whether the accent on a particular syllable is an acute or circumflex is largely predictable, but there are a few examples where a change from an acute on a long vowel to a circumflex indicates a different meaning, for example

• {{lang|grc|λύσαι}} {{grc-transl|λύσαι}} 'he might free' – {{lang|grc|λῦσαι}} {{grc-transl|λῦσαι}} 'to free'
• {{lang|grc|οἴκοι}} {{grc-transl|οἴκοι}} 'at home' – {{lang|grc|οἶκοι}} {{grc-transl|οἶκοι}} 'houses'
• {{lang|grc|φώς}} {{grc-transl|φώς}} 'man' (poetic) – {{lang|grc|φῶς}} {{grc-transl|φῶς}} 'light'

There are also examples where the meaning changes if the accent moves to a different syllable:

• {{lang|grc|μένω}} {{grc-transl|μένω}} 'I remain' – {{lang|grc|μενῶ}} {{grc-transl|μενῶ}} 'I will remain'
• {{lang|grc|πείθω}} {{grc-transl|πείθω}} 'I persuade' – {{lang|grc|πειθώ}} {{grc-transl|πειθώ}} 'persuasion'
• {{lang|grc|ποίησαι}} {{grc-transl|ποίησαι}} 'make!' (middle imperative) – {{lang|grc|ποιήσαι}} {{grc-transl|ποιήσαι}} 'he might make' – {{lang|grc|ποιῆσαι}} {{grc-transl|ποιῆσαι}} 'to make'
• {{lang|grc|μύριοι}} {{grc-transl|μύριοι}} 'ten thousand' – {{lang|grc|μυρίοι}} {{grc-transl|μυρίοι}} 'countless'
• {{lang|grc|νόμος}} {{grc-transl|νόμος}} 'law' – {{lang|grc|νομός}} {{grc-transl|νομός}} 'place of pasturage'
• {{lang|grc|Ἀθήναιος}} {{grc-transl|Ἀθήναιος}} 'Athenaeus' (proper name) – {{lang|grc|Ἀθηναῖος}} {{grc-transl|Ἀθηναῖος}} 'Athenian'

There is also a distinction between unaccented (or grave-accented) and fully accented forms in words such as:

• {{lang|grc|τις}} {{grc-transl|τις}} 'someone' – {{lang|grc|τίς;}} {{grc-transl|τίς;}} 'who?'
• {{lang|grc|που}} {{grc-transl|που}} 'somewhere' / 'I suppose' – {{lang|grc|ποῦ;}} {{grc-transl|ποῦ}} 'where?'
• {{lang|grc|ἢ}} {{grc-transl|ἢ}} 'or' / 'than' – {{lang|grc|ἦ}} {{grc-transl|ἦ}} 'in truth' / 'I was' / 'he said'
• {{lang|grc|ἀλλὰ}} {{grc-transl|ἀλλὰ}} 'but' – {{lang|grc|ἄλλα}} {{grc-transl|ἄλλα}} 'others (neuter)'
• {{lang|grc|ἐστὶ}} {{grc-transl|ἐστὶ}} 'it is' – {{lang|grc|ἔστι}} {{grc-transl|ἔστι}} 'there is' / 'it exists' / 'it is possible'{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=144–5}}

{{see also|Greek diacritics}}

The three marks used to indicate accent in ancient Greek, the acute (´), circumflex (῀), and grave (`) are said to have been invented by the scholar Aristophanes of Byzantium, who was head of the famous library of Alexandria in Egypt in the early 2nd century BC.{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=125}} The first papyri with accent marks date from this time also. In the papyri, at first the accents were used only sporadically, specifically for helping readers to pronounce Greek poetry correctly, and the grave accent could be used on any non-accented syllable. Such accents were useful, since Greek at that time was written without gaps between the words. For example, in one papyrus, the word {{lang|grc|ὸρὲιχάλκωι}} {{grc-transl|ὸρὲιχάλκωι}} 'to brass' is written with grave accents on the first two syllables, in case any reader should mistakenly read the first part of the word as {{lang|grc|ὄρει}} {{grc-transl|ὄρει}} 'to a mountain'.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|pp=11-12}}

In subsequent centuries many other grammarians wrote about Greek accentuation. The most famous of these, Aelius Herodianus or Herodian, who lived and taught in Rome in the 2nd century AD, wrote a long treatise in twenty books, 19 of which were devoted to accentuation. Although Herodian's book does not survive in full, an epitome (abridgement) was made of it around AD 400 which still survives.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|pp=13-14}} Another important authority was Apollonius Dyscolus,{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|p=xi}} the father of Herodian.

The names of these diacritics in English, and the term "accent", are based on Latin loan-translations of the Greek terms. Latin {{lang|la|accentus}} corresponds to Greek {{lang|grc|προσῳδία}} {{grc-transl|προσῳδία}} "song sung to instrumental music, pitch variation in voice"{{LSJ|prosw{{!}}di/a|προσῳδία|ref}} (the word from which English prosody comes), {{lang|la|acūtus}} to {{lang|grc|ὀξεῖα}} {{grc-transl|ὀξεῖα}} "sharp" or "high-pitched",{{LSJ|o)cu/s2|ὀξύς²|shortref}} {{lang|la|gravis}} to {{lang|grc|βαρεῖα}} {{grc-transl|βαρεῖα}} "heavy" or "low-pitched",{{LSJ|baru/s|βαρύς|shortref}} and {{lang|la|circumflexus}} to {{lang|grc|περισπωμένη}} {{grc-transl|περισπωμένη}} "pulled around" or "bent".{{LSJ|perispa/w|περισπάω|shortref}} The Greek terms for the diacritics are nominalized feminine adjectives that originally modified the feminine noun {{lang|grc|προσῳδία}} and agreed with it in gender.

Diacritic signs were not used in the classical period (5th–4th century BC). They were gradually introduced from the 2nd century BC onwards, but did not become commonly used in manuscripts until after 600 AD.{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§161}}

{{See also|Vedic accent||Proto-Indo-European accent}}

The ancient Greek accent, at least in nouns, appears to have been inherited to a large extent from the original parent language from which Greek and many other European and Indian languages derive, Proto-Indo-European. This can be seen by comparing the accent of Greek words with the accent of words in the Vedic hymns (the most ancient form of the Sanskrit language of India). Very often these are the same, for example:{{harvp|Probert|2003|p=14}}; cf. {{harvp|Allen|1987|p=117}}.

• Vedic {{lang|sa|pā́t}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|πούς}} 'foot' (nominative)
• Vedic {{lang|sa|pā́dam}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|πόδα}} 'foot' (accusative)
• Vedic {{lang|sa|padás}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|ποδός}} 'of a foot' (genitive)
• Vedic {{lang|sa|padí}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|ποδί}} 'for a foot' (dative)

There are also other accentual correspondences between Greek and Vedic, for example:{{sfnp|Kim|2002|p=62}}

• Vedic {{lang|sa|yugáṃ}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|ζυγόν}} {{grc-transl|ζυγόν}} 'yoke'
• Vedic {{lang|sa|áśvaḥ}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|ἵππος}} {{grc-transl|ἵππος}} 'horse'
• Vedic {{lang|sa|śatáṃ}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|ἑκατόν}} {{grc-transl|ἑκατόν}} 'a hundred'
• Vedic {{lang|sa|návaḥ}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|νέος}} {{grc-transl|νέος}} 'new'
• Vedic {{lang|sa|pitā́}}, Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} {{grc-transl|πατήρ}} 'father'

One difference between Greek and Vedic, however, is that in Greek words the accent is always found in one of the last three syllables, whereas in Vedic (and presumably in Proto-Indo-European) it could come anywhere in the word.

The distinction in Greek between circumflex and acute accent appears to be a Greek development, and does not go back to Proto-Indo-European.{{sfnp|Kurylowicz|1932}}

It is generally agreed that the ancient Greek accent was primarily one of pitch or melody rather than of stress.{{harvp|Allen|1987|p=116}}; {{harvp|Probert|2003|p=3}}. Thus in a word like {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} {{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}} 'man', the first syllable was pronounced on a higher pitch than the others, but not necessarily any louder. As long ago as the 19th century it was surmised that in a word with recessive accent the pitch may have fallen not suddenly but gradually in a sequence high–middle–low, with the final element always short.Hadley (1869–70). Hadley attributes the idea to Franz Misteli. Cf. Miller (1976); {{harvp|Allen|1987|pp=123–4}}.

The evidence for this comes from various sources. The first is the statements of Greek grammarians, who consistently describe the accent in musical terms, using words such as {{lang|grc|ὀξύς}} {{grc-transl|ὀξύς}} 'high-pitched' and {{lang|grc|βαρύς}} {{grc-transl|βαρύς}} 'low-pitched'.

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st century BC), the melody of speech is confined to an interval 'of about a 5th'. This statement has been interpreted in different ways, but it is usually supposed that he meant not that it was always a fifth, but that this was the maximum normal difference between high and low syllables. It is thought probable that occasionally, especially at the end of a sentence, the interval was much smaller.{{harvp|Probert|2003|pp=3–7}}; {{harvp|Devine|Stephens|1991|pp=239–232}} Dionysius also describes how a circumflex accent combines high and low pitch on the same syllable, whereas with an acute accent the high and low pitches are in separate syllables.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|pp=4-5}}

Another indication that the accent was melodic or tonal is that in the classical period the accents of the words seem to have played no part at all in poetic metres, unlike in languages such as English which have stress-accents.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=8}} It was not until the 4th century AD that poems began to be written in which the accent played a role (see below).

An important indication of the melodic nature of the Greek accent comes from the surviving pieces of Greek music, especially the two Delphic hymns (2nd century BC), the Seikilos epitaph (1st century AD), and the hymns of Mesomedes (2nd century AD). An example is the prayer to Calliope and Apollo written by Mesomedes, court musician to the Emperor Hadrian:

File:Mesomedes Kalliopeia sopha.png, leader of the delightful Muses, and you, wise initiator into the mysteries, Leto's son, Delian Healer, favour me with your presence." (For a recording, see External links below.)]]

(Further examples of ancient Greek music can be found in the articles Delphic Hymns and Mesomedes.)

As can be seen, the accented syllable of a word generally has the highest note within that word, although sometimes the syllables preceding or following the accent are also high.

When the accent is a circumflex, the music often shows a fall from a higher note to a lower one within the syllable itself, exactly as described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus; examples are the words {{lang|grc|Μουσῶν}} {{grc-transl|Μουσῶν}} 'of the Muses' and {{lang|grc|εὐμενεῖς}} {{grc-transl|εὐμενεῖς}} 'favourable' in the prayer illustrated above. However, sometimes there is no fall within the accented syllable, but the circumflex is set to a single note, as in {{lang|grc|τερπνῶν}} {{grc-transl|τερπνῶν}} 'delightful' or {{lang|grc|Λατοῦς}} {{grc-transl|Λατοῦς}} 'of Leto' above.

If the accent is a grave, there is often no rise in pitch, or else only a small one, as in {{lang|grc|σοφὲ}} {{grc-transl|σοφὲ}} above.

In this practice of closely imitating the tones of word accents in the melodies of songs, Ancient Greek resembles many living Asian and African languages that have tonal accents. For this reason, the American scholars A.M. Devine and Laurence Stephens have argued that the rises and falls found in Greek music probably give a reasonably good indication of what happened when the words were spoken.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|pp=244–5}}

It seems, however, that the music did not always follow the accent exactly. Dionysius of Halicarnassus gives an example from the music written by Euripides for his play Orestes. In the lines which in our modern editions are written as {{lang|grc|σῖγα, σῖγα, λεπτὸν ἴχνος ἀρβύλας // τίθετε, μὴ κτυπεῖτ᾽}} ({{grc-transl|σῖγα, σῖγα, λεπτὸν ἴχνος ἀρβύλας // τίθετε, μὴ κτυπεῖτ᾽}}) 'Quietly, quietly! Place the tread of your shoe lightly, don't make a noise!',Euripides Orestes, 140–1. Dionysius reports that in the first three words and the last there was no raised pitch, while in both {{lang|grc|ἀρβύλας}} {{grc-transl|ἀρβύλας}} 'of the shoe' and {{lang|grc|τίθετε}} {{grc-transl|τίθετε}} 'place' there was a low note followed by two high ones, despite the accent on the first syllable of {{lang|grc|τίθετε}} {{grc-transl|τίθετε}}.{{harvp|Probert|2003|pp=19–20}}; {{harvp|Pöhlmann|West|2001|pp=10–11}}; {{harvp|Landels|1999|p=248}}. (Dionysius's text has some small differences from the modern one, such as {{lang|grc|σίγα σίγα}}, contrary to the metre.)

However, although the fragments of earlier music sometimes show a mismatch, the Delphic hymns in particular appear to show a very close relationship between the music and the word accents, with all but three of the 180 analysable words matching.{{harvp|Cosgrove|Meyer|2006|p=68}}. One word which breaks the rules is {{lang|grc|δικόρυφον}} {{grc-transl|δικόρυφον}} 'twin-peaked' in the 2nd Delphic Hymn, in which the fourth syllable is higher than the 2nd.

Some more details of the way in which accents were set to music are given below. Note that in the musical examples the pitch is conventional, dating back to a publication by Friedrich Bellermann in 1840. In performance the pitch would have been at least a minor third lower.{{sfnp|Pöhlmann|West|2001|p=7}}

When the signs for the notes in Greek music are transcribed into modern musical notation, it can be seen that an acute accent is generally followed by a fall, sometimes extending over two syllables. Usually the fall is only a slight one, as in {{lang|grc|θύγατρες}} {{grc-transl|θύγατρες}} 'daughters', {{lang|grc|Ὄλυμπον}} {{grc-transl|Ὄλυμπον}} 'Olympus' or {{lang|grc|ἔτικτε}} {{grc-transl|ἔτικτε}} 'she gave birth to' below. Sometimes, however, there is a sharp drop, as in {{lang|grc|μέλψητε}} {{grc-transl|μέλψητε}} 'you may sing' or {{lang|grc|νηνέμους}} {{grc-transl|νηνέμους}} 'windless':

File:Thugatres etc.png

Before the accent the rise on average is less than the fall afterwards.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|p=253}} There is sometimes a jump up from a lower note, as in the word {{lang|grc|μειγνύμενος}} {{grc-transl|μειγνύμενος}} 'mingling' from the second hymn; more often there is a gradual rise, as in {{lang|grc|Κασταλίδος}} {{grc-transl|Κασταλίδος}} 'of Castalia', {{lang|grc|Κυνθίαν}} {{grc-transl|Κυνθίαν}} 'Cynthian', or {{lang|grc|ἀνακίδναται}} {{grc-transl|ἀνακίδναται}} 'spreads upwards':

File:Meignumenos etc.png

In some cases, however, before the accent instead of a rise there is a 'plateau' of one or two notes the same height as the accent itself, as in {{lang|grc|Παρνασσίδος}} {{grc-transl|Παρνασσίδος}} 'of Parnassus', {{lang|grc|ἐπινίσεται}} {{grc-transl|ἐπινίσεται}} 'he visits', {{lang|grc|Ῥωμαίων}} {{grc-transl|Ῥωμαίων}} 'of the Romans', or {{lang|grc|ἀγηράτῳ}} {{grc-transl|ἀγηράτῳ}} 'ageless' from the Delphic hymns:

File:Parnassidos etc.png

Anticipation of the high tone of an accent in this way is found in other pitch-accent languages, such as some varieties of Japanese,Devine & Stephens (1994), p. 212. Turkish,Levi, Susannah V. (2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231963635_Acoustic_correlates_of_lexical_accent_in_Turkish "Acoustic correlates of lexical accent in Turkish"] Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol. 35.1, pp. 73-97. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100305001921]; see p. 95 or Serbian,Inkelas, Sharon & Draga Zec (1988). "Serbo-Croatian pitch accent". Language 64.227–248, pp. 230–1. where for example the word papríka 'pepper' can be pronounced pápríka. It would not be surprising therefore to find that it was a feature of Greek speech also. Devine and Stephens, however, quoting Dionysius's statement that there is only one high tone per word, argue that the norm in Greek words was for unaccented syllables to be low-pitched.Devine & Stephens (1994), p. 172.

When an acute accent occurs on a long vowel or diphthong, it is generally assumed that the high pitch was on the second mora of the vowel, that is to say, that there was a rising pitch within the syllable.{{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|p=46–7}}{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=15}} The Greek music sometimes shows exactly this, as with the word {{lang|grc|αἴθει}} {{grc-transl|αἴθει}} 'it burns' in the 1st Delphic hymn, or {{lang|grc|φαίνου}} {{grc-transl|φαίνου}} 'shine!' in the Seikilos epitaph, or {{lang|grc|Σελάνα}} {{grc-transl|Σελάνα}} 'the Moon' in the Hymn to the Sun, in which the syllable with the acute is set to a melism of two or three notes rising gradually.

File:Aithei etc.png

More frequently, however, on an accented long vowel in the music there is no rise in pitch, and the syllable is set to a level note, as in the words {{lang|grc|Ἅφαιστος}} {{grc-transl|Ἅφαιστος}} 'Hephaestus' from the 1st Delphic hymn or {{lang|grc|ἐκείνας}} {{grc-transl|ἐκείνας}} 'those' or {{lang|grc|Ῥωμαίων}} {{grc-transl|Ῥωμαίων}} 'of the Romans' from the 2nd hymn:

File:Haphaistos etc.png

Because this is so common, it is possible that at least sometimes the pitch did not rise on a long vowel with an acute accent but remained level. Another consideration is that although the ancient grammarians regularly describe the circumflex accent as 'two-toned' ({{lang|grc|δίτονος}}) or 'compound' ({{lang|grc|σύνθετος}}) or 'double' ({{lang|grc|διπλοῦς}}), they usually do not make similar remarks about the acute. There are apparently some, however, who mention a 'reversed circumflex', presumably referring to this rising accent.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=18}}

Devine and Stephens note that occasionally at the end of a word, the pitch rises again, as though leading up to or anticipating the accent in the following word. They refer to this as a "secondary rise". Examples are {{lang|grc|ἔχεις τρίποδα}} {{grc-transl|ἔχεις τρίποδα}} 'you have a tripod' or {{lang|grc|μέλπετε δὲ Πύθιον}} {{grc-transl|μέλπετε δὲ Πύθιον}} 'sing the Pythian' in the 2nd Delphic hymn. According to Devine and Stephens, it "probably reflects a genuine process of pitch assimilation in fluent speech".{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|pp=263–5}}

File:Echeis tripoda etc.png

In the great majority of cases in the music, the pitch falls on the syllable immediately following an acute accent. However, there are some exceptions. One situation where this can happen is when two words are joined in a plateau or near-plateau, as in the phrases {{lang|grc|ἵνα Φοῖβον}} {{grc-transl|ἵνα Φοῖβον}} 'so that Phoebus' (1st Hymn) and {{lang|grc|πόλει Κεκροπίᾳ}} {{grc-transl|πόλει Κεκροπίᾳ}} 'in the city of Cecrops' in the 2nd Delphic Hymn:

File:Hina Foibon etc.png

Tonal assimilation or tone sandhi between neighbouring tones is commonly found in tonal languages. Devine and Stephens, citing a similar phenomenon in the music of the Nigerian language Hausa, comment: "This is not a mismatch but reflects a feature of phrase intonation in fluent speech."{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|p=245}}

A circumflex was written only over a long vowel or diphthong. In the music, the circumflex is usually set to a melisma of two notes, the first higher than the second. Thus in the first Delphic Hymn the word {{lang|grc|Φοῖβον}} {{grc-transl|Φοῖβον}} 'Phoebus' is set to the same musical notes as {{lang|grc|θύγατρες}} {{grc-transl|θύγατρες}} 'daughters' earlier in the same line, except that the first two notes fall within one syllable instead of across two syllables. Just as with the acute accent, a circumflex can be preceded either by a note on the same level, as in {{lang|grc|ᾠδαῖσι}} {{grc-transl|ᾠδαῖσι}} 'with songs', or by a rise, as in {{lang|grc|μαντεῖον}} {{grc-transl|μαντεῖον}} 'oracular':

File:Phoibon odaisi.png

The circumflex therefore appears to have been pronounced in the same way as an acute, except that the fall usually took place within one syllable.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|p=246}} This is clear from the description of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (see above), who tells us that a circumflex accent was a blend of high and low pitch in a single syllable, and it is reflected in the word {{lang|grc|ὀξυβάρεια}} {{grc-transl|ὀξυβάρεια}} 'high-low' (or 'acute-grave'), which is one of the names given to the circumflex in ancient times.{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=3}} Another description was {{lang|grc|δίτονος}} {{grc-transl|δίτονος}} 'two-toned'.{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=122}}

Another piece of evidence for the pronunciation of the circumflex accent is the fact that when two vowels are contracted into one, if the first one has an acute, the result is a circumflex: e.g. {{lang|grc|ὁρά-ω}} {{grc-transl|ὁρά-ω}} 'I see' is contracted to {{lang|grc|ὁρῶ}} {{grc-transl|ὁρῶ}} with a circumflex, combining the high and low pitches of the previous vowels.

In the majority of examples in the Delphic hymns, the circumflex is set to a melisma of two notes. However, in Mesomedes' hymns, especially the hymn to Nemesis, it is more common for the circumflex to be set to a single note. Devine and Stephens see in this the gradual loss over time of the distinction between acute and circumflex.Devine & Stephens (1994), p. 223.

One place where a circumflex can be a single note is in phrases where a noun is joined with a genitive or an adjective. Examples are {{lang|grc|μῆρα ταύρων}} {{grc-transl|μῆρα ταύρων}} (1st Delphic Hymn) 'thighs of bulls', {{lang|grc|Λατοῦς γόνε}} {{grc-transl|Λατοῦς γόνε}} 'Leto's son' (Mesomedes' Prayer to Calliope and Apollo), {{lang|grc|γαῖαν ἅπασαν}} {{grc-transl|γαῖαν ἅπασαν}} 'the whole world' (Mesomedes' Hymn to the Sun). In these phrases, the accent of the second word is higher than or on the same level as that of the first word, and just as with phrases such as {{lang|grc|ἵνα Φοῖβον}} {{grc-transl|ἵνα Φοῖβον}} mentioned above, the lack of fall in pitch appears to represent some sort of assimilation or tone sandhi between the two accents:

File:Latous gone.png

When a circumflex occurs immediately before a comma, it also regularly has a single note in the music, as in {{lang|grc|τερπνῶν}} {{grc-transl|τερπνῶν}} 'delightful' in the Mesomedes' Invocation to Calliope illustrated above. Other examples are {{lang|grc|κλυτᾷ}} {{grc-transl|κλυτᾷ}} 'famous', {{lang|grc|ἰοῖς}} {{grc-transl|ἰοῖς}} 'with arrows' in 2nd Delphic hymn, {{lang|grc|ζῇς}} {{grc-transl|ζῇς}} 'you live' in the Seikilos epitaph, and {{lang|grc|θνατῶν}} {{grc-transl|θνατῶν}}, {{lang|grc|ἀστιβῆ}} {{grc-transl|ἀστιβῆ}} and {{lang|grc|μετρεῖς}} {{grc-transl|μετρεῖς}} in Mesomedes' Hymn to Nemesis.{{sfnp|Pöhlmann|West|2001|pp=75, 81, 89}}

Another place where a circumflex sometimes has a level note in the music is when it occurs in a penultimate syllable of a word, with the fall only coming in the following syllable. Examples are {{lang|grc|παῖδα}} {{grc-transl|παῖδα}}, {{lang|grc|πᾶσι}} {{grc-transl|πᾶσι}} (1st Delphic hymn), {{lang|grc|λῆξε}} {{grc-transl|λῆξε}}, {{lang|grc|σῷζε}} {{grc-transl|σῷζε}}, and {{lang|grc|Φοῖβον}} {{grc-transl|Φοῖβον}} (2nd Delphic hymn), and {{lang|grc|χεῖρα}} {{grc-transl|χεῖρα}}, {{lang|grc|πῆχυν}} {{grc-transl|πῆχυν}} (Hymn to Nemesis).

File:Paida pasi.png

The third accentual mark used in ancient Greek was the grave accent, which is only found on the last syllable of words e.g. {{lang|grc|ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος}} {{grc-transl|ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος}} 'a good man'. Scholars are divided about how this was pronounced; whether it meant that the word was completely accentless or whether it meant a sort of intermediate accent is unclear.{{harvp|Probert|2003|p=18}}; {{harvp|Allen|1987|p=125-6}}; {{harvp|Blumenfeld|2003}}; {{harvp|Devine|Stephens|1991|p=249}}. In some early documents making use of written accents, a grave accent could often be added to any syllable with low pitch, not just the end of the word, e.g. {{lang|grc|Θὲόδὼρὸς}}.{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=125}}

Some scholars, such as the Russian linguist Nikolai Trubetzkoy, have suggested that because there is usually no fall after a grave accent, the rise in pitch which was heard at the end of a clause was phonologically not a true accent, but merely a default phrasal tone, such as is heard in languages like Luganda.{{harvp|Allen|1987|p=128}}, quoting N.S. Trubetzkoy (1939); cf. also Blumenfeld (2003). Other scholars, however, such as Devine and Stephens, argue that on the contrary the grave accent at the end of a word was a true accent, but that in certain contexts its pitch was suppressed.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|p=249}}

In the music, a word with a grave frequently has no accent at all, and is set to a single level note, as in these examples from the 2nd Delphic hymn, {{lang|grc|ὃν ἔτικτε Λατὼ μάκαιρα}} {{grc-transl|ὃν ἔτικτε Λατὼ μάκαιρα}} 'whom blessed Leto bore' and {{lang|grc|τότε λιπὼν Κυνθίαν νᾶσον}} {{grc-transl|τότε λιπὼν Κυνθίαν νᾶσον}} 'then, leaving the Cynthian island', in which the words {{lang|grc|Λατὼ}} {{grc-transl|Λατὼ}} 'Leto' and {{lang|grc|λιπὼν}} {{grc-transl|λιπὼν}} 'having left' have no raised syllables:

File:Hon etikte & tote lipon.png

However, occasionally the syllable with the grave can be slightly higher than the rest of the word. This usually occurs when the word with a grave forms part of a phrase in which the music is in any case rising to an accented word, as in {{lang|grc|καὶ σοφὲ μυστοδότα}} {{grc-transl|καὶ σοφὲ μυστοδότα}} 'and you, wise initiator into the mysteries' in the Mesomedes prayer illustrated above, or in {{lang|grc|λιγὺ δὲ λωτὸς βρέμων, αἰόλοις μέλεσιν ᾠδὰν κρέκει}} {{grc-transl|λιγὺ δὲ λωτὸς βρέμων, αἰόλοις μέλεσιν ᾠδὰν κρέκει}} 'and the pipe, sounding clearly, weaves a song with shimmering melodies' in the 1st Delphic hymn:

File:Ligu to krekei.png

In the Delphic hymns, a grave accent is almost never followed by a note lower than itself. However, in the later music, there are several examples where a grave is followed by a fall in pitch,{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1994|p=222}} as in the phrase below, karopà merópōn stréphetai túkha 'the harsh fate of mortals turns' (Hymn to Nemesis), where the word {{lang|grc|χαροπὰ}} {{grc-transl|χαροπὰ}} 'harsh, grey-eyed' has a fully developed accent:{{sfnp|Landels|1999|pp=253, 257, 259}}

File:Charopa meropon.png

When an oxytone word such as {{lang|grc|ἀγαθός}} {{grc-transl|ἀγαθός}} 'good' comes before a comma or full stop, the accent is written as an acute. Several examples in the music illustrate this rise in pitch before a comma, for example {{lang|grc|Καλλιόπεια σοφά}} {{grc-transl|Καλλιόπεια σοφά}} 'wise Calliope' illustrated above, or in the first line of the Hymn to Nemesis (Némesi pteróessa bíou rhopá 'Nemesis, winged tilter of the scales of life'):

File:Nemesi rising.png

There are almost no examples in the music of an oxytone word at the end of a sentence except the following, where the same phrase is repeated at the end of a stanza. Here the pitch drops and the accent appears to be retracted to the penultimate syllable:

File:Nemesi falling.png

This, however, contradicts the description of the ancient grammarians, according to whom a grave became an acute (implying that there was a rise in pitch) at the end of a sentence just as it does before a comma.{{harvp|Allen|1987|p=128}}

Devine and Stephens also note that it is also possible from the Delphic hymns to get some indication of the intonation of Ancient Greek. For example, in most languages there is a tendency for the pitch to gradually become lower as the clause proceeds.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|pp=235-8}} This tendency, known as downtrend or downdrift, seems to have been characteristic of Greek too. For example, in the second line of the 1st Delphic Hymn, there is a gradual descent from a high pitch to a low one, followed by a jump up by an octave for the start of the next sentence. The words ({{grc-transl|μόλετε συνόμαιμον ἵνα Φοῖβον ᾠδαῖσι μέλψητε χρυσεοκόμαν}}) mean: 'Come, so that you may hymn with songs your brother Phoebus, the Golden-Haired':

File:Molete musical example from 1st Delphic Hymn.png, showing how the accents gradually descend in pitch in the course of the sentence. The words read: 'Come, so that you may hymn with songs your brother Phoebus, the Golden-Haired.']]

However, not all sentences follow this rule, but some have an upwards trend, as in the clause below from the first Delphic hymn, which when restored reads {{lang|grc|τρίποδα μαντεῖον ὡς εἷλ[ες ὃν μέγας ἐ]φρούρει δράκων}} {{grc-transl|τρίποδα μαντεῖον ὡς εἷλ[ες ὃν μέγας ἐ]φρούρει δράκων}} 'how you seized the prophetic tripod which the great snake was guarding'. Here the whole sentence rises up to the emphatic word {{lang|grc|δράκων}} {{grc-transl|δράκων}} 'serpent':

File:Tripoda manteion.png

In English before a comma, the voice tends to remain raised, to indicate that the sentence is not finished, and this appears to be true of Greek also. Immediately before a comma, a circumflex accent does not fall but is regularly set to a level note, as in the first line of the Seikilos epitaph, which reads hòson zêis phaínou, mēdèn hólōs sù lupoû 'As long as you live, shine! Do not grieve at all':

File:Seikilos epitaph 1st half.png

A higher pitch is also used for proper names and for emphatic words, especially in situations where a non-basic word-order indicates emphasis or focus.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|pp=266, 281–4}} An example occurs in the second half of the Seikilos epitaph, where the last two lines read pròs olígon ésti tò zên, tò télos ho khrónos apaiteî 'It is for a short time only that life exists; as for the end, Time demands it'. In the second sentence, where the order is object – subject – verb, the word {{lang|grc|χρόνος}} {{grc-transl|χρόνος}} 'time' has the highest pitch, as if emphasised:

File:Seikilos epitaph lines 3–4.png

Another circumstance in which no downtrend is evident is when a non-lexical word is involved, such as {{lang|grc|ἵνα}} {{grc-transl|ἵνα}} 'so that' or {{lang|grc|τόνδε}} {{grc-transl|τόνδε}} 'this'. In the music the accent in the word following non-lexical words is usually on the same pitch as the non-lexical accent, not lower than it.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1991|pp=284–5}} Thus there is no downtrend in phrases such as {{lang|grc|τόνδε πάγον}} {{grc-transl|τόνδε πάγον}} 'this crag' or {{lang|grc|ἵνα Φοῖβον}} {{grc-transl|ἵνα Φοῖβον}} 'so that Phoebus', where in each case the second word is more important than the first:

File:Tonde pagon.png

Phrases containing a genitive, such as {{lang|grc|Λατοῦς γόνε}} {{grc-transl|Λατοῦς γόνε}} 'Leto's son' quoted above, or {{lang|grc|μῆρα ταύρων}} {{grc-transl|μῆρα ταύρων}} 'thighs of bulls' in the illustration below from the first Delphic hymn, also have no downdrift, but in both of these the second word is slightly higher than the first:

File:Hagiois de bomoisi.png

One problem which has been discussed concerning the relationship between music and word accent is what may have happened in choral music which was written in pairs of corresponding stanzas known as strophe and antistrophe. Rhythmically these always correspond exactly but the word accents in the antistrophe generally do not match those in the strophe.The question is discussed by {{harvp|Landels|1999|pp=124–128}}. Since none of the surviving music includes both a strophe and antistrophe, it is not clear whether the same music was written for both stanzas, ignoring the word accents in one or the other, or whether the music was similar but varied slightly to account for the accents. The following lines from Mesomedes' Hymn to the Sun,{{sfnp|Landels|1999|p=257}} which are very similar but with slight variations in the first five notes, show how this might have been possible:

File:Mesomedes Responsion Examples 3.png

In modern Greek the accent is for the most part in the same syllable of the words as it was in ancient Greek, but is one of stress rather than pitch, so that an accented syllable, such as the first syllable in the word {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}}, can be pronounced sometimes on a high pitch, and sometimes on a low pitch. It is believed that this change took place around 2nd–4th century AD, at around the same time that the distinction between long and short vowels was also lost.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1985|pp=148–152}} One of the first writers to compose poetry based on a stress accent was the 4th-century Gregory of Nazianzus, who wrote two hymns in which syllable quantities play no part in the metre, but almost every line is accented on the penultimate syllable.{{harvp|Allen|1987|pp=94, 130}}; {{harvp|Probert|2003|pp=8–9}}.

In modern Greek there is no difference in pronunciation between the former acute, grave, and circumflex accents, and in the modern "monotonic" spelling introduced in Greek schools in 1982 only one accent is used, the acute, while monosyllables are left unaccented.David Holton, Peter Mackridge, Vassilios Spyropoulos (2012), Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language, p. 38.

The accent may not come more than three syllables from the end of a word.

If an accent comes on the antepenultimate syllable, it is always an acute, for example:

• {{lang|grc|θάλασσα}} {{grc-transl|θάλασσα}} 'sea'
• {{lang|grc|ἐποίησαν}} {{grc-transl|ἐποίησαν}} 'they did'
• {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} {{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}} 'person'
• {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωποι}} {{grc-transl|ἄνθρωποι}} 'people'
• {{lang|grc|βούλομαι}} {{grc-transl|βούλομαι}} 'I want'

Exception: {{lang|grc|ὧντινων}} {{grc-transl|ὧντινων}} 'of what sort of', in which the second part is an enclitic word.{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§186}}

With a few exceptions, the accent can come on the antepenult only if the last syllable of the word is 'light'. The last syllable counts as light if it ends in a short vowel, or if it ends in a short vowel followed by no more than one consonant, or if the word ends in {{lang|grc|-οι}} {{grc-transl|-οι}} or {{lang|grc|-αι}} {{grc-transl|-αι}}, as in the above examples. But for words like the following, which have a heavy final syllable, the accent moves forward to the penultimate:

• {{lang|grc|ἀνθρώπου}} {{grc-transl|ἀνθρώπου}} 'of a man'
• {{lang|grc|ἀνθρώποις}} {{grc-transl|ἀνθρώποις}} 'for men'
• {{lang|grc|ἐβουλόμην}} {{grc-transl|ἐβουλόμην}} 'I wanted'

The ending {{lang|grc|-ει}} {{grc-transl|-ει}} always counts as long, and in the optative mood, the endings {{lang|grc|-οι}} {{grc-transl|-οι}} or {{lang|grc|-αι}} {{grc-transl|-αι}} also count as long and cause the accent to move forward in the same way:

• {{lang|grc|ποιήσει}} {{grc-transl|ποιήσει}} 'he will do'
• {{lang|grc|ποιήσοι}} {{grc-transl|ποιήσοι}} 'he would do' (future optative)

The accent also cannot come on the antepenultimate syllable when the word ends in {{lang|grc|-ξ}} {{grc-transl|-ξ}} or {{lang|grc|-ψ}} {{grc-transl|-ψ}},{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§163}} hence the difference in pairs of words such as the following:

• {{lang|grc|φιλόλογος}} {{grc-transl|φιλόλογος}} 'fond of words', but {{lang|grc|φιλοκόλαξ}} {{grc-transl|φιλοκόλαξ}} 'fond of flatterers'

Exceptions, when the accent may remain on the antepenult even when the last vowel is long, are certain words ending in {{lang|grc|-ων}} {{grc-transl|-ων}} or {{lang|grc|-ως}} {{grc-transl|-ως}}, for example:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§163}}

• {{lang|grc|πόλεως}} {{grc-transl|πόλεως}} 'of a city', {{lang|grc|πόλεων}} {{grc-transl|πόλεων}} 'of cities' (genitive)
• {{lang|grc|χρυσόκερως}} {{grc-transl|χρυσόκερως}} 'golden-horned', {{lang|grc|ῥινόκερως}} {{grc-transl|ῥινόκερως}} 'rhinoceros'
• {{lang|grc|ἵλεως}} {{grc-transl|ἵλεως}} 'propitious',{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§289}} {{lang|grc|Μενέλεως}} {{grc-transl|Μενέλεως}} 'Menelaus'

If the accent comes on the penultimate syllable, it must be a circumflex if the last two vowels of the word are long–short. This applies even to words ending in {{lang|grc|-ξ}} {{grc-transl|-ξ}} or {{lang|grc|-ψ}} {{grc-transl|-ψ}}:

• {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} {{grc-transl|σῶμα}} 'body'
• {{lang|grc|δοῦλος}} {{grc-transl|δοῦλος}} 'slave'
• {{lang|grc|κῆρυξ}} {{grc-transl|κῆρυξ}} 'herald'
• {{lang|grc|λαῖλαψ}} {{grc-transl|λαῖλαψ}} 'storm'

This rule is known as the {{lang|grc|σωτῆρα}} ({{grc-transl|σωτῆρα}}) Law, since in the accusative case the word {{lang|grc|σωτήρ}} {{grc-transl|σωτήρ}} 'saviour' becomes {{lang|grc|σωτῆρα}} {{grc-transl|σωτῆρα}}.

In most cases, a final {{lang|grc|-οι}} {{grc-transl|-οι}} or {{lang|grc|-αι}} {{grc-transl|-αι}} counts as a short vowel:

• {{lang|grc|ναῦται}} {{grc-transl|ναῦται}} 'sailors'
• {{lang|grc|ποιῆσαι}} {{grc-transl|ποιῆσαι}} 'to do'
• {{lang|grc|δοῦλοι}} {{grc-transl|δοῦλοι}} 'slaves'

Otherwise the accent is an acute:

• {{lang|grc|ναύτης}} {{grc-transl|ναύτης}} 'sailor'
• {{lang|grc|κελεύει}} {{grc-transl|κελεύει}} 'he orders'
• {{lang|grc|δούλοις}} {{grc-transl|δούλοις}} 'for slaves (dative)'

Exception 1: Certain compounds made from an ordinary word and an enclitic suffix have an acute even though they have long vowel–short vowel:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§179}}

• {{lang|grc|οἵδε}} {{grc-transl|οἵδε}} 'these', {{lang|grc|ἥδε}} {{grc-transl|ἥδε}} 'this (fem.)' (but {{lang|grc|τῶνδε}} {{grc-transl|τῶνδε}} 'of these')
• {{lang|grc|ὥστε}} {{grc-transl|ὥστε}} 'that (as a result)', {{lang|grc|οὔτε}} {{grc-transl|οὔτε}} 'nor'
• {{lang|grc|εἴθε}} {{grc-transl|εἴθε}} 'if only'
• {{lang|grc|οὔτις}} {{grc-transl|οὔτις}} 'no one' (but as a name in the Odyssey, {{lang|grc|Οὖτις}} {{grc-transl|Οὖτις}})Homer, Odyssey 9.365.

Exception 2: In locative expressions and verbs in the optative mood a final {{lang|grc|-οι}} {{grc-transl|-οι}} or {{lang|grc|-αι}} {{grc-transl|-αι}} counts as a long vowel:

• {{lang|grc|οἴκοι}} {{grc-transl|οἴκοι}} 'at home' (cf. {{lang|grc|οἶκοι}} {{grc-transl|οἶκοι}} 'houses')
• {{lang|grc|ποιήσαι}} {{grc-transl|ποιήσαι}} 'he might do' (aorist optative, = {{lang|grc|ποιήσειε}} {{grc-transl|ποιήσειε}}) (cf. {{lang|grc|ποιῆσαι}} {{grc-transl|ποιῆσαι}} 'to do')

The third principle of Greek accentuation is that, after taking into account the Law of Limitation and the {{lang|grc|σωτῆρα}} ({{grc-transl|σωτῆρα}}) Law, the accent in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns remains as far as possible on the same syllable (counting from the beginning of the word) in all the cases, numbers, and genders. For example:

• {{lang|grc|ζυγόν}} {{grc-transl|ζυγόν}} 'yoke', pl. {{lang|grc|ζυγά}} {{grc-transl|ζυγά}} 'yokes'
• {{lang|grc|στρατιώτης}} {{grc-transl|στρατιώτης}} 'soldier', {{lang|grc|στρατιῶται}} {{grc-transl|στρατιῶται}} 'soldiers'
• {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} {{grc-transl|πατήρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|πατέρες}} {{grc-transl|πατέρες}} 'fathers'
• {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} {{grc-transl|σῶμα}}, pl. {{lang|grc|σώματα}} {{grc-transl|σώματα}} 'bodies'

But an extra syllable or a long ending causes accent shift:

• {{lang|grc|ὄνομα}} {{grc-transl|ὄνομα}}, pl. {{lang|grc|ὀνόματα}} {{grc-transl|ὀνόματα}} 'names'
• {{lang|grc|δίκαιος}} {{grc-transl|δίκαιος}}, fem. {{lang|grc|δικαίᾱ}} {{grc-transl|δικαίᾱ}} 'just'
• {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} {{grc-transl|σῶμα}}, gen.pl. {{lang|grc|σωμάτων}} {{grc-transl|σωμάτων}} 'of bodies'

There are a number of exceptions to the Law of Persistence.

Exception 1: The following words have the accent on a different syllable in the plural:

• {{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}} {{grc-transl|ἀνήρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|ἄνδρες}} {{grc-transl|ἄνδρες}} 'men'
• {{lang|grc|θυγάτηρ}} {{grc-transl|θυγάτηρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|θυγατέρες}} {{grc-transl|θυγατέρες}} (poetic {{lang|grc|θύγατρες}} {{grc-transl|θύγατρες}}) 'daughters'
• {{lang|grc|μήτηρ}} {{grc-transl|μήτηρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|μητέρες}} {{grc-transl|μητέρες}} 'mothers'

The accusative singular and plural has the same accent as the nominative plural given above.

The name {{lang|grc|Δημήτηρ}} {{grc-transl|Δημήτηρ}} 'Demeter' changes its accent to accusative {{lang|grc|Δήμητρα}} {{grc-transl|Δήμητρα}}, genitive {{lang|grc|Δήμητρος}} {{grc-transl|Δήμητρος}}, dative {{lang|grc|Δήμητρι}} {{grc-transl|Δήμητρι}}.

Exception 2: Certain vocatives (mainly of the 3rd declension) have recessive accent:

• {{lang|grc|Σωκράτης}} {{grc-transl|Σωκράτης}}, {{lang|grc|ὦ Σώκρατες}} {{grc-transl|ὦ Σώκρατες}} 'o Socrates'
• {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} {{grc-transl|πατήρ}}, {{lang|grc|ὦ πάτερ}} {{grc-transl|ὦ πάτερ}} 'o father'

Exception 3: All 1st declension nouns, and all 3rd declension neuter nouns ending in {{lang|grc|-ος}} {{grc-transl|-ος}}, have a genitive plural ending in {{lang|grc|-ῶν}} {{grc-transl|-ῶν}}. This also applies to 1st declension adjectives, but only if the feminine genitive plural is different from the masculine:

• {{lang|grc|στρατιώτης}} {{grc-transl|στρατιώτης}} 'soldier', gen.pl. {{lang|grc|στρατιωτῶν}} {{grc-transl|στρατιωτῶν}} 'of soldiers'
• {{lang|grc|τὸ τεῖχος}} {{grc-transl|τὸ τεῖχος}} 'the wall', gen.pl. {{lang|grc|τῶν τειχῶν}} {{grc-transl|τῶν τειχῶν}} 'of the walls'

Exception 4: Some 3rd declension nouns, including all monosyllables, place the accent on the ending in the genitive and dative singular, dual, and plural. (This also applies to the adjective {{lang|grc|πᾶς}} {{grc-transl|πᾶς}} 'all' but only in the singular.) Further details are given below.

• {{lang|grc|πούς}} {{grc-transl|πούς}} 'foot', acc.sg. {{lang|grc|πόδα}} {{grc-transl|πόδα}}, gen.sg. {{lang|grc|ποδός}} {{grc-transl|ποδός}}, dat.sg. {{lang|grc|ποδί}} {{grc-transl|ποδί}}

Exception 5: Some adjectives, but not all, move the accent to the antepenultimate when neuter:

• {{lang|grc|βελτίων}} {{grc-transl|βελτίων}} 'better', neuter {{lang|grc|βέλτιον}} {{grc-transl|βέλτιον}}
• But: {{lang|grc|χαρίεις}} {{grc-transl|χαρίεις}} 'graceful', neuter {{lang|grc|χαρίεν}} {{grc-transl|χαρίεν}}

Exception 6: The following adjective has an accent on the second syllable in the forms containing {{lang|grc|-αλ-}} {{grc-transl|-αλ-}}:

• {{lang|grc|μέγας}} {{grc-transl|μέγας}}, pl. {{lang|grc|μεγάλοι}} {{grc-transl|μεγάλοι}} 'big'

Oxytone words, that is, words with an acute on the final syllable, have their own rules.

Normally in a sentence, whenever an oxytone word is followed by a non-enclitic word, the acute is changed to a grave; but before a pause (such as a comma, colon, full stop, or verse end), it remains an acute:

• {{lang|grc|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός}} {{grc-transl|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός}} 'a good man'

(Not all editors follow the rule about verse end.){{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=37}}

The acute also remains before an enclitic word such as {{lang|grc|ἐστί}} {{grc-transl|ἐστί}} 'is':

• {{lang|grc|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός ἐστι}} {{grc-transl|ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός ἐστι}} 'he's a good man'

In the words {{lang|grc|τίς;}} {{grc-transl|τίς;}} 'who?' and {{lang|grc|τί;}} {{grc-transl|τί;}} 'what? why?', however, the accent always remains acute, even if another word follows:

• {{lang|grc|τίς οὗτος;}} {{grc-transl|τίς οὗτος;}} 'who is that?'
• {{lang|grc|τί ποιεῖς;}} {{grc-transl|τί ποιεῖς;}} 'what are you doing?'

When a noun or adjective is used in different cases, a final acute often changes to a circumflex. In the 1st and 2nd declension, oxytone words change the accent to a circumflex in the genitive and dative. This also applies to the dual and plural, and to the definite article:

• {{lang|grc|ὁ θεός}} {{grc-transl|ὁ θεός}} 'the god', acc.sg. {{lang|grc|τὸν θεόν}} {{grc-transl|τὸν θεόν}} – gen. sg. {{lang|grc|τοῦ θεοῦ}} {{grc-transl|τοῦ θεοῦ}} 'of the god', dat.sg. {{lang|grc|τῷ θεῷ}} {{grc-transl|τῷ θεῷ}} 'to the god'

However, oxytone words in the 'Attic' declension keep their acute in the genitive and dative:{{harvnb|Smyth|1920|loc=§237}}.

• {{lang|grc|ἐν τῷ νεῴ}} {{grc-transl|ἐν τῷ νεῴ}} 'in the temple'

3rd declension nouns like {{lang|grc|βασιλεύς}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεύς}} 'king' change the acute to a circumflex in the vocative and dative singular and nominative plural:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§275}}

• {{lang|grc|βασιλεύς}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεύς}}, voc.sg. {{lang|grc|βασιλεῦ}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεῦ}}, dat.sg. {{lang|grc|βασιλεῖ}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεῖ}}, nom.pl. {{lang|grc|βασιλεῖς}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεῖς}} or {{lang|grc|βασιλῆς}} {{grc-transl|βασιλῆς}}

Adjectives of the type {{lang|grc|ἀληθής}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθής}} 'true' change the acute to a circumflex in all the cases which have a long vowel ending:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§291}}

• {{lang|grc|ἀληθής}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθής}}, acc.sg. {{lang|grc|ἀληθῆ}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθῆ}}, gen.sg. {{lang|grc|ἀληθοῦς}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθοῦς}}, dat.sg. {{lang|grc|ἀληθεῖ}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθεῖ}}, nom./acc.pl. {{lang|grc|ἀληθεῖς}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθεῖς}}, gen.pl. {{lang|grc|ἀληθῶν}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθῶν}}

Adjectives of the type {{lang|grc|ἡδύς}} {{grc-transl|ἡδύς}} 'pleasant' change the acute to a circumflex in the dative singular and nominative and accusative plural:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§297}}

• {{lang|grc|ἡδύς}} {{grc-transl|ἡδύς}}, dat.sg. {{lang|grc|ἡδεῖ}} {{grc-transl|ἡδεῖ}}, nom./acc.pl. {{lang|grc|ἡδεῖς}} {{grc-transl|ἡδεῖς}}

The following words have no accent, only a breathing:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§179}}

• the forms of the article beginning with a vowel ({{lang|grc|ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ}} {{grc-transl|ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ}})
• the prepositions {{lang|grc|ἐν}} {{grc-transl|ἐν}} 'in', {{lang|grc|εἰς (ἐς)}} {{grc-transl|εἰς (ἐς)}} 'to, into', {{lang|grc|ἐξ (ἐκ)}} {{grc-transl|ἐξ (ἐκ)}} 'from'
• the conjunction {{lang|grc|εἰ}} {{grc-transl|εἰ}} 'if'
• the conjunction {{lang|grc|ὡς}} {{grc-transl|ὡς}} 'as, that' (also a preposition 'to')
• the negative adverb {{lang|grc|οὐ (οὐκ, οὐχ)}} {{grc-transl|οὐ (οὐκ, οὐχ)}} 'not'.

However, some of these words can have an accent when they are used in emphatic position. {{lang|grc|ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ}} {{grc-transl|ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ}} are written {{lang|grc|ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ}} when the meaning is 'who, which'; and {{lang|grc|οὐ}} {{grc-transl|οὐ}} is written {{lang|grc|οὔ}} if it ends a sentence.

The definite article in the nominative singular and plural masculine and feminine just has a rough breathing, and no accent:

• {{lang|grc|ὁ θεός}} {{grc-transl|ὁ θεός}} 'the god'
• {{lang|grc|οἱ θεοί}} {{grc-transl|οἱ θεοί}} 'the gods'

Otherwise the nominative and accusative have an acute accent, which in the context of a sentence, is written as a grave:

• {{lang|grc|τὸν θεόν}} {{grc-transl|τὸν θεόν}} 'the god' (accusative)
• {{lang|grc|τὰ ὅπλα}} {{grc-transl|τὰ ὅπλα}} 'the weapons'

The genitive and dative (singular, plural and dual), however, are accented with a circumflex:

• {{lang|grc|τῆς οἰκίας}} {{grc-transl|τῆς οἰκίας}} 'of the house' (genitive)
• {{lang|grc|τῷ θεῷ}} {{grc-transl|τῷ θεῷ}} 'for the god' (dative)
• {{lang|grc|τοῖς θεοῖς}} {{grc-transl|τοῖς θεοῖς}} 'for the gods' (dative plural)
• {{lang|grc|τοῖν θεοῖν}} {{grc-transl|τοῖν θεοῖν}} 'of/to the two goddesses' (genitive or dative dual)

1st and 2nd declension oxytones, such as {{lang|grc|θεός}} {{grc-transl|θεός}}, are accented the same way as the article, with a circumflex in the genitive and dative.

Those ending in short {{lang|grc|-α}} {{grc-transl|-α}} are all recessive:{{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|p=158}}

• {{lang|grc|θάλασσα}} {{grc-transl|θάλασσα}} 'sea', {{lang|grc|Μοῦσα}} {{grc-transl|Μοῦσα}} 'Muse (goddess of music)', {{lang|grc|βασίλεια}} {{grc-transl|βασίλεια}} 'queen', {{lang|grc|γέφυρα}} {{grc-transl|γέφυρα}} 'bridge', {{lang|grc|ἀλήθεια}} {{grc-transl|ἀλήθεια}} 'truth', {{lang|grc|μάχαιρα}} {{grc-transl|μάχαιρα}} 'dagger', {{lang|grc|γλῶσσα}} {{grc-transl|γλῶσσα}} 'tongue, language'

Of those which end in long {{lang|grc|-α}} {{grc-transl|-α}} or {{lang|grc|-η}} {{grc-transl|-η}}, some have penultimate accent:

• {{lang|grc|οἰκία}} {{grc-transl|οἰκία}} 'house', {{lang|grc|χώρα}} {{grc-transl|χώρα}} 'country', {{lang|grc|νίκη}} {{grc-transl|νίκη}} 'victory', {{lang|grc|μάχη}} {{grc-transl|μάχη}} 'battle', {{lang|grc|ἡμέρα}} {{grc-transl|ἡμέρα}} 'day', {{lang|grc|τύχη}} {{grc-transl|τύχη}} 'chance', {{lang|grc|ἀνάγκη}} {{grc-transl|ἀνάγκη}} 'necessity', {{lang|grc|τέχνη}} {{grc-transl|τέχνη}} 'craft', {{lang|grc|εἰρήνη}} {{grc-transl|εἰρήνη}} 'peace'

Others are oxytone:

• {{lang|grc|ἀγορά}} {{grc-transl|ἀγορά}} 'market', {{lang|grc|στρατιά}} {{grc-transl|στρατιά}} 'army', {{lang|grc|τιμή}} {{grc-transl|τιμή}} 'honour', {{lang|grc|ἀρχή}} {{grc-transl|ἀρχή}} 'empire; beginning', {{lang|grc|ἐπιστολή}} {{grc-transl|ἐπιστολή}} 'letter', {{lang|grc|κεφαλή}} {{grc-transl|κεφαλή}} 'head', {{lang|grc|ψυχή}} {{grc-transl|ψυχή}} 'soul', {{lang|grc|βουλή}} {{grc-transl|βουλή}} 'council'

A very few have a contracted ending with a circumflex on the last syllable:

• {{lang|grc|γῆ}} {{grc-transl|γῆ}} 'earth, land', {{lang|grc|Ἀθηνᾶ}} {{grc-transl|Ἀθηνᾶ}} 'Athena', {{lang|grc|μνᾶ}} {{grc-transl|μνᾶ}} 'mina (coin)'

Masculine 1st declension nouns usually have penultimate accent:

• {{lang|grc|στρατιώτης}} {{grc-transl|στρατιώτης}} 'soldier', {{lang|grc|πολίτης}} {{grc-transl|πολίτης}} 'citizen', {{lang|grc|νεανίας}} {{grc-transl|νεανίας}} 'young man', {{lang|grc|ναύτης}} {{grc-transl|ναύτης}} 'sailor', {{lang|grc|Πέρσης}} {{grc-transl|Πέρσης}} 'Persian', {{lang|grc|δεσπότης}} {{grc-transl|δεσπότης}} 'master', {{lang|grc|Ἀλκιβιάδης}} {{grc-transl|Ἀλκιβιάδης}} 'Alcibiades', {{lang|grc|Μιλτιάδης}} {{grc-transl|Μιλτιάδης}} 'Miltiades'

A few, especially agent nouns, are oxytone:

• {{lang|grc|ποιητής}} {{grc-transl|ποιητής}} 'poet', {{lang|grc|κριτής}} {{grc-transl|κριτής}} 'judge', {{lang|grc|μαθητής}} {{grc-transl|μαθητής}} 'learner, disciple', {{lang|grc|ἀθλητής}} {{grc-transl|ἀθλητής}} 'athlete', {{lang|grc|αὐλητής}} {{grc-transl|αὐλητής}} 'piper'

There are also some with a contracted final syllable:

• {{lang|grc|Ἑρμῆς}} {{grc-transl|Ἑρμῆς}} 'Hermes', {{lang|grc|Βορρᾶς}} {{grc-transl|Βορρᾶς}} 'the North Wind'

In proparoxytone words like {{lang|grc|θάλασσα}} {{grc-transl|θάλασσα}}, with a short final vowel, the accent moves to the penultimate in the accusative plural, and in the genitive and dative singular, dual, and plural, when the final vowel becomes long:

• {{lang|grc|θάλασσα}} {{grc-transl|θάλασσα}} 'sea', gen. {{lang|grc|τῆς θαλάσσης}} {{grc-transl|τῆς θαλάσσης}} 'of the sea'

In words with penultimate accent, the accent is persistent, that is, as far as possible it stays on the same syllable when the noun changes case. But if the last two vowels are long–short, it changes to a circumflex:

• {{lang|grc|στρατιώτης}} {{grc-transl|στρατιώτης}} 'soldier', nom.pl. {{lang|grc|οἱ στρατιῶται}} {{grc-transl|οἱ στρατιῶται}} 'the soldiers'

In oxytone words, the accent changes to a circumflex in the genitive and dative (also in the plural and dual), just as in the definite article:

• {{lang|grc|τῆς στρατιᾶς}} {{grc-transl|τῆς στρατιᾶς}} 'of the army', {{lang|grc|τῇ στρατιᾷ}} {{grc-transl|τῇ στρατιᾷ}} 'for the army'

All 1st declension nouns have a circumflex on the final syllable in the genitive plural:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§208}}

• {{lang|grc|στρατιωτῶν}} {{grc-transl|στρατιωτῶν}} 'of soldiers', {{lang|grc|ἡμερῶν}} {{grc-transl|ἡμερῶν}} 'of days'

The vocative of 1st declension nouns usually has the accent on the same syllable as the nominative. But the word {{lang|grc|δεσπότης}} {{grc-transl|δεσπότης}} 'master' has a vocative accented on the first syllable:

• {{lang|grc|ὦ νεανία}} {{grc-transl|ὦ νεανία}} 'young man!', {{lang|grc|ὦ ποιητά}} {{grc-transl|ὦ ποιητά}} 'o poet'
• {{lang|grc|ὦ δέσποτα}} {{grc-transl|ὦ δέσποτα}} 'master!'{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§223}}

The majority of 2nd declension nouns have recessive accent, but there are a few oxytones, and a very few with an accent in between (neither recessive nor oxytone) or contracted:

• {{lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}} {{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}} 'man', {{lang|grc|ἵππος}} {{grc-transl|ἵππος}} 'horse', {{lang|grc|πόλεμος}} {{grc-transl|πόλεμος}} 'war', {{lang|grc|νῆσος}} {{grc-transl|νῆσος}} 'island', {{lang|grc|δοῦλος}} {{grc-transl|δοῦλος}} 'slave', {{lang|grc|λόγος}} {{grc-transl|λόγος}} 'wοrd', {{lang|grc|θάνατος}} {{grc-transl|θάνατος}} 'death', {{lang|grc|βίος}} {{grc-transl|βίος}} 'life', {{lang|grc|ἥλιος}} {{grc-transl|ἥλιος}} 'sun', {{lang|grc|χρόνος}} {{grc-transl|χρόνος}} 'time', {{lang|grc|τρόπος}} {{grc-transl|τρόπος}} 'manner', {{lang|grc|νόμος}} {{grc-transl|νόμος}} 'law, custom', {{lang|grc|θόρυβος}} {{grc-transl|θόρυβος}} 'noise', {{lang|grc|κύκλος}} {{grc-transl|κύκλος}} 'circle'
• {{lang|grc|θεός}} {{grc-transl|θεός}} 'god', {{lang|grc|ποταμός}} {{grc-transl|ποταμός}} 'river', {{lang|grc|ὁδός}} {{grc-transl|ὁδός}} 'road', {{lang|grc|ἀδελφός}} {{grc-transl|ἀδελφός}} 'brother', {{lang|grc|ἀριθμός}} {{grc-transl|ἀριθμός}} 'number', {{lang|grc|στρατηγός}} {{grc-transl|στρατηγός}} 'general', {{lang|grc|ὀφθαλμός}} {{grc-transl|ὀφθαλμός}} 'eye', {{lang|grc|οὐρανός}} {{grc-transl|οὐρανός}} 'heaven', {{lang|grc|υἱός}} {{grc-transl|υἱός}} 'son', {{lang|grc|τροχός}} {{grc-transl|τροχός}} 'wheel'
• {{lang|grc|παρθένος}} {{grc-transl|παρθένος}} 'maiden', {{lang|grc|νεανίσκος}} {{grc-transl|νεανίσκος}} 'youth', {{lang|grc|ἐχῖνος}} {{grc-transl|ἐχῖνος}} 'hedgehog; sea-urchin'
• {{lang|grc|νοῦς}} {{grc-transl|νοῦς}} 'mind' (contracted from {{lang|grc|νόος}}), {{lang|grc|πλοῦς}} {{grc-transl|πλοῦς}} 'voyage'

Words of the 'Attic' declension ending in {{lang|grc|-ως}} {{grc-transl|-ως}} can also be either recessive or oxytone:{{harvnb|Smyth|1920|loc=§237}}.

• {{lang|grc|Μενέλεως}} {{grc-transl|Μενέλεως}} 'Menelaus', {{lang|grc|Μίνως}} {{grc-transl|Μίνως}} 'Minos'
• {{lang|grc|νεώς}} {{grc-transl|νεώς}} 'temple', {{lang|grc|λεώς}} {{grc-transl|λεώς}} 'people'

Neuter words are mostly recessive, but not all:

• {{lang|grc|δῶρον}} {{grc-transl|δῶρον}} 'gift', {{lang|grc|δένδρον}} {{grc-transl|δένδρον}} 'tree', {{lang|grc|ὅπλα}} {{grc-transl|ὅπλα}} 'weapons', {{lang|grc|στρατόπεδον}} {{grc-transl|στρατόπεδον}} 'camp', {{lang|grc|πλοῖον}} {{grc-transl|πλοῖον}} 'boat', {{lang|grc|ἔργον}} {{grc-transl|ἔργον}} 'work', {{lang|grc|τέκνον}} {{grc-transl|τέκνον}} 'child', {{lang|grc|ζῷον}} {{grc-transl|ζῷον}} 'animal'
• {{lang|grc|σημεῖον}} {{grc-transl|σημεῖον}} 'sign', {{lang|grc|μαντεῖον}} {{grc-transl|μαντεῖον}} 'oracle', {{lang|grc|διδασκαλεῖον}} {{grc-transl|διδασκαλεῖον}} 'school'
• {{lang|grc|ζυγόν}} {{grc-transl|ζυγόν}} 'yoke', {{lang|grc|ᾠόν}} {{grc-transl|ᾠόν}} 'egg', {{lang|grc|ναυτικόν}} {{grc-transl|ναυτικόν}} 'fleet', {{lang|grc|ἱερόν}} {{grc-transl|ἱερόν}} 'temple' (the last two are derived from adjectives)

Words ending in {{lang|grc|-ιον}} {{grc-transl|-ιον}} often have penultimate accent, especially diminutive words:{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1994|p=102}}

• {{lang|grc|βιβλίον}} {{grc-transl|βιβλίον}} 'book', {{lang|grc|χωρίον}} {{grc-transl|χωρίον}} 'place', {{lang|grc|παιδίον}} {{grc-transl|παιδίον}} 'baby', {{lang|grc|πεδίον}} {{grc-transl|πεδίον}} 'plain'

But some {{lang|grc|-ιον}} {{grc-transl|-ιον}} words are recessive, especially those with a short antepenultimate:

• {{lang|grc|ἱμάτιον}} {{grc-transl|ἱμάτιον}} 'cloak', {{lang|grc|στάδιον}} {{grc-transl|στάδιον}} 'stade' (600 feet), 'race-course', {{lang|grc|μειράκιον}} {{grc-transl|μειράκιον}} 'lad'

As with the first declension, the accent on 2nd declension oxytone nouns such as {{lang|grc|θεός}} {{grc-transl|θεός}} 'god' changes to a circumflex in the genitive and dative (singular, dual, and plural):{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§176}}

• {{lang|grc|τοῦ θεοῦ}} {{grc-transl|τοῦ θεοῦ}} 'of the god', {{lang|grc|τοῖς θεοῖς}} {{grc-transl|τοῖς θεοῖς}} 'to the gods'

But those in the Attic declension retain their acute:{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|p=157}}

• {{lang|grc|τοῦ λεώ}} {{grc-transl|τοῦ λεώ}} 'of the people'

Unlike in the first declension, barytone words do not have a circumflex in the genitive plural:

• {{lang|grc|τῶν ἵππων}} {{grc-transl|τῶν ἵππων}} 'of the horses'

3rd declension masculine and feminine nouns can be recessive or oxytone:

• {{lang|grc|μήτηρ}} {{grc-transl|μήτηρ}} 'mother', {{lang|grc|θυγάτηρ}} {{grc-transl|θυγάτηρ}} 'daughter', {{lang|grc|φύλαξ}} {{grc-transl|φύλαξ}} 'guard', {{lang|grc|πόλις}} {{grc-transl|πόλις}} 'city', {{lang|grc|γέρων}} {{grc-transl|γέρων}} 'old man', {{lang|grc|λέων}} {{grc-transl|λέων}} 'lion', {{lang|grc|δαίμων}} {{grc-transl|δαίμων}} 'god', {{lang|grc|τριήρης}} {{grc-transl|τριήρης}} 'trireme (warship)', {{lang|grc|μάρτυς}} {{grc-transl|μάρτυς}} 'witness', {{lang|grc|μάντις}} {{grc-transl|μάντις}} 'seer', {{lang|grc|τάξις}} {{grc-transl|τάξις}} 'arrangement', {{lang|grc|Ἕλληνες}} {{grc-transl|Ἕλληνες}} 'Greeks', {{lang|grc|Πλάτων}} {{grc-transl|Πλάτων}} 'Plato', {{lang|grc|Σόλων}} {{grc-transl|Σόλων}} 'Solon', {{lang|grc|Δημοσθένης}} {{grc-transl|Δημοσθένης}}
• {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} {{grc-transl|πατήρ}} 'father', {{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}} {{grc-transl|ἀνήρ}} 'man', {{lang|grc|γυνή}} {{grc-transl|γυνή}} 'woman', {{lang|grc|βασιλεύς}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεύς}} 'king', {{lang|grc|ἱππεύς}} {{grc-transl|ἱππεύς}} 'cavalryman', {{lang|grc|χειμών}} {{grc-transl|χειμών}} 'storm, winter', {{lang|grc|ἐλπίς}} {{grc-transl|ἐλπίς}} 'hope', {{lang|grc|Ἑλλάς}} {{grc-transl|Ἑλλάς}} 'Greece', {{lang|grc|ἰχθύς}} {{grc-transl|ἰχθύς}} 'fish', {{lang|grc|πατρίς}} {{grc-transl|πατρίς}} 'fatherland', {{lang|grc|ἀγών}} {{grc-transl|ἀγών}} 'contest', {{lang|grc|λιμήν}} {{grc-transl|λιμήν}} 'harbour', {{lang|grc|χιών}} {{grc-transl|χιών}} 'snow', {{lang|grc|χιτών}} {{grc-transl|χιτών}} 'tunic', {{lang|grc|ὀδούς}} {{grc-transl|ὀδούς}} 'tooth', {{lang|grc|ἀσπίς}} {{grc-transl|ἀσπίς}} 'shield', {{lang|grc|δελφίς}} {{grc-transl|δελφίς}} 'dolphin', {{lang|grc|Ἀμαζών}} {{grc-transl|Ἀμαζών}} 'Amazon', {{lang|grc|Ὀδυσσεύς}} {{grc-transl|Ὀδυσσεύς}} 'Odysseus', {{lang|grc|Σαλαμίς}} {{grc-transl|Σαλαμίς}} 'Salamis', {{lang|grc|Μαραθών}} {{grc-transl|Μαραθών}} 'Marathon'

Certain names resulting from a contraction are perispomenon:

• {{lang|grc|Ξενοφῶν}} {{grc-transl|Ξενοφῶν}}, {{lang|grc|Περικλῆς}} {{grc-transl|Περικλῆς}}, {{lang|grc|Ποσειδῶν}} {{grc-transl|Ποσειδῶν}}, {{lang|grc|Ἡρακλῆς}} {{grc-transl|Ἡρακλῆς}}, {{lang|grc|Σοφοκλῆς}} {{grc-transl|Σοφοκλῆς}}

Masculine and feminine monosyllables similarly can be recessive (with a circumflex) or oxytone (with an acute):

• {{lang|grc|παῖς}} {{grc-transl|παῖς}} 'boy', {{lang|grc|ναῦς}} {{grc-transl|ναῦς}} 'ship', {{lang|grc|βοῦς}} {{grc-transl|βοῦς}} 'ox', {{lang|grc|γραῦς}} {{grc-transl|γραῦς}} 'old woman', {{lang|grc|ὗς}} {{grc-transl|ὗς}} 'pig', {{lang|grc|οἶς}} {{grc-transl|οἶς}} 'sheep'
• {{lang|grc|χείρ}} {{grc-transl|χείρ}} 'hand', {{lang|grc|πούς}} {{grc-transl|πούς}} 'foot', {{lang|grc|νύξ}} {{grc-transl|νύξ}} 'night', {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} {{grc-transl|Ζεύς}} 'Zeus', {{lang|grc|χθών}} {{grc-transl|χθών}} 'earth', {{lang|grc|μήν}} {{grc-transl|μήν}} 'month', {{lang|grc|Πάν}} {{grc-transl|Πάν}} 'Pan', {{lang|grc|χήν}} {{grc-transl|χήν}} 'goose', {{lang|grc|αἴξ}} {{grc-transl|αἴξ}} 'goat'

3rd declension neuter nouns are all recessive, and monosyllables have a circumflex (this includes letters of the alphabet):{{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=161}}; {{harvp|Kurylowicz|1932|p=204}}.

• {{lang|grc|ὄνομα}} {{grc-transl|ὄνομα}} 'name', {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} {{grc-transl|σῶμα}} 'body', {{lang|grc|στόμα}} {{grc-transl|στόμα}} 'mouth', {{lang|grc|τεῖχος}} {{grc-transl|τεῖχος}} 'wall', {{lang|grc|ὄρος}} {{grc-transl|ὄρος}} 'mountain', {{lang|grc|ἔτος}} {{grc-transl|ἔτος}} 'year', {{lang|grc|αἷμα}} {{grc-transl|αἷμα}} 'blood', {{lang|grc|ὔδωρ}} {{grc-transl|ὕδωρ}} 'water', {{lang|grc|γένος}} {{grc-transl|γένος}} 'race, kind', {{lang|grc|χρήματα}} {{grc-transl|χρήματα}} 'money', {{lang|grc|πρᾶγμα}} {{grc-transl|πρᾶγμα}} 'business, affair', {{lang|grc|πνεῦμα}} {{grc-transl|πνεῦμα}} 'spirit, breath', {{lang|grc|τέλος}} {{grc-transl|τέλος}} 'end'
• {{lang|grc|πῦρ}} {{grc-transl|πῦρ}} 'fire', {{lang|grc|φῶς}} {{grc-transl|φῶς}} 'light', {{lang|grc|κῆρ}} {{grc-transl|κῆρ}} 'heart' (poetic)
• {{lang|grc|μῦ}} {{grc-transl|μῦ}}, {{lang|grc|φῖ}} {{grc-transl|φῖ}}, {{lang|grc|ὦ}} {{grc-transl|ὦ}} 'omega'

The accent in the nominative plural and in the accusative singular and plural is usually on the same syllable as the nominative singular, unless this would break the three-syllable rule. Thus:

• {{lang|grc|χειμών}} {{grc-transl|χειμών}}, pl. {{lang|grc|χειμῶνες}} {{grc-transl|χειμῶνες}} 'storms'
• {{lang|grc|γυνή}} {{grc-transl|γυνή}}, pl. {{lang|grc|γυναῖκες}} {{grc-transl|γυναῖκες}} 'women'
• {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} {{grc-transl|πατήρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|πατέρες}} {{grc-transl|πατέρες}} 'fathers'
• {{lang|grc|ναῦς}} {{grc-transl|ναῦς}}, pl. {{lang|grc|νῆες}} {{grc-transl|νῆες}} 'ships'
• {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} {{grc-transl|σῶμα}}, pl. {{lang|grc|σώματα}} {{grc-transl|σώματα}} 'bodies'

But, in accordance with the 3-syllable rule:

• {{lang|grc|ὄνομα}} {{grc-transl|ὄνομα}}, nominative pl. {{lang|grc|ὀνόματα}} {{grc-transl|ὀνόματα}} 'names', gen. pl. {{lang|grc|ὀνομάτων}} {{grc-transl|ὀνομάτων}}

The following are exceptions and have the accent on a different syllable in the nominative and accusative plural or the accusative singular:

• {{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}} {{grc-transl|ἀνήρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|ἄνδρες}} {{grc-transl|ἄνδρες}} 'men'
• {{lang|grc|θυγάτηρ}} {{grc-transl|θυγάτηρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|θυγατέρες}} {{grc-transl|θυγατέρες}} (poetic {{lang|grc|θύγατρες}} {{grc-transl|θύγατρες}}) 'daughters'
• {{lang|grc|μήτηρ}} {{grc-transl|μήτηρ}}, pl. {{lang|grc|μητέρες}} {{grc-transl|μητέρες}} 'mothers'

But the following is recessive:

• {{lang|grc|Δημήτηρ}} {{grc-transl|Δημήτηρ}}, acc. {{lang|grc|Δήμητρα}} {{grc-transl|Δήμητρα}} 'Demeter'

Words ending in {{lang|grc|-ευς}} {{grc-transl|-ευς}} are all oxytone, but only in the nominative singular. In all other cases the accent is on the {{lang|grc|ε}} {{grc-transl|ε}} or {{lang|grc|η}} {{grc-transl|η}}:

• {{lang|grc|βασιλεύς, βασιλέα, βασιλέως, βασιλεῖ}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεύς, βασιλέα, βασιλέως, βασιλεῖ}} 'king', nom.pl. {{lang|grc|βασιλῆς}} {{grc-transl|βασιλῆς}} or {{lang|grc|βασιλεῖς}} {{grc-transl|βασιλεῖς}}

In 3rd declension monosyllables the accent usually shifts to the final syllable in the genitive and dative. The genitive dual and plural have a circumflex:

• singular: {{lang|grc|πούς, πόδα, ποδός, ποδί}} {{grc-transl|πούς, πόδα, ποδός, ποδί}} 'foot'
  dual: nom./acc. {{lang|grc|πόδε}} {{grc-transl|πόδε}}, gen./dat. {{lang|grc|ποδοῖν}} {{grc-transl|ποδοῖν}} '(pair of) feet'
  plural: {{lang|grc|πόδες, πόδας, ποδῶν, ποσί(ν)}} {{grc-transl|πόδες, πόδας, ποδῶν, ποσί(ν)}} 'feet'
• singular: {{lang|grc|νύξ, νύκτα, νυκτός, νυκτί}} {{grc-transl|νύξ, νύκτα, νυκτός, νυκτί}} 'night'
  plural: {{lang|grc|νύκτες, νύκτας, νυκτῶν, νυξί(ν)}}

The following are irregular in formation, but the accent moves in the same way:

• {{lang|grc|ναῦς, ναῦν, νεώς, νηΐ}} {{grc-transl|ναῦς, ναῦν, νεώς, νηΐ}}} 'ship'
  plural: {{lang|grc|νῆες, νῆας, νεῶν, νηυσί(ν)}} {{grc-transl|νῆες, νῆας, νεῶν, νηυσί(ν)}}{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§275}}
• {{lang|grc|Ζεύς, Δία, Διός, Διΐ}} {{grc-transl|Ζεύς, Δία, Διός, Διΐ}} 'Zeus'

The numbers for 'one', 'two', and 'three' also follow this pattern (see below).

{{lang|grc|γυνή}} {{grc-transl|γυνή}} 'woman' and {{lang|grc|κύων}} {{grc-transl|κύων}} 'dog' despite not being monosyllables, follow the same pattern:

• {{lang|grc|γυνή, γυναῖκα, γυναικός, γυναικί}} {{grc-transl|γυνή, γυναῖκα, γυναικός, γυναικί}} 'woman'
  pl. {{lang|grc|γυναῖκες, γυναῖκας, γυναικῶν, γυναιξί(ν)}} {{grc-transl|γυναῖκες, γυναῖκας, γυναικῶν, γυναιξί(ν)}}
• {{lang|grc|κύων, κύνα, κυνός, κυνί}} {{grc-transl|κύων, κύνα, κυνός, κυνί}} 'dog'
  pl. {{lang|grc|κύνες, κύνας, κυνῶν, κυσί(ν)}} {{grc-transl|κύνες, κύνας, κυνῶν, κυσί(ν)}}{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§285}}

There are some irregularities. The nouns {{lang|grc|παῖς}} {{grc-transl|παῖς}} 'boy' and {{lang|grc|Τρῶες}} {{grc-transl|Τρῶες}} 'Trojans' follow this pattern except in the genitive dual and plural:

• singular {{lang|grc|παῖς, παῖδα, παιδός, παιδί}} {{grc-transl|παῖς, παῖδα, παιδός, παιδί}} 'boy'
  {{lang|grc|παῖδες, παῖδας, παίδων, παισί(ν)}} {{grc-transl|παῖδες, παῖδας, παίδων, παισί(ν)}}

The adjective {{lang|grc|πᾶς}} {{grc-transl|πᾶς}} 'all' has a mobile accent only in the singular:

• singular {{lang|grc|πᾶς, πάντα, παντός, παντί}} {{grc-transl|πᾶς, πάντα, παντός, παντί}}

:plural {{lang|grc|πάντες, πάντας, πάντων, πᾶσι(ν)}} {{grc-transl|πάντες, πάντας, πάντων, πᾶσι(ν)}}.

Monosyllabic participles, such as {{lang|grc|ὤν}} {{grc-transl|ὤν}} 'being', and the interrogative pronoun {{lang|grc|τίς; τί;}} {{grc-transl|τίς; τί;}} 'who? what?' have a fixed accent.{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§334}}

• singular {{lang|grc|ὤν, ὄντα, ὄντος, ὄντι}} {{grc-transl|ὤν, ὄντα, ὄντος, ὄντι}}

:plural {{lang|grc|ὄντες, ὄντας, ὄντων, οὖσι(ν)}} {{grc-transl|ὄντες, ὄντας, ὄντων, οὖσι(ν)}}.

The words {{lang|grc|πατήρ}} {{grc-transl|πατήρ}} 'father', {{lang|grc|μήτηρ}} {{grc-transl|μήτηρ}} 'mother', {{lang|grc|θυγάτηρ}} {{grc-transl|θυγάτηρ}} 'daughter', have the following accentuation:

• {{lang|grc|πατήρ, πατέρα, πατρός, πατρί}} {{grc-transl|πατήρ, πατέρα, πατρός, πατρί}} 'father'
  pl. {{lang|grc|πατέρες, πατέρας, πατέρων, πατράσι(ν)}} {{grc-transl|πατέρες, πατέρας, πατέρων, πατράσι(ν)}}{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§262}}

{{lang|grc|γαστήρ}} {{grc-transl|γαστήρ}} 'stomach' is similar:

• {{lang|grc|γαστήρ, γαστέρα, γαστρός, γαστρί}} {{grc-transl|γαστήρ, γαστέρα, γαστρός, γαστρί}} 'stomach'
  pl. {{lang|grc|γαστέρες, γαστέρας, γάστρων, γαστράσι(ν)}} {{grc-transl|γαστέρες, γαστέρας, γάστρων, γαστράσι(ν)}}}

The word {{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}} {{grc-transl|ἀνήρ}} 'man' has the following pattern, with accent shift in the genitive singular and plural:

• {{lang|grc|ἀνήρ, ἄνδρα, ἀνδρός, ἀνδρί}} {{grc-transl|ἀνήρ, ἄνδρα, ἀνδρός, ἀνδρί}} 'man'
  pl. {{lang|grc|ἄνδρες, ἄνδρας, ἀνδρῶν, ἀνδράσι(ν)}} {{grc-transl|ἄνδρες, ἄνδρας, ἀνδρῶν, ἀνδράσι(ν)}}

3rd declension neuter words ending in {{lang|grc|-ος}} {{grc-transl|-ος}} have a circumflex in the genitive plural, but are otherwise recessive:

• {{lang|grc|τεῖχος}} {{grc-transl|τεῖχος}} 'wall', gen.pl. {{lang|grc|τειχῶν}} {{grc-transl|τειχῶν}} 'of walls'

Concerning the genitive plural of the word {{lang|grc|τριήρης}} {{grc-transl|τριήρης}} 'trireme', there was uncertainty. 'Some people pronounce it barytone, others perispomenon,' wrote one grammarian.{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|p=192}}

Nouns such as {{lang|grc|πόλις}} {{grc-transl|πόλις}} 'city' and {{lang|grc|ἄστυ}} {{grc-transl|ἄστυ}} 'town' with genitive singular {{lang|grc|-εως}} {{grc-transl|-εως}} 'city' keep their accent on the first syllable in the genitive singular and plural, despite the long vowel ending:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§268}}

• {{lang|grc|πόλις, πόλιν, πόλεως, πόλει}} {{grc-transl|πόλις, πόλιν, πόλεως, πόλει}} 'city'
  pl. {{lang|grc|πόλεις, πόλεις, πόλεων, πόλεσι(ν)}} {{grc-transl|πόλεις, πόλεις, πόλεων, πόλεσι(ν)}}

3rd declension neuter nouns ending in {{lang|grc|-ος}} {{grc-transl|-ος}} have a circumflex in the genitive plural, but are otherwise recessive:

• {{lang|grc|τεῖχος, τεῖχος, τείχους, τείχει}} {{grc-transl|τεῖχος, τεῖχος, τείχους, τείχει}} 'wall'
  pl. {{lang|grc|τείχη, τείχη, τειχῶν, τείχεσι(ν)}} {{grc-transl|τείχη, τείχη, τειχῶν, τείχεσι(ν)}}

Usually in 3rd declension nouns the accent becomes recessive in the vocative:

• {{lang|grc|πάτερ}} {{grc-transl|πάτερ}} 'father!', {{lang|grc|γύναι}} {{grc-transl|γύναι}} 'madam!', {{lang|grc|ὦ Σώκρατες}} {{grc-transl|ὦ Σώκρατες}} 'o Socrates', {{lang|grc|Πόσειδον}} {{grc-transl|Πόσειδον}}, {{lang|grc|Ἄπολλον}} {{grc-transl|Ἄπολλον}}, {{lang|grc|Περίκλεις}} {{grc-transl|Περίκλεις}}{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§261}}

However, the following have a circumflex on the final syllable:

• {{lang|grc|ὦ Ζεῦ}} {{grc-transl|ὦ Ζεῦ}} 'o Zeus', {{lang|grc|ὦ βασιλεῦ}} {{grc-transl|ὦ βασιλεῦ}} 'o king'

Adjectives frequently have oxytone accentuation, but there are also barytone ones, and some with a contracted final syllable. Oxytone examples are:

• {{lang|grc|ἀγαθός}} {{grc-transl|ἀγαθός}} 'good', {{lang|grc|κακός}} {{grc-transl|κακός}} 'bad', {{lang|grc|καλός}} {{grc-transl|καλός}} 'beautiful', {{lang|grc|δεινός}} {{grc-transl|δεινός}} 'fearsome', {{lang|grc|Ἑλληνικός}} {{grc-transl|Ἑλληνικός}} 'Greek', {{lang|grc|σοφός}} {{grc-transl|σοφός}} 'wise', {{lang|grc|ἰσχυρός}} {{grc-transl|ἰσχυρός}} 'strong', {{lang|grc|μακρός}} {{grc-transl|μακρός}} 'long', {{lang|grc|αἰσχρός}} {{grc-transl|αἰσχρός}} 'shameful', {{lang|grc|ὑψηλός}} {{grc-transl|ὑψηλός}} 'high', {{lang|grc|μικρός}} {{grc-transl|μικρός}} 'small', {{lang|grc|πιστός}} {{grc-transl|πιστός}} 'faithful', {{lang|grc|χαλεπός}} {{grc-transl|χαλεπός}} 'difficult'
• {{lang|grc|ἀριστερός}} {{grc-transl|ἀριστερός}} 'left-hand', {{lang|grc|δεξιτερός}} {{grc-transl|δεξιτερός}} 'right-hand'
• {{lang|grc|ἡδύς}} {{grc-transl|ἡδύς}} 'pleasant', {{lang|grc|ὀξύς}} {{grc-transl|ὀξύς}} 'sharp, high-pitched', {{lang|grc|βαρύς}} {{grc-transl|βαρύς}} 'heavy, low-pitched', {{lang|grc|ταχύς}} {{grc-transl|ταχύς}} 'fast', {{lang|grc|βραδύς}} {{grc-transl|βραδύς}} 'slow', {{lang|grc|βαθύς}} {{grc-transl|βαθύς}} 'deep', {{lang|grc|γλυκύς}} {{grc-transl|γλυκύς}} 'sweet'. (The feminine of all of these has {{lang|grc|-εῖα}} {{grc-transl|-εῖα}}.)
• {{lang|grc|πολύς}} {{grc-transl|πολύς}} 'much', plural {{lang|grc|πολλοί}} {{grc-transl|πολλοί}} 'many'
• {{lang|grc|ἀληθής}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθής}} 'true', {{lang|grc|εὐτυχής}} {{grc-transl|εὐτυχής}} 'lucky', {{lang|grc|δυστυχής}} {{grc-transl|δυστυχής}} 'unfortunate', {{lang|grc|ἀσθενής}} {{grc-transl|ἀσθενής}} 'weak, sick', {{lang|grc|ἀσφαλής}} {{grc-transl|ἀσφαλής}} 'safe'

Recessive:

• {{lang|grc|φίλιος}} {{grc-transl|φίλιος}} 'friendly', {{lang|grc|πολέμιος}} {{grc-transl|πολέμιος}} 'enemy', {{lang|grc|δίκαιος}} {{grc-transl|δίκαιος}} 'just', {{lang|grc|πλούσιος}} {{grc-transl|πλούσιος}} 'rich', {{lang|grc|ἄξιος}} {{grc-transl|ἄξιος}} 'worthy', {{lang|grc|Λακεδαιμόνιος}} {{grc-transl|Λακεδαιμόνιος}} 'Spartan', {{lang|grc|ῥᾴδιος}} {{grc-transl|ῥᾴδιος}} 'easy'
• {{lang|grc|μῶρος}} {{grc-transl|μῶρος}} 'foolish', {{lang|grc|ἄδικος}} {{grc-transl|ἄδικος}} 'unjust', {{lang|grc|νέος}} {{grc-transl|νέος}} 'new, young', {{lang|grc|μόνος}} {{grc-transl|μόνος}} 'alone', {{lang|grc|χρήσιμος}} {{grc-transl|χρήσιμος}} 'useful', {{lang|grc|λίθινος}} {{grc-transl|λίθινος}} 'made of stone', {{lang|grc|ξύλινος}} {{grc-transl|ξύλινος}} 'wooden'
• {{lang|grc|ἄλλος}} {{grc-transl|ἄλλος}} 'other', {{lang|grc|ἕκαστος}} {{grc-transl|ἕκαστος}} 'each'
• {{lang|grc|ὑμέτερος}} {{grc-transl|ὑμέτερος}} 'your', {{lang|grc|ἡμέτερος}} {{grc-transl|ἡμέτερος}} 'our'
• {{lang|grc|ἵλεως}} {{grc-transl|ἵλεως}} 'propitious'
• {{lang|grc|εὐμένης}} {{grc-transl|εὐμένης}} 'kindly', {{lang|grc|δυσώδης}} {{grc-transl|δυσώδης}} 'bad-smelling', {{lang|grc|εὐδαίμων}} {{grc-transl|εὐδαίμων}} 'happy'. (For other compound adjectives, see below.)
• {{lang|grc|πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν}} {{grc-transl|πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν}} 'all', plural {{lang|grc|πάντες}} {{grc-transl|πάντες}}

Paroxytone:

• {{lang|grc|ὀλίγος}} {{grc-transl|ὀλίγος}} 'little', {{lang|grc|ἐναντίος}} {{grc-transl|ἐναντίος}} 'opposite', {{lang|grc|πλησίος}} {{grc-transl|πλησίος}} 'near'
• {{lang|grc|μέγας}} {{grc-transl|μέγας}} 'great, big', fem. {{lang|grc|μεγάλη}} {{grc-transl|μεγάλη}}, plural {{lang|grc|μεγάλοι}} {{grc-transl|μεγάλοι}}

Properispomenon:

• {{lang|grc|Ἀθηναῖος}} {{grc-transl|Ἀθηναῖος}} 'Athenian', {{lang|grc|ἀνδρεῖος}} {{grc-transl|ἀνδρεῖος}} 'brave'
• {{lang|grc|ἑτοῖμος/ἕτοιμος}} {{grc-transl|ἑτοῖμος/ἕτοιμος}} 'ready', {{lang|grc|ἐρῆμος/ἔρημος}} {{grc-transl|ἐρῆμος/ἔρημος}} 'deserted'
• {{lang|grc|τοιοῦτος}} {{grc-transl|τοιοῦτος}} 'such', {{lang|grc|τοσοῦτος}} {{grc-transl|τοσοῦτος}} 'so great'

Perispomenon:

• {{lang|grc|χρυσοῦς}} {{grc-transl|χρυσοῦς}} 'golden', {{lang|grc|χαλκοῦς}} {{grc-transl|χαλκοῦς}} 'bronze'

Comparative and superlative adjectives all have recessive accent:

• {{lang|grc|σοφώτερος}} {{grc-transl|σοφώτερος}} 'wiser', {{lang|grc|σοφώτατος}} {{grc-transl|σοφώτατος}} 'very wise'
• {{lang|grc|μείζων}} {{grc-transl|μείζων}} 'greater', {{lang|grc|μέγιστος}} {{grc-transl|μέγιστος}} 'very great'

Adjectives ending in {{lang|grc|-ής}} {{grc-transl|-ής}} have a circumflex in most of the endings, since these are contracted:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§292}}

• {{lang|grc|ἀληθής}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθής}} 'true', masculine plural {{lang|grc|ἀληθεῖς}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθεῖς}}

{{lang|grc|μῶρος}} {{grc-transl|μῶρος}} 'foolish' is oxytone in the New Testament:

• {{lang|grc|πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραί}} {{grc-transl|πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραί}} 'and five of them were foolish' (Matthew 25.2)

Personal names derived from adjectives are usually recessive, even if the adjective is not:

• {{lang|grc|Ἀθήναιος}} {{grc-transl|Ἀθήναιος}} 'Athenaeus', from {{lang|grc|Ἀθηναῖος}} {{grc-transl|Ἀθηναῖος}} 'Athenian'
• {{lang|grc|Γλαῦκος}} {{grc-transl|Γλαῦκος}}, from {{lang|grc|γλαυκός}} {{grc-transl|γλαυκός}} 'grey-eyed'

Unlike in modern Greek, which has fixed accent in adjectives, an antepenultimate accent moves forward when the last vowel is long:

• {{lang|grc|φίλιος}} {{grc-transl|φίλιος}} 'friendly (masc.)', {{lang|grc|φιλίᾱ}} {{grc-transl|φιλίᾱ}} 'friendly (fem.)', fem.pl. {{lang|grc|φίλιαι}} {{grc-transl|φίλιαι}}

The genitive plural of feminine adjectives is accented {{lang|grc|-ῶν}} {{grc-transl|-ῶν}}, but only in those adjectives where the masculine and feminine forms of the genitive plural are different:

• {{lang|grc|πᾶς}} {{grc-transl|πᾶς}} 'all', gen.pl. {{lang|grc|πάντων}} {{grc-transl|πάντων}} 'of all (masc.)', {{lang|grc|πασῶν}} {{grc-transl|πασῶν}} 'of all (fem.)'

But:

• {{lang|grc|δίκαιος}} {{grc-transl|δίκαιος}} 'just', gen.pl. {{lang|grc|δικαίων}} {{grc-transl|δικαίων}} (both genders)

In a barytone adjective, in the neuter, when the last vowel becomes short, the accent usually recedes:

• {{lang|grc|βελτίων}} {{grc-transl|βελτίων}} 'better', neuter {{lang|grc|βέλτιον}} {{grc-transl|βέλτιον}}

However, when the final {{lang|grc|-ν}} {{grc-transl|-ν}} was formerly *{{lang|grc|-ντ}} {{grc-transl|-ντ}}, the accent does not recede (this includes neuter participles):{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§299}}{{sfnp|Steriade|1988|p=275}}

• {{lang|grc|χαρίεις}} {{grc-transl|χαρίεις}} 'graceful', neuter {{lang|grc|χαρίεν}} {{grc-transl|χαρίεν}}
• {{lang|grc|ποιήσας}} {{grc-transl|ποιήσας}} 'having done', neuter {{lang|grc|ποιῆσαν}} {{grc-transl|ποιῆσαν}}

The adjective {{lang|grc|μέγας}} {{grc-transl|μέγας}} 'great' shifts its accent to the penultimate in forms of the word that contain lambda ({{lang|grc|λ}} {{grc-transl|λ}}):

• {{lang|grc|μέγας}} {{grc-transl|μέγας}} 'great', plural {{lang|grc|μεγάλοι}} {{grc-transl|μεγάλοι}}

The masculine {{lang|grc|πᾶς}} {{grc-transl|πᾶς}} 'all' and neuter {{lang|grc|πᾶν}} {{grc-transl|πᾶν}} have their accent on the ending in genitive and dative, but only in the singular:

• {{lang|grc|πᾶς}} {{grc-transl|πᾶς}} 'all', gen.sg. {{lang|grc|παντός}} {{grc-transl|παντός}}, dat.sg. {{lang|grc|παντί}} {{grc-transl|παντί}} (but gen.pl. {{lang|grc|πάντων}} {{grc-transl|πάντων}}, dat.pl. {{lang|grc|πᾶσι}} {{grc-transl|πᾶσι}})

The participle {{lang|grc|ὤν}} {{grc-transl|ὤν}} 'being', genitive {{lang|grc|ὄντος}} {{grc-transl|ὄντος}}, has fixed accent.

When the last vowel of an oxytone adjective is elided, an acute (not a circumflex) appears on the penultimate syllable instead:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§174}}

• {{lang|grc|δείν' ἐποίει}} {{grc-transl|δείν' ἐποίει}} 'he was doing dreadful things' (for {{lang|grc|δεινά}})
• {{lang|grc|πόλλ' ἀγαθά}} {{grc-transl|πόλλ' ἀγαθά}} 'many good things' (for {{lang|grc|πολλά}})

This rule also applies to verbs and nouns:

• {{lang|grc|λάβ' ὦ ξένε}} {{grc-transl|λάβ' ὦ ξένε}} 'take (the cup), o stranger' (for {{lang|grc|λαβέ}})

But it does not apply to minor words such as prepositions or {{lang|grc|ἀλλά}} {{grc-transl|ἀλλά}} 'but':

• {{lang|grc|πόλλ' οἶδ' ἀλώπηξ, ἀλλ' ἐχῖνος ἓν μέγα}} {{grc-transl|πόλλ' οἶδ' ἀλώπηξ, ἀλλ' ἐχῖνος ἓν μέγα}}
  'the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog one big thing' (Archilochus)

The retracted accent was always an acute. The story was told of an actor who, in a performance of Euripides' play Orestes, instead of pronouncing {{lang|grc|γαλήν᾽ ὁρῶ}} {{grc-transl|γαλήν᾽ ὁρῶ}} 'I see a calm sea', accidentally said {{lang|grc|γαλῆν ὁρῶ}} {{grc-transl|γαλῆν ὁρῶ}} 'I see a weasel', provoking laughter in the audience and mockery the following year in Aristophanes' Frogs.{{harvp|Vendryes|1904|p=48}}; Frogs 302.

Ordinary compounds, that is, those which are not of the type 'object+verb', usually have recessive accent:

• {{lang|grc|ἱπποπόταμος}} {{grc-transl|ἱπποπόταμος}} 'hippopotamus' ('horse of the river')
• {{lang|grc|Τιμόθεος}} {{grc-transl|Τιμόθεος}} 'Timothy' ('honouring God')
• {{lang|grc|σύμμαχος}} {{grc-transl|σύμμαχος}} 'ally' ('fighting alongside')
• {{lang|grc|φιλόσοφος}} {{grc-transl|φιλόσοφος}} 'philosopher' ('loving wisdom')
• {{lang|grc|ἡμίονος}} {{grc-transl|ἡμίονος}} 'mule' ('half-donkey')

But there are some which are oxytone:

• {{lang|grc|ἀρχιερεύς}} {{grc-transl|ἀρχιερεύς}} 'high priest'
• {{lang|grc|ὑποκριτής}} {{grc-transl|ὑποκριτής}} 'actor, hypocrite'

Compounds of the type 'object–verb', if the penultimate syllable is long or heavy, are usually oxytone:

• {{lang|grc|στρατηγός}} {{grc-transl|στρατηγός}} 'general' ('army-leader')
• {{lang|grc|γεωργός}} {{grc-transl|γεωργός}} 'farmer' ('land-worker')
• {{lang|grc|σιτοποιός}} {{grc-transl|σιτοποιός}} 'bread-maker'

But 1st declension nouns tend to be recessive even when the penultimate is long:

• {{lang|grc|βιβλιοπώλης}} {{grc-transl|βιβλιοπώλης}} 'book-seller'
• {{lang|grc|συκοφάντης}} {{grc-transl|συκοφάντης}} 'informer' (lit. 'fig-revealer')

Compounds of the type 'object+verb' when the penultimate syllable is short are usually paroxytone:

• {{lang|grc|βουκόλος}} {{grc-transl|βουκόλος}} 'cowherd'
• {{lang|grc|δορυφόρος}} {{grc-transl|δορυφόρος}} 'spear-bearer'
• {{lang|grc|δισκοβόλος}} {{grc-transl|δισκοβόλος}} 'discus-thrower'
• {{lang|grc|ἡμεροσκόπος}} {{grc-transl|ἡμεροσκόπος}} 'look-out man' (lit. 'day-watcher')

But the following, formed from {{lang|grc|ἔχω}} {{grc-transl|ἔχω}} 'I hold', are recessive:

• {{lang|grc|αἰγίοχος}} {{grc-transl|αἰγίοχος}} 'who holds the aegis'
• {{lang|grc|κληροῦχος}} {{grc-transl|κληροῦχος}} 'holder of an allotment (of land)'

Adverbs formed from barytone adjectives are accented on the penultimate, as are those formed from adjectives ending in {{lang|grc|-ύς}} {{grc-transl|-ύς}}; but those formed from other oxytone adjectives are perispomenon:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§343}}

• {{lang|grc|ἀνδρεῖος}} {{grc-transl|ἀνδρεῖος}} 'brave', {{lang|grc|ἀνδρείως}} {{grc-transl|ἀνδρείως}} 'bravely'
• {{lang|grc|δίκαιος}} {{grc-transl|δίκαιος}} 'just', {{lang|grc|δικαίως}} {{grc-transl|δικαίως}} 'justly'
• {{lang|grc|ἡδύς}} {{grc-transl|ἡδύς}}, 'pleasant', {{lang|grc|ἡδέως}} {{grc-transl|ἡδέως}} 'with pleasure'
• {{lang|grc|καλός}} {{grc-transl|καλός}}, 'beautiful', {{lang|grc|καλῶς}} {{grc-transl|καλῶς}} 'beautifully'
• {{lang|grc|ἀληθής}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθής}}, 'true', {{lang|grc|ἀληθῶς}} {{grc-transl|ἀληθῶς}} 'truly'

Adverbs ending in {{lang|grc|-κις}} {{grc-transl|-κις}} have penultimate accent:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§344}}

• {{lang|grc|πολλάκις}} {{grc-transl|πολλάκις}} 'often'

The first three numbers have mobile accent in the genitive and dative:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§347}}

• {{lang|grc|εἷς}} {{grc-transl|εἷς}} 'one (m.)', acc. {{lang|grc|ἕνα}} {{grc-transl|ἕνα}}, gen. {{lang|grc|ἑνός}} {{grc-transl|ἑνός}} 'of one', dat. {{lang|grc|ἑνί}} {{grc-transl|ἑνί}} 'to or for one'
• {{lang|grc|μία}} {{grc-transl|μία}} 'one (f.)', acc. {{lang|grc|μίαν}} {{grc-transl|μίαν}}, gen. {{lang|grc|μιᾶς}} {{grc-transl|μιᾶς}}, dat. {{lang|grc|μιᾷ}} {{grc-transl|μιᾷ}}
• {{lang|grc|δύο}} {{grc-transl|δύο}} 'two', gen/dat. {{lang|grc|δυοῖν}} {{grc-transl|δυοῖν}}
• {{lang|grc|τρεῖς}} {{grc-transl|τρεῖς}} 'three', gen. {{lang|grc|τριῶν}} {{grc-transl|τριῶν}}, dat. {{lang|grc|τρισί}} {{grc-transl|τρισί}}

Despite the circumflex in {{lang|grc|εἷς}} {{grc-transl|εἷς}}, the negative {{lang|grc|οὐδείς}} {{grc-transl|οὐδείς}} 'no one (m.)' has an acute. It also has mobile accent in the genitive and dative:

• {{lang|grc|οὐδείς}} {{grc-transl|οὐδείς}} 'no one (m.)', acc. {{lang|grc|οὐδένα}} {{grc-transl|οὐδένα}}, gen. {{lang|grc|οὐδενός}} {{grc-transl|οὐδενός}} 'of no one', dat. {{lang|grc|οὐδενί}} {{grc-transl|οὐδενί}} 'to no one'

The remaining numbers to twelve are:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§347}}

• {{lang|grc|τέσσαρες}} {{grc-transl|τέσσαρες}} 'four', {{lang|grc|πέντε}} {{grc-transl|πέντε}} 'five', {{lang|grc|ἕξ}} {{grc-transl|ἕξ}} 'six', {{lang|grc|ἐπτά}} {{grc-transl|ἐπτά}} 'seven', {{lang|grc|ὀκτώ}} {{grc-transl|ὀκτώ}} 'eight', {{lang|grc|ἐννέα}} {{grc-transl|ἐννέα}} 'nine', {{lang|grc|δέκα}} {{grc-transl|δέκα}} 'ten', {{lang|grc|ἕνδεκα}} {{grc-transl|ἕνδεκα}} 'eleven' {{lang|grc|δώδεκα}} {{grc-transl|δώδεκα}} 'twelve'

Also commonly found are:

• {{lang|grc|εἴκοσι}} {{grc-transl|εἴκοσι}} 'twenty', {{lang|grc|τριάκοντα}} {{grc-transl|τριάκοντα}} 'thirty', {{lang|grc|ἑκατόν}} {{grc-transl|ἑκατόν}} 'a hundred', {{lang|grc|χίλιοι}} {{grc-transl|χίλιοι}} 'a thousand'.

Ordinals all have recessive accent, except those ending in {{lang|grc|-στός}} {{grc-transl|-στός}}:

• {{lang|grc|πρῶτος}} {{grc-transl|πρώτος}} 'first', {{lang|grc|δεύτερος}} {{grc-transl|δεύτερος}} 'second', {{lang|grc|τρίτος}} {{grc-transl|τρίτος}} 'third' etc., but {{lang|grc|εἰκοστός}} {{grc-transl|εἰκοστός}} 'twentieth'

The personal pronouns are the following:{{harvnb|Smyth|1920|loc=§325}}.

• {{lang|grc|ἐγώ}} {{grc-transl|ἐγώ}} 'I', {{lang|grc|σύ}} {{grc-transl|σύ}} 'you (sg.)', {{lang|grc|ἕ}} {{grc-transl|ἕ}} 'him(self)'
• {{lang|grc|νῴ}} {{grc-transl|νῴ}} 'we two', {{lang|grc|σφώ}} {{grc-transl|σφώ}} 'you two'
• {{lang|grc|ἡμεῖς}} {{grc-transl|ἡμεῖς}} 'we', {{lang|grc|ὑμεῖς}} {{grc-transl|ὑμεῖς}} 'you (pl.)', {{lang|grc|σφεῖς}} {{grc-transl|σφεῖς}} 'they'

The genitive and dative of all these personal pronouns has a circumflex, except for the datives {{lang|grc|ἐμοί}} {{grc-transl|ἐμοί}}, {{lang|grc|σοί}} {{grc-transl|σοί}}, and {{lang|grc|σφίσι}} {{grc-transl|σφίσι}}:

• {{lang|grc|ἐμοῦ}} {{grc-transl|ἐμοῦ}} 'of me', {{lang|grc|ὑμῖν}} {{grc-transl|ὑμῖν}} 'for you (pl.)', {{lang|grc|οἷ}} {{grc-transl|οἷ}} 'to him(self)'
• {{lang|grc|ἐμοί}} {{grc-transl|ἐμοί}} 'for me', {{lang|grc|σοί}} {{grc-transl|σοί}} 'for you', and {{lang|grc|σφίσι}} {{grc-transl|σφίσι}} 'for them(selves)'

The oblique cases of {{lang|grc|ἐγώ}} {{grc-transl|ἐγώ}}, {{lang|grc|σύ}} {{grc-transl|σύ}} 'you (sg.)', {{lang|grc|ἕ}} {{grc-transl|ἕ}}, and {{lang|grc|σφεῖς}} {{grc-transl|σφεῖς}} can also be used enclitically when they are unemphatic (see below under Enclitics), in which case they are written without accents. When enclitic, {{lang|grc|ἐμέ}} {{grc-transl|ἐμέ}}, {{lang|grc|ἐμοῦ}} {{grc-transl|ἐμοῦ}}, and {{lang|grc|ἐμοί}} {{grc-transl|ἐμοί}} are shortened to {{lang|grc|με}} {{grc-transl|με}}, {{lang|grc|μου}} {{grc-transl|μου}}, and {{lang|grc|μοι}} {{grc-transl|μοι}}:

• {{lang|grc|ἔξεστί σοι}} {{grc-transl|ἔξεστί σοι}} 'it is possible for you'
• {{lang|grc|εἰπέ μοι}} {{grc-transl|εἰπέ μοι}} 'tell me'
• {{lang|grc|νόμος γὰρ ἦν οὗτός σφισι}} {{grc-transl|νόμος γὰρ ἦν οὗτός σφισι}} 'for this apparently was their custom' (Xenophon)

The accented form is usually used after a preposition:

• {{lang|grc|ἔπεμψέ με Κῦρος πρὸς σέ}} {{grc-transl|ἔπεμψέ με Κῦρος πρὸς σέ}} 'Cyrus sent me to you'
• {{lang|grc|πρὸς ἐμέ}} {{grc-transl|πρὸς ἐμέ}} (sometimes {{lang|grc|πρός με}} {{grc-transl|πρός με}}) 'to me'

The pronouns {{lang|grc|αὐτός}} {{grc-transl|αὐτός}} 'he himself', {{lang|grc|ἑαυτόν}} {{grc-transl|ἑαυτόν}} 'himself (reflexive)', and {{lang|grc|ὅς}} {{grc-transl|ὅς}} 'who, which' change the accent to a circumflex in the genitive and dative:

• {{lang|grc|αὐτόν}} {{grc-transl|αὐτόν}} 'him', {{lang|grc|αὐτοῦ}} {{grc-transl|αὐτοῦ}} 'of him, his', {{lang|grc|αὐτῷ}} {{grc-transl|αὐτῷ}} 'to him', {{lang|grc|αὐτοῖς}} {{grc-transl|αὐτοῖς}} 'to them', etc.

Pronouns compounded with {{lang|grc|-δε}} {{grc-transl|-δε}} 'this' and {{lang|grc|-τις}} {{grc-transl|-τις}} are accented as if the second part was an enclitic word. Thus the accent of {{lang|grc|οἵδε}} {{grc-transl|οἵδε}} does not change to a circumflex even though the vowels are long–short:

• {{lang|grc|οἵδε}} {{grc-transl|οἵδε}} 'these', {{lang|grc|ὧντινων}} {{grc-transl|ὧντινων}} 'of which things'

The demonstratives {{lang|grc|οὗτος}} {{grc-transl|οὗτος}} 'this' and {{lang|grc|ἐκεῖνος}} {{grc-transl|ἐκεῖνος}} 'that' are both accented on the penultimate syllable. But {{lang|grc|οὑτοσί}} {{grc-transl|οὑτοσί}} 'this man here' is oxytone.

When {{lang|grc|τίς}} {{grc-transl|τίς}} means 'who?' is it always accented, even when not before a pause. When it means 'someone' or 'a certain', it is enclitic (see below under Enclitics):

• {{lang|grc|πρός τινα}} {{grc-transl|πρός τινα}} 'to someone'
• {{lang|grc|πρὸς τίνα;}} {{grc-transl|πρὸς τίνα;}} 'to whom?'

The accent on {{lang|grc|τίς}} {{grc-transl|τίς}} is fixed and does not move to the ending in the genitive or dative.

{{lang|grc|ἐν}} {{grc-transl|ἐν}} 'in', {{lang|grc|εἰς (ἐς)}} {{grc-transl|εἰς (ἐς)}} 'to, into', and {{lang|grc|ἐκ (ἐξ)}} {{grc-transl|ἐκ (ἐξ)}} 'from, out of' have no accent, only a breathing.

• {{lang|grc|ἐν αὐτῷ}} {{grc-transl|ἐν αὐτῷ}} 'in him'

Most other prepositions have an acute on the final when quoted in isolation (e.g. {{lang|grc|ἀπό}} {{grc-transl|ἀπό}} 'from', but in the context of a sentence this becomes a grave. When elided this accent does not retract and it is presumed that they were usually pronounced accentlessly:

• {{lang|grc|πρὸς αὐτόν}} {{grc-transl|πρὸς αὐτόν}} 'to him'
• {{lang|grc|ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ}} {{grc-transl|ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ}} 'from him'

When a preposition follows its noun, it is accented on the first syllable (except for {{lang|grc|ἀμφί}} {{grc-transl|ἀμφί}} 'around' and {{lang|grc|ἀντί}} {{grc-transl|ἀντί}} 'instead of'):{{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|p=71}}

• {{lang|grc|τίνος πέρι;}} {{grc-transl|τίνος πέρι;}} 'about what?'Aristophanes, Birds 110.

The following prepositions were always accented on the first syllable in every context:

• {{lang|grc|ἄνευ}} {{grc-transl|ἄνευ}} 'without', {{lang|grc|μέχρι}} {{grc-transl|μέχρι}} 'until, as far as'

Interrogative words are almost all accented recessively. In accordance with the principle that in a monosyllable the equivalent of a recessive accent is a circumflex, a circumflex is used on a long-vowel monosyllable:

• {{lang|grc|πότε;}} {{grc-transl|πότε;}} 'when?', {{lang|grc|πόθεν;}} {{grc-transl|πόθεν;}} 'where from?', {{lang|grc|πότερον... ἢ...;}} {{grc-transl|πότερον... ἢ...;}} 'A... or B?', {{lang|grc|ποῖος;}} {{grc-transl|ποῖος;}} 'what kind of?', {{lang|grc|πόσος;}} {{grc-transl|πόσος;}} 'how much?', {{lang|grc|πόσοι;}} {{grc-transl|πόσοι;}} 'how many?'
• {{lang|grc|ἆρα...;}} {{grc-transl|ἆρα...;}}, {{lang|grc|ἦ...;}} {{grc-transl|ἦ...;}} 'is it the case that...?'
• {{lang|grc|ποῦ;}} {{grc-transl|ποῦ;}} 'where?', {{lang|grc|ποῖ;}} {{grc-transl|ποῖ;}} 'where to?', {{lang|grc|πῇ;}} {{grc-transl|πῇ;}} 'which way?'

Two exceptions, with paroxytone accent, are the following:

• {{lang|grc|πηλίκος;}} {{grc-transl|πηλίκος;}} 'how big?', 'how old?', {{lang|grc|ποσάκις;}} {{grc-transl|ποσάκις;}} 'how often?'

The words {{lang|grc|τίς;}} {{grc-transl|τίς;}} and {{lang|grc|τί;}} {{grc-transl|τί;}} always keep their acute accent even when followed by another word.{{harvnb|Smyth|1920|loc=§154}}. Unlike other monosyllables, they do not move the accent to the ending in the genitive or dative:

• {{lang|grc|τίς;}} {{grc-transl|τίς;}} 'who? which?', {{lang|grc|τί;}} {{grc-transl|τί;}} 'what?', 'why?', {{lang|grc|τίνες;}} {{grc-transl|τίνες;}} 'which people?', {{lang|grc|τίνος;}} {{grc-transl|τίνος;}} 'of what? whose?', {{lang|grc|τίνι;}} {{grc-transl|τίνι;}} 'to whom?', {{lang|grc|τίνος πέρι;}} {{grc-transl|τίνος πέρι;}} 'about what?'

Some of these words, when accentless or accented on the final, have an indefinite meaning:

• {{lang|grc|τις}} {{grc-transl|τις}} 'someone', {{lang|grc|τινὲς}} {{grc-transl|τινὲς}} 'some people', {{lang|grc|ποτε}} {{grc-transl|ποτε}} 'once upon a time', etc.

When used in indirect questions, interrogative words are usually prefixed by {{lang|grc|ὁ-}} {{grc-transl|ὁ-}} or {{lang|grc|ὅς-}} {{grc-transl|ὅς-}}. The accentuation differs. The following are accented on the second syllable:

• {{lang|grc|ὁπότε}} {{grc-transl|ὁπότε}} 'when', {{lang|grc|ὁπόθεν}} {{grc-transl|ὁπόθεν}} 'from where', {{lang|grc|ὁπόσος}} {{grc-transl|ὁπόσος}} 'how great', {{lang|grc|ὁπότερος}} {{grc-transl|ὁπότερος}} 'which of the two'

But the following are accented on the first:

• {{lang|grc|ὅπου}} {{grc-transl|ὅπου}} 'where', {{lang|grc|ὅποι}} {{grc-transl|ὅποι}} 'to where', {{lang|grc|ὅστις}} {{grc-transl|ὅστις}} 'who'

Enclitics are words which have no accent themselves, but place an accent on the word they follow. Examples in Greek are the following:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§181}}

(a) The connective {{lang|grc|τε}} {{grc-transl|τε}} 'also', 'and':

• {{lang|grc|Ἕλληνές τε καὶ βάρβαροι}} {{grc-transl|Ἕλληνές τε καὶ βάρβαροι}} 'both Greeks and foreigners'

(b) The emphatic particles:

• {{lang|grc|γε}} {{grc-transl|γε}} 'at any rate', {{lang|grc|περ}} {{grc-transl|περ}} 'just, although', {{lang|grc|τοι}} {{grc-transl|τοι}} 'in fact',
• (Mostly in Homer:) {{lang|grc|κε/κεν}} {{grc-transl|κε/κεν}} 'it may be', {{lang|grc|νυ/νυν}} {{grc-transl|νυ/νυν}} 'now', {{lang|grc|ῥα}} {{grc-transl|ῥα}} 'then', {{lang|grc|θην}} {{grc-transl|θην}} 'in truth':

The pronouns {{lang|grc|ἐγώ}} {{grc-transl|ἐγώ}} 'I' and {{lang|grc|ἐμοί}} {{grc-transl|ἐμοί}} 'to me' can combine with {{lang|grc|γε}} {{grc-transl|γε}} to make a single word accented on the first syllable:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§186}}

• {{lang|grc|ἔγωγε}} {{grc-transl|ἔγωγε}} 'I at any rate', {{lang|grc|ἔμοιγε}} {{grc-transl|ἔμοιγε}} 'for me at any rate'

(c) Indefinite adverbs:

• {{lang|grc|ποτε}} {{grc-transl|ποτε}} 'once', {{lang|grc|πως}} {{grc-transl|πως}} 'somehow', {{lang|grc|που}} {{grc-transl|που}} 'I suppose, somewhere', {{lang|grc|ποθι}} {{grc-transl|ποθι}} (Homeric for {{lang|grc|που}}), {{lang|grc|ποθεν}} {{grc-transl|ποθεν}} 'from somewhere', {{lang|grc|πῃ}} {{grc-transl|πῃ}} 'in some way', {{lang|grc|πω}} {{grc-transl|πω}} 'yet'

(d) Indefinite pronouns:

• {{lang|grc|τις}} {{grc-transl|τις}} 'someone', 'a certain', {{lang|grc|τι}} {{grc-transl|τι}} 'something', {{lang|grc|τινες}} {{grc-transl|τινες}} 'certain people'

But {{lang|grc|τινές}} {{grc-transl|τινές}} can also sometimes begin a sentence, in which case it is non-enclitic and has an accent on the final.

(e) The present tense (except for the 2nd person singular) of {{lang|grc|εἰμί}} {{grc-transl|εἰμί}} 'I am' and {{lang|grc|φημί}} {{grc-transl|φημί}} 'I say':

• {{lang|grc|ἐγώ εἰμι}} {{grc-transl|ἐγώ εἰμι}} 'I am'
• {{lang|grc|ὡς αὐτός φησι}} {{grc-transl|ὡς αὐτός φησι}} 'as he himself says'

These verbs can also have non-enclitic forms which are used, for example, to begin a sentence or after an elision. The verb {{lang|grc|ἐστὶ}} {{grc-transl|ἐστὶ}} 'is' has an emphatic form {{lang|grc|ἔστι}} {{grc-transl|ἔστι}}. Judging from parallel forms in Sanskrit it is possible that originally when non-enclitic the other persons also were accented on the first syllable: *{{lang|grc|εἶμι}} {{grc-transl|εἶμι}}, *{{lang|grc|φῆμι}} {{grc-transl|φῆμι}} etc.; but the usual convention, among most modern editors as well as the ancient Greek grammarians, is to write {{lang|grc|εἰμὶ}} {{grc-transl|εἰμὶ}} and {{lang|grc|φημὶ}} {{grc-transl|φημὶ}} even at the beginning of a sentence.{{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|pp=108–110}}{{sfnp|Probert|2003|p=146–7}}

When negative, {{lang|grc|ἔστι}} {{grc-transl|ἔστι}} is customarily written with its strong form, but {{lang|grc|φησί}} {{grc-transl|φησί}} is enclitic:

• {{lang|grc|οὐκ ἔστι}} {{grc-transl|οὐκ ἔστι}} 'he is not'
• {{lang|grc|οὔ φησι}} {{grc-transl|οὔ φησι}} 'he says ... not'

The strong form {{lang|grc|ἔστι}} {{grc-transl|ἔστι}} is also written after {{lang|grc|εἰ}} {{grc-transl|εἰ}} 'if', {{lang|grc|ὡς}} {{grc-transl|ὡς}} 'since', {{lang|grc|ἀλλ᾽}} {{grc-transl|ἀλλ᾽}} 'but', {{lang|grc|τοῦτ᾽}} {{grc-transl|τοῦτ᾽}} 'this', according to Herodian.{{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|p=109}}

(f) Certain personal pronouns in oblique cases when non-emphatic:

• {{lang|grc|με}} {{grc-transl|με}} 'me', {{lang|grc|μου}} {{grc-transl|μου}}, {{lang|grc|μοι}} {{grc-transl|μοι}},
• {{lang|grc|σε}} {{grc-transl|σε}} 'you (sg)', {{lang|grc|σου}} {{grc-transl|σου}}, {{lang|grc|σοι}} {{grc-transl|σοι}}
• {{lang|grc|ἑ}} {{grc-transl|ἑ}} 'him(self)', {{lang|grc|οὑ}} {{grc-transl|οὑ}}, {{lang|grc|οἱ}} {{grc-transl|οἱ}},
• {{lang|grc|νιν/μιν}} {{grc-transl|νιν/μιν}} 'him' (poetic)
• {{lang|grc|σφας}} {{grc-transl|σφας}} 'them(selves)', {{lang|grc|σφων}} {{grc-transl|σφων}}, {{lang|grc|σφισι}} {{grc-transl|σφισι}}

In classical writers, {{lang|grc|ἑ}} {{grc-transl|ἑ}} 'him' and {{lang|grc|σφας}} {{grc-transl|σφας}} 'them' tend to be used in indirect speech referring to the speaker:

• {{lang|grc|ἐκέλευσε δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα περιμεῖναί ἑ κελεῦσαι}} {{grc-transl|ἐκέλευσε δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα περιμεῖναί ἑ κελεῦσαι}}
  'he ordered the slave-boy to run and ask the man to wait for him' (Plato)

Some of these pronouns also have non-enclitic forms which are accented. The non-enclitic form of {{lang|grc|με, μου, μοι}} {{grc-transl|με, μου, μοι}} 'me', 'of me', 'to me' is {{lang|grc|ἐμέ, ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί}} {{grc-transl|ἐμέ, ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί}}.{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§187}} The accented forms are used at the beginning of a sentence and (usually){{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|p=103}} after prepositions:

• {{lang|grc|σὲ καλῶ}} {{grc-transl|σὲ καλῶ}} 'I'm calling you'
• {{lang|grc|ἐν σοί}} {{grc-transl|ἐν σοί}} 'in you'

When an enclitic follows a proparoxytone or a properispomenon word, the main word has two accents:

• {{lang|grc|Ἕλληνές τινες}} {{grc-transl|Ἕλληνές τινες}} 'certain Greeks'
• {{lang|grc|δοῦλός ἐστι}} {{grc-transl|δοῦλός ἐστι}} 'he's a slave'

When it follows an oxytone word or an accentless word, there is an acute on the final syllable:

• {{lang|grc|εἰπέ μοι}} {{grc-transl|εἰπέ μοι}} 'tell me'
• {{lang|grc|εἴ τις}} {{grc-transl|εἴ τις}} 'if anyone'

When it follows perispomenon or paroxytone word, there is no additional accent, and a monosyllabic enclitic remains accentless:

• {{lang|grc|ὁρῶ σε}} {{grc-transl|ὁρῶ σε}} 'I see you'
• {{lang|grc|λέγε μοι}} {{grc-transl|λέγε μοι}} 'tell me'

A two-syllable enclitic has no accent after a perispomenon:See discussion in {{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=280}}.

• {{lang|grc|ἀγαθοῦ τινος}} {{grc-transl|ἀγαθοῦ τινος}} 'of some good thing'
• {{lang|grc|τοξοτῶν τινων}} {{grc-transl|τοξοτῶν τινων}} 'of some archers'

But a two-syllabled enclitic has one after a paroxytone word (otherwise the accent would come more than three syllables from the end of the combined word).Discussion in Miller (1976). After a paroxytone {{lang|grc|τινῶν}} {{grc-transl|τινῶν}} has a circumflex:

• {{lang|grc|ἄλλοι τινές}} {{grc-transl|ἄλλοι τινές}} 'certain others'
• {{lang|grc|ὅπλων τινῶν}} {{grc-transl|ὅπλων τινῶν}} 'of some weapons'Thucydides 8.71.2

A word ending in {{lang|grc|ξ}} {{grc-transl|ξ}} or {{lang|grc|ψ}} {{grc-transl|ψ}} behaves as if it was paroxytone and does not take an additional accent:There is apparently some uncertainty about monosyllabic enclitics. {{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=280}}.

• {{lang|grc|κῆρυξ ἐστίν}} {{grc-transl|κῆρυξ ἐστίν}} 'he is a herald'

A two-syllable enclitic is also accented after an elision:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§187}}

• {{lang|grc|πολλοὶ δ' εἰσίν}} {{grc-transl|πολλοὶ δ' εἰσίν}} 'there are many'

When two or three enclitics come in a row, according to Apollonius and Herodian, each passes its accent to the preceding word (although some modern editors have queried this):{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§185}}See discussion in {{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=281}}; {{harvp|Vendryes|1904|pp=87–89}}; {{harvp|Devine|Stephens|1994|p=373–4}}; {{harvp|Probert|2018}}.

• {{lang|grc|ἤ νύ σέ που δέος ἴσχει}} {{grc-transl|ἤ νύ σέ που δέος ἴσχει}} 'or perhaps fear is holding you back'

It appears that with certain long-vowelled enclitics, such as {{lang|grc|που, πως, πῃ, πω}} {{grc-transl|που, πως, πῃ, πω}}, Herodian recommended that they should be left unaccented when another enclitic followed. However, most modern editors ignore this second rule, and print {{lang|grc|εἴ πού τις}} {{grc-transl|εἴ πού τις}} 'if anyone anywhere' rather than {{lang|grc|εἴ που τις}} {{grc-transl|εἴ που τις}}.

In verbs, the accent is grammatical rather than lexical; that is to say, it distinguishes different parts of the verb rather than one verb from another. In the indicative mood it is usually recessive, but in other parts of the verb it is often non-recessive.

Except for the nominative singular of certain participles (e.g., masculine {{lang|grc|λαβών}} {{grc-transl|λαβών}}, neuter {{lang|grc|λαβόν}} {{grc-transl|λαβόν}} 'after taking'), a few imperatives (such as {{lang|grc|εἰπέ}} {{grc-transl|εἰπέ}} 'say'), and the irregular present tenses ({{lang|grc|φημί}} {{grc-transl|φημί}} 'I say' and {{lang|grc|εἰμί}} {{grc-transl|εἰμί}} 'I am'), no parts of the verb are oxytone.

In the indicative of most verbs, other than contracting verbs, the accent is recessive, meaning it moves as far back towards the beginning of the word as allowed by the length of the last vowel.{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§159: recessive accent}} Thus, verbs of three or more syllables often have an acute accent on the penult or antepenult, depending on whether the last vowel is long or short (with final {{lang|grc|-αι}} {{grc-transl|-αι}} counted as short):

• {{lang|grc|δίδωμι}} {{grc-transl|δίδωμι}} 'I give'
• {{lang|grc|λαμβάνω}} {{grc-transl|λαμβάνω}} 'I take'
• {{lang|grc|κελεύει}} {{grc-transl|κελέυει}} 'he orders'
• {{lang|grc|ἐκέλευσε}} {{grc-transl|ἐκέλευσε}} 'he ordered'
• {{lang|grc|βούλομαι}} {{grc-transl|βούλομαι}} 'I want'

Monosyllabic verbs, such as {{lang|grc|βῆ}} {{grc-transl|βῆ}} 'he went' (poetic) and {{lang|grc|εἶ}} {{grc-transl|εἶ}} 'you are', because they are recessive, have a circumflex. An exception is {{lang|grc|φῄς}} {{grc-transl|φῄς}} or {{lang|grc|φής}} {{grc-transl|φής}} 'you say'.

A few 3rd person plurals have a contracted ending (the other persons are recessive):{{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|pp=122–3}}

• {{lang|grc|ἀφιᾶσι}} {{grc-transl|ἀφιᾶσι}} 'they send off'
• {{lang|grc|ἱστᾶσι}} {{grc-transl|ἱστᾶσι}} 'they stand (transitive)'
• {{lang|grc|τεθνᾶσι}} {{grc-transl|τεθνᾶσι}} 'they have died'
• {{lang|grc|ἑστᾶσι}} {{grc-transl|ἑστᾶσι}} 'they are standing (intransitive)'

When a verb is preceded by an augment, the accent goes no further back than the augment itself:

• {{lang|grc|ἐξῆν}} {{grc-transl|ἐξῆν}} 'it was possible'
• {{lang|grc|εἰσῆλθον}} {{grc-transl|εἰσῆλθον}} 'they entered'

Contracting verbs are underlyingly recessive, that is, the accent is in the same place it had been before the vowels contracted. When an acute and a non-accented vowel merge, the result is a circumflex. In practice therefore, several parts of contracting verbs are non-recessive:

• {{lang|grc|ποιῶ}} {{grc-transl|ποιῶ}} 'I do' (earlier {{lang|grc|ποιέω}})
• {{lang|grc|ἐποίουν}} {{grc-transl|ἐποίουν}} 'I was doing' (earlier {{lang|grc|ἐποίεον}})
• {{lang|grc|ποιοῦσι}} {{grc-transl|ποιοῦσι}} 'they do' (earlier {{lang|grc|ποιέουσι}})

Contracting futures such as {{lang|grc|ἀγγελῶ}} {{grc-transl|ἀγγελῶ}} 'I will announce' and {{lang|grc|ἐρῶ}} {{grc-transl|ἐρῶ}} 'I will say' are accented like {{lang|grc|ποιῶ}} {{grc-transl|ποιῶ}}.

The accent is recessive in the imperative of most verbs:

• {{lang|grc|λέγε}} {{grc-transl|λέγε}} 'say!'
• {{lang|grc|σταύρωσον}} {{grc-transl|σταύρωσον}} 'crucify!'
• {{lang|grc|μέμνησο}} {{grc-transl|μέμνησο}} 'remember!'
• {{lang|grc|φάγε}} {{grc-transl|φάγε}} 'eat!'
• {{lang|grc|δότε}} {{grc-transl|δότε}} 'give (pl.)!'
• {{lang|grc|ἄπιθι}} {{grc-transl|ἄπιθι}} 'go away (sg.)!'
• {{lang|grc|διάβηθι}} {{grc-transl|διάβηθι}} 'go across (sg.)!'
• {{lang|grc|φάθι}} {{grc-transl|φάθι}} 'say!'So usually in our texts; but cf. {{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=226}}.

In compounded monosyllabic verbs, however, the imperative is paroxytone:

• {{lang|grc|ἀπόδος}} {{grc-transl|ἀπόδος}} 'give back!'
• {{lang|grc|περίθες}} {{grc-transl|περίθες}} 'place round!'

The strong aorist imperative active (2nd person singular only) of the following five verbs (provided they are not prefixed) is oxytone:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§423, 424: recessive accent in verbs; exceptions}}

• {{lang|grc|εἰπέ}} {{grc-transl|εἰπέ}} 'say', {{lang|grc|ἐλθέ}} {{grc-transl|ἐλθέ}} 'come', {{lang|grc|εὑρέ}} {{grc-transl|εὑρέ}} 'find', {{lang|grc|ἰδέ}} {{grc-transl|ἰδέ}} 'see', {{lang|grc|λαβέ}} {{grc-transl|λαβέ}} 'take!' (the last two in Attic only)

However, if plural or prefixed, these imperatives are recessive:

• {{lang|grc|εἴπετε}} {{grc-transl|εἴπετε}} 'say (pl.)!', {{lang|grc|ἔλθετε}} {{grc-transl|ἔλθετε}}, etc.
• {{lang|grc|εἴσελθε}} {{grc-transl|εἴσελθε}} 'come in!'

The strong aorist imperative middle of all verbs (2nd person singular only) is perispomenon:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§426}}

• {{lang|grc|ἑλοῦ}} {{grc-transl|ἑλοῦ}} 'choose!'
• {{lang|grc|γενοῦ}} {{grc-transl|γενοῦ}} 'become!'

But the following is usually printed with an acute:

• {{lang|grc|ἰδού}} {{grc-transl|ἰδού}} 'behold!'

As with the active imperative, the plurals always have a recessive accent:

• {{lang|grc|ἴδεσθε}} {{grc-transl|ἴδεσθε}} 'see!'

The subjunctive of regular thematic verbs in the present tense or the weak or strong aorist tense is recessive, except for the aorist passive:

• {{lang|grc|λέγῃ}} {{grc-transl|λέγῃ}} 'he may say'
• {{lang|grc|λέγωσι}} {{grc-transl|λέγωσι}} 'they may say'
• {{lang|grc|λύσῃ}} {{grc-transl|λύσῃ}} 'he may free'
• {{lang|grc|λάβῃ}} {{grc-transl|λάβῃ}} 'he may take'

It is also recessive in the verb {{lang|grc|εἶμι}} {{grc-transl|εἶμι}} 'I go' and verbs ending in {{lang|grc|-υμι}} {{grc-transl|-υμι}}:{{sfnp|Vendryes|1904|p=120}}

• {{lang|grc|ἀπίῃ}} {{grc-transl|ἀπίῃ}} 'he may go away'
• {{lang|grc|ἀποδεικνύῃ}} {{grc-transl|ἀποδεικνύῃ}} 'he may point out'

But in the aorist passive, in the compounded aorist active of {{lang|grc|βαίνω}} {{grc-transl|βαίνω}} 'I go', and in all tenses of other athematic verbs, it is non-recessive:

• {{lang|grc|λυθῶ}} {{grc-transl|λυθῶ}} 'I may be freed'
• {{lang|grc|φανῶ}} {{grc-transl|φανῶ}} 'I may appear'
• {{lang|grc|διαβῇ}} {{grc-transl|διαβῇ}} 'he may go across'
• {{lang|grc|διδῶσι}} {{grc-transl|διδῶσι}} 'they may give',
• {{lang|grc|ἑστῶ}} {{grc-transl|ἑστῶ}} 'I may stand'
• {{lang|grc|παραδῶ}} {{grc-transl|παραδῶ}} 'I may hand over'
• {{lang|grc|ἐξῇ}} {{grc-transl|ἐξῇ}} 'it may be possible'

The optative similarly is recessive in regular verbs in the same tenses. The optative endings {{lang|grc|-οι}} {{grc-transl|-οι}} and {{lang|grc|-αι}} {{grc-transl|-αι}} count as long vowels for the purpose of accentuation:

• {{lang|grc|λύσαι}} {{grc-transl|λύσαι}} 'he might free'
• {{lang|grc|λάβοι}} {{grc-transl|λάβοι}} 'he might take'

But in the aorist passive, in the compounded aorist active of {{lang|grc|βαίνω}} {{grc-transl|βαίνω}} 'I go', and in all tenses of athematic verbs (other than {{lang|grc|εἶμι}} {{grc-transl|εἶμι}} 'I go' and verbs ending in {{lang|grc|-υμι}} {{grc-transl|-υμι}}), it is non-recessive:

• {{lang|grc|λυθεῖεν}} {{grc-transl|λυθεῖεν}} 'they might be freed'
• {{lang|grc|φανεῖεν}} {{grc-transl|φανεῖεν}} 'they might appear'
• {{lang|grc|διαβαῖεν}} {{grc-transl|διαβαῖεν}} 'they might go across'
• {{lang|grc|διδοῖεν}} {{grc-transl|διδοῖεν}} 'they might give'
• {{lang|grc|ἑσταῖεν}} {{grc-transl|ἑσταῖεν}} 'they might stand'
• {{lang|grc|παραδοῖεν}} {{grc-transl|παραδοῖεν}} 'they might hand over'

But {{lang|grc|ἀπίοι}} {{grc-transl|ἀπίοι}} 'he might go away' is accented recessively like a regular verb.

The present and future infinitive of regular thematic verbs is recessive:

• {{lang|grc|λέγειν}} {{grc-transl|λέγειν}} 'to say'
• {{lang|grc|λύσειν}} {{grc-transl|λύσειν}} 'to be going to free'
• {{lang|grc|βούλεσθαι}} {{grc-transl|βούλεσθαι}} 'to want'
• {{lang|grc|ἔσεσθαι}} {{grc-transl|ἔσεσθαι}} 'to be going to be'

But all other infinitives are non-recessive, for example the weak aorist active:

• {{lang|grc|κωλῦσαι}} {{grc-transl|κωλῦσαι}} 'to prevent'
• {{lang|grc|κολάσαι}} {{grc-transl|κολάσαι}} 'to punish'

Strong aorist active and middle:

• {{lang|grc|λαβεῖν}} {{grc-transl|λαβεῖν}} 'to take'
• {{lang|grc|γενέσθαι}} {{grc-transl|γενέσθαι}} 'to become'
• {{lang|grc|ἀφικέσθαι}} {{grc-transl|ἀφικέσθαι}} 'to arrive'

Weak and strong aorist passive:

• {{lang|grc|λυθῆναι}} {{grc-transl|λυθῆναι}} 'to be freed'
• {{lang|grc|φανῆναι}} {{grc-transl|φανῆναι}} 'to appear'

The aorist active of {{lang|grc|βαίνω}} {{grc-transl|βαίνω}} 'I go' when compounded:

• {{lang|grc|διαβῆναι}} {{grc-transl|διαβῆναι}} 'to go across'

The present and aorist infinitives of all athematic verbs:

• {{lang|grc|διδόναι}} {{grc-transl|διδόναι}} 'to give'
• {{lang|grc|ἰέναι}} {{grc-transl|ἰέναι}} 'to go'
• {{lang|grc|ἐξεῖναι}} {{grc-transl|ἐξεῖναι}} 'to be possible'
• {{lang|grc|προδοῦναι}} {{grc-transl|προδοῦναι}} 'to betray'

But the Homeric {{lang|grc|ἔμμεναι}} {{grc-transl|ἔμμεναι}} 'to be' and {{lang|grc|δόμεναι}} {{grc-transl|δόμεναι}} 'to give' are recessive.

The perfect active, middle, and passive:

• {{lang|grc|λελυκέναι}} {{grc-transl|λελυκέναι}} 'to have freed'
• {{lang|grc|λελύσθαι}} {{grc-transl|λελύσθαι}} 'to have been freed'

The present, future and weak aorist participles of regular thematic verbs are recessive:

• {{lang|grc|λέγων}} {{grc-transl|λέγων}} 'saying'
• {{lang|grc|βουλόμενος}} {{grc-transl|βουλόμενος}} 'wanting'
• {{lang|grc|λύσων}} {{grc-transl|λύσων}} 'going to free'
• {{lang|grc|ἀκούσας}} {{grc-transl|ἀκούσας}} 'having heard'

But all other participles are non-recessive. These include the strong aorist active:

• {{lang|grc|λαβών}} {{grc-transl|λαβών}}, masc. pl. {{lang|grc|λαβόντες}} {{grc-transl|λαβόντες}}, fem. sg. {{lang|grc|λαβοῦσα}} {{grc-transl|λαβοῦσα}} 'after taking'

The weak and strong aorist passive:

• {{lang|grc|λυθείς}} {{grc-transl|λυθείς}}, masc. pl. {{lang|grc|λυθέντες}} {{grc-transl|λυθέντες}}, fem.sg. {{lang|grc|λυθεῖσα}} {{grc-transl|λυθεῖσα}} 'after being freed'
• {{lang|grc|φανείς}} {{grc-transl|φανείς}}, masc. pl. {{lang|grc|φανέντες}} {{grc-transl|φανέντες}}, fem.sg. {{lang|grc|φανεῖσα}} {{grc-transl|φανεῖσα}} 'after appearing'

The compounded aorist active of {{lang|grc|βαίνω}} {{grc-transl|βαίνω}} 'I go':

• {{lang|grc|διαβάς}} {{grc-transl|διαβάς}}, {{lang|grc|διαβάντες}} {{grc-transl|διαβάντες}}, fem.sg. {{lang|grc|διαβᾶσα}} {{grc-transl|διαβᾶσα}} 'after going across'

The present and aorist participles of athematic verbs:

• {{lang|grc|διδούς}} {{grc-transl|διδούς}} 'giving', masc.pl. {{lang|grc|διδόντες}} {{grc-transl|διδόντες}}, fem.sg. {{lang|grc|διδοῦσα}} {{grc-transl|διδοῦσα}}
• {{lang|grc|ἰών}} {{grc-transl|ἰών}}, masc.pl. {{lang|grc|ἰόντες}} {{grc-transl|ἰόντες}}, fem.sg. {{lang|grc|ἰοῦσα}} {{grc-transl|ἰοῦσα}} 'going'
• {{lang|grc|παραδούς}} {{grc-transl|παραδούς}}, masc.pl. {{lang|grc|παραδόντες}} {{grc-transl|παραδόντες}}, fem.sg. {{lang|grc|παραδοῦσα}} {{grc-transl|παραδοῦσα}} 'after handing over'
• {{lang|grc|ἐξόν}} {{grc-transl|ἐξόν}} (neuter) 'it being possible'

The perfect active, middle, and passive:

• {{lang|grc|λελυκώς}} {{grc-transl|λελυκώς}}, masc. pl. {{lang|grc|λελυκότες}} {{grc-transl|λελυκότες}}, fem.sg. {{lang|grc|λελυκυῖα}} {{grc-transl|λελυκυῖα}} 'having freed'
• {{lang|grc|λελυμένος}} {{grc-transl|λελυμένος}} 'having been freed'

Two athematic verbs, {{lang|grc|εἰμί}} {{grc-transl|εἰμί}} 'I am' and {{lang|grc|φημί}} {{grc-transl|φημί}} 'I say', are exceptional in that in the present indicative they are usually enclitic. When this happens they put an accent on the word before them and lose their own accent:

• {{lang|grc|αἴτιός εἰμι}} {{grc-transl|αἴτιός εἰμι}} 'I am responsible'
• {{lang|grc|οὔ φησι}} {{grc-transl|οὔ φησι}} 'he says ... not'

But both verbs can also begin a sentence, or follow a comma, or an elision, in which case they are not enclitic. In this case the accent is usually on the final syllable (e.g. {{lang|grc|εἰμί}} {{grc-transl|εἰμί}}, {{lang|grc|φημί}} {{grc-transl|φημί}}).{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|p=267}} When it follows an elision, {{lang|grc|ἐστίν}} {{grc-transl|ἐστίν}} is also accented on the final:

• {{lang|grc|τί ποτ' ἐστίν;}} {{grc-transl|τί ποτ' ἐστίν;}} 'what (ever) is it?'

However, the 3rd person singular {{lang|grc|ἐστί}} {{grc-transl|ἐστί}} also has a strong form, {{lang|grc|ἔστι}} {{grc-transl|ἔστι}}, which is used 'when the word expresses existence or possibility (i.e. when it is translatable with expressions such as 'exists', 'there is', or 'it is possible').'{{harvp|Probert|2003|p=144}}; cf. {{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=267}}. This form is used among other places in the phrase {{lang|grc|οὐκ ἔστι}} {{grc-transl|οὐκ ἔστι}} 'it is not' and at the beginning of sentences, such as:

• {{lang|grc|ἔστιν θάλασσα· τίς δέ νιν κατασβέσει;}} {{grc-transl|ἔστιν θάλασσα· τίς δέ νιν κατασβέσει;}} 'The sea exists; and who shall quench it?'Aeschylus, Agamemenon, line 955.

The 2nd person singular {{lang|grc|εἶ}} {{grc-transl|εἶ}} 'you are' and {{lang|grc|φῄς}} {{grc-transl|φῄς}} 'you say' are not enclitic.{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§424}}

The future of the verb 'to be' has its accent on the verb itself even when prefixed:{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|loc=§426}}

• {{lang|grc|ἀπέσται}} {{grc-transl|ἀπέσται}} 'he will be away'

The verbal adjectives ending in {{lang|grc|-τέος}} {{grc-transl|-τέος}} and {{lang|grc|-τέον}} {{grc-transl|-τέον}} are always paroxytone:

• {{lang|grc|κολαστέος ἐστί}} {{grc-transl|κολαστέος ἐστί}}Plato, Gorgias 527b. 'he needs to be punished'
• {{lang|grc|κολαστέον τοὺς ἀδίκους}} {{grc-transl|κολαστέον τοὺς ἀδίκους}}Xenophon, Hiero 8.9. 'it is necessary to punish wrong-doers'

The adjective ending in {{lang|grc|-τος}} {{grc-transl|-τος}} is usually oxytone, especially when it refers to something which is capable of happening:

• {{lang|grc|κλυτός}} {{grc-transl|κλυτός}} 'famous (able to be heard about)'
• {{lang|grc|διαλυτός}} {{grc-transl|διαλυτός}} 'capable of being taken apart'
• {{lang|grc|ποιητός}} {{grc-transl|ποιητός}} 'made, adopted'

Comparison with Sanskrit as well as the statements of grammarians shows that the accent in some Greek words has shifted from its position in Proto-Indo-European.

Wheeler's law, suggested in 1885 by Benjamin Ide Wheeler, refers to a process whereby words with a dactylic ending {{mono|–◡◡}} (counting endings such as -on, -os, -oi as short), if they were oxytone in Proto-Indo-European, became paroxytone in Greek. It is also known as the "law of dactylic retraction".{{harvp|Gunkel|2014}}; {{harvp|Probert|2003|pp=93–96}}; {{harvp|Collinge|1985|p=221}}.

This law is used to explain the paroxytone accent in words such as the following:

• Adjectives such as {{lang|grc|ποικίλος}} {{grc-transl|ποικίλος}} 'multicoloured', {{lang|grc|ἐναντίος}} {{grc-transl|ἐναντίος}} 'opposite', {{lang|grc|πλησίος}} {{grc-transl|πλησίος}} 'near'
• Names such as {{lang|grc|Αἰσχύλος}} {{grc-transl|Αἰσχύλος}} 'Aeschylus'
• Perfect passive and middle participles such as {{lang|grc|δεδεγμένος}} {{grc-transl|δεδεγμένος}} 'having received'
• Paroxytone compound words with active meaning such as {{lang|grc|ἀνδροκτόνος}} {{grc-transl|ἀνδροκτόνος}} 'man-slaying', {{lang|grc|βουκόλος}} {{grc-transl|βουκόλος}} 'cowherd'
• Dative plurals such as {{lang|grc|πατράσι}} {{grc-transl|πατράσι}} 'fathers', {{lang|grc|ἀνδράσι}} {{grc-transl|ἀνδράσι}} 'men'

Similar words and endings in Sanskrit are regularly accented on the final syllable, and active compounds which do not have a dactylic rhythm often have final accent, e.g. {{lang|grc|ψυχοπομπός}} {{grc-transl|ψυχοπομπός}} 'soul-escorting'.

There are numerous exceptions to Wheeler's law, especially words ending in {{lang|grc|-ικός}} {{grc-transl|-ικός}} or {{lang|grc|-ικόν}} {{grc-transl|-ικόν}} (for example, {{lang|grc|ναυτικόν}} {{grc-transl|ναυτικόν}} 'fleet'), which are always oxytone. There are also participles such as {{lang|grc|δεδομένος}} {{grc-transl|δεδομένος}} or feminine {{lang|grc|δεδομένη}} {{grc-transl|δεδομένη}} 'given', which have penultimate accent despite not being dactylic. These exceptions are usually explained as being due to analogical processes.

Bartoli's law (pronunciation /'bartoli/), proposed in 1930 by Matteo Bartoli, aims to explain how some oxytone words ending in the rhythm {{mono|◡–}} (short–long) have become proparoxytone.{{harvp|Faulkner|2012}}; {{harvp|Faulkner|2013}}; {{harvp|Collinge|1985|p=229}}; {{harvp|Probert|2006|p=88}}. Another name is the "law of iambic retraction". Examples are:

• {{lang|grc|θυγάτηρ}} {{grc-transl|θυγάτηρ}} 'daughter', presumed to have come from an earlier {{lang|grc|*θυγατήρ}} {{grc-transl|*θυγατήρ}} (compare Vedic {{lang|sa|duhitá:}})
• {{lang|grc|δεσπότης}} {{grc-transl|δεσπότης}} 'master', presumed to have come from an earlier {{lang|grc|*δεσποτής}} {{grc-transl|*δεσποτής}}

The existence of such a law has been called into question, however, and it is argued that most or all of the words proposed as examples have other explanations.{{sfnp|Dieu|2015}}

Vendryes's law (pronunciation /vɑ̃dʁi'jɛs/), proposed in 1945 by Joseph Vendryes, describes how words of the rhythm {{mono|◡–◡}}, which had penultimate accent in other dialects, came to be pronounced proparoxytone in Attic (that is, the dialect of Athens).{{harvp|Collinge|1985|pp=200–201}}; {{harvp|Devine|Stephens|1994|p=102}} This change appears to have taken place about 400 BC, and was known to the Greek grammarians who wrote on accentuation. One ancient commentator on Aristophanes wrote: {{lang|grc|τροπαῖον}} {{grc-transl|τροπαῖον}} ('trophy') should be read as properispomenon in Aristophanes and Thucydides, but as proparoxytone {{lang|grc|τρόπαιον}} {{grc-transl|τρόπαιον}} in later poets.{{sfnp|Devine|Stephens|1994|p=102}}

The law affected words like the following:

• {{lang|grc|τρόπαιον}} {{grc-transl|τρόπαιον}}, {{lang|grc|ἕταιρος}} {{grc-transl|ἕταιρος}} 'companion', {{lang|grc|ἕτοιμος}} {{grc-transl|ἕτοιμος}} 'ready', {{lang|grc|ὅμοιος}} {{grc-transl|ὅμοιος}} 'like', {{lang|grc|ἔρημος}} {{grc-transl|ἔρημος}} 'deserted', {{lang|grc|βέβαιος}} {{grc-transl|βέβαιος}} 'firm', which came from an earlier {{lang|grc|τροπαῖον, ἑταῖρος, ἑτοῖμος, ὁμοῖος, ἐρῆμος, βεβαῖος}}
• {{lang|grc|ἔγωγε}} {{grc-transl|ἔγωγε}} 'I at any rate', {{lang|grc|ἔμοιγε}} {{grc-transl|ἔμοιγε}} 'to me at any rate', which came from an earlier {{lang|grc|ἐγώ γε, ἐμοί γε}}

The accent shift described by Vendryes's law seems to have affected mainly adjectives. Verbs such as {{lang|grc|ἀπῆλθον}} {{grc-transl|ἀπῆλθον}} 'I went away' and participles such as {{lang|grc|λαβοῦσα}} {{grc-transl|λαβοῦσα}} 'having taken' were unaffected.

The ancient grammarians were aware that there were sometimes differences between their own accentuation and that of other dialects, for example that of the Homeric poems, which they could presumably learn from the traditional sung recitation.

Some peculiarities of Attic, the dialect of Athens, have been noted above under Vendryes's Law.

The Aeolic pronunciation, exemplified in the dialect of the 7th-century BC poets Sappho and Alcaeus from the island of Lesbos, differed in that every major word (but not prepositions or conjunctions) was pronounced recessively, thus:{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|pp=6, 83, 121, 126, 193, 208, 228}}

• {{lang|grc|Ζεῦς}} {{grc-transl|Ζεῦς}}, {{lang|grc|σόφος}} {{grc-transl|σόφος}}, {{lang|grc|κάλος}} {{grc-transl|κάλος}}, {{lang|grc|ἔμοι}} {{grc-transl|ἔμοι}}, {{lang|grc|ὄρανος}} {{grc-transl|ὄρανος}}, {{lang|grc|Ἄτρευς}} {{grc-transl|Ἄτρευς}}, {{lang|grc|Ἀχίλλευς}} {{grc-transl|Ἀχίλλευς}}, {{lang|grc|Σάπφω}} {{grc-transl|Σάπφω}} for {{lang|grc|Ζεύς, σοφός, καλός, ἐμοί, οὐρανός, Ἀτρεύς, Ἀχιλλεύς, Σαπφώ}}

But {{lang|grc|Ἀλκαῖος}} {{grc-transl|Ἀλκαῖος}} 'Alcaeus' was apparently pronounced {{lang|grc|Ἀλκάος}} {{grc-transl|Ἀλκάος}} in Lesbian.{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|p=63}}

The Boeotian dialect, although from the same dialect group as Lesbian, did not have this recessive accentuation, and appears not to have differed accentually from common (koine) Greek.{{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=6}}; {{harvp|Probert|2006|p=73}}.

The grammarians give no details of the Thessalian dialect (another variety of Aeolic) but it has been suggested that the dropping of certain vowels in words on inscriptions indicates that it had a stress accent at the beginning of each word.{{sfnp|Probert|2006|p=73}}

The Doric dialect also had certain peculiarities. One was that (some) properispomenon words were pronounced paroxytone. The examples given are 3rd declension nominative plural:{{harvp|Probert|2006|p=71}}; {{harvp|Chandler|1881|p=165}}.

• {{lang|grc|παίδες}} {{grc-transl|παίδες}} 'boys', {{lang|grc|γυναίκες}} {{grc-transl|γυναίκες}}, {{lang|grc|αἴγες}} {{grc-transl|αἴγες}} 'goats' (for {{lang|grc|παῖδες}} {{grc-transl|παῖδες}}, {{lang|grc|γυναῖκες}} {{grc-transl|γυναῖκες}}, {{lang|grc|αἶγες}} {{grc-transl|αἶγες}})

On the other hand, it is reported that the 1st and 2nd declension accusative plural in Doric had a short vowel (-ăs, -ŏs), leading to accentuations such as:{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|p=60}}

• {{lang|grc|τῖμας}} {{grc-transl|τῖμας}} 'honours', {{lang|grc|πᾶσας}} {{grc-transl|πᾶσας}} 'all' (for {{lang|grc|τίμας}} {{grc-transl|τίμας}}, {{lang|grc|πάσας}} {{grc-transl|πάσας}})

Another characteristic of Doric was that the endings {{lang|grc|-οι}} {{grc-transl|-οι}} and perhaps {{lang|grc|-αι}} {{grc-transl|-αι}}, and in verbs 3rd pl. {{lang|grc|-ον}} {{grc-transl|-ον}} and {{lang|grc|-αν}} {{grc-transl|-αν}} (derived from an earlier *-ont and *-ant) counted as long, leading to a paroxytone accent in:{{harvp|Chandler|1881|pp=4, 218}}.; {{harvp|Probert|2006|p=72}}.

• {{lang|grc|φιλοσόφοι}} {{grc-transl|φιλοσόφοι}} 'philosophers', {{lang|grc|καλουμένοι}} {{grc-transl|καλουμένοι}} 'called', {{lang|grc|ἐδώκαν}} {{grc-transl|ἐδώκαν}} 'they gave', {{lang|grc|ἐλέγον}} {{grc-transl|ἐλέγον}} 'they said'

Doric speakers also apparently pronounced a circumflex on certain genitive plurals, which were paroxytone in other dialects:{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|pp=166, 212}}

• {{lang|grc|παιδῶν}} {{grc-transl|παιδῶν}} 'of boys', {{lang|grc|Τρωῶν}} {{grc-transl|Τρωῶν}} 'of Trojans', {{lang|grc|παντῶν}} {{grc-transl|παντῶν}} 'of all', {{lang|grc|ἀλλῶν}} {{grc-transl|ἀλλῶν}} 'of others'

In Doric the future was also accented non-recessively in all verbs:{{sfnp|Chandler|1881|p=218}}

• {{lang|grc|λεξῶ}} {{grc-transl|λεξῶ}} 'I will say', {{lang|grc|ποιησῶ}} {{grc-transl|ποιησῶ}} 'I will do'

• Pitch-accent language
• Syllable
• Delphic Hymns
• Mesomedes

{{reflist|35em}}

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• {{cite book |last=Allen |first=W. Sidney |date=1987 |orig-year=1968 |title=Vox Graeca: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
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• {{cite journal |last=Kim |first=Ronald |date=2002 |title=The Continuation of Proto-Indo-European Lexical Accent in Ancient Greek: Preservation and Reanalysis |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1768&context=pwpl |periodical=University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=2/5 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Kiparsky |first=Paul |date=1973 |title=The Inflectional Accent in Indo-European |journal=Language |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=794–849 |doi=10.2307/412064 |jstor=412064 }}
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• {{cite book |last=Landels |first=John G. |date=1999 |title=Music in Ancient Greece and Rome |url=http://www.ganino.com/files/Latin%20Copyright%20Books/86%20Music%20in%20Ancient%20Greece%20and%20Rome.pdf |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-203-04284-0 | access-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406154436/http://www.ganino.com/files/Latin%20Copyright%20Books/86%20Music%20in%20Ancient%20Greece%20and%20Rome.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-06 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=D. Gary |date=1976 |jstor=40266345 |title=The Transformation of a Natural Accent System: The Case of the Ancient Greek Enclitics |periodical=Glotta |volume=54 |issue=Bd., 1./2. H |pages=11–24 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG) }}
• {{cite book |last1=Pöhlmann |first1=Egert |last2=West |first2=Martin L. |date=2001 |title=Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments |others=Edited and transcribed with commentary by Egert Pöhlmann and Martin L. West |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-815223-X }}
• {{cite book |last=Probert |first=Philomen |date=2003 |title=A New Short Guide to the Accentuation of Ancient Greek |publisher=Bristol Classical Press }}
• {{cite book |last=Probert |first=Philomen |date=2006 |title=Ancient Greek Accentuation: Synchronic Patterns, Frequency Effects, and Prehistory |publisher=Oxford University Press }}
• {{wikicite |ref={{harvid|Probert|2018}} |reference = Probert, Philomen (2018). [https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/147/abstract/accenting-sequences-enclitics-ancient-greek-rediscovering-ancient-rule "Accenting Sequences of Enclitics in Ancient Greek: Rediscovering an Ancient Rule"]. Abstract of paper to be read at Society for Classical Studies Annual Meeting.}}
• {{cite book |last=Smyth |first=Herbert Weir |date=1920 |title=A Greek Grammar for Colleges |url=http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm |publisher=American Book Company |via=CCEL |access-date=29 December 2014 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Steriade |first=Donca |date=1988 |jstor=4178589 |title=Greek Accent: A Case for Preserving Structure |periodical=Linguistic Inquiry |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=271–314 |publisher=The MIT Press }}
• {{cite book |last=Vendryes |first=Joseph |date=1904 |title=Traité d'accentuation grecque |trans-title=Treatise on Greek accentuation |url=https://archive.org/details/traitdaccentuati00vend |place=Paris |publisher=Klinksieck }}

• [https://www.oeaw.ac.at/kal/agm/ Prayer to Calliope and Apollo]. Sung to the lyre by Stefan Hagel.

{{Ancient Greek grammar}}

Category:Ancient Greek

Category:Greek grammar

Category:Tone (linguistics)