Andranik Tangian

{{Infobox scientist

|name = Andranik Tangian

|other_names = Melik-Tangyan
Tanguiane

|image = TangianAndranik11Sep2007 01.jpg

|caption = Andranik Tangian, Düsseldorf, 2007

|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|03|29|mf=yes}}

|birth_place = Moscow

|death_date =

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|residence =

|citizenship = Soviet Union
Russia
Germany

|nationality =

|fields = Applied mathematics
Political economy
Music theory

|workplaces = Grenoble Institute of Technology
University of Hagen
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

|alma_mater = Moscow State University Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics

|doctoral_advisor =

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|doctoral_students =

|notable_students =

|known_for = Mathematical theory of democracy
Third Vote election method
Criticism of flexicurity employment strategy
Models of artificial perception of music

|author_abbrev_bot =

|author_abbrev_zoo =

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}}

Andranik Semovich Tangian (Melik-Tangyan) (Russian: Андраник Семович Тангян (Мелик-Тангян)); born March 29, 1952) is a Soviet Armenian-German mathematician, political economist and music theorist.{{cite book| title= Armenian Encyclopedia of Hayazg Foundation |chapter=Tangian Andranik Semovich |language=ru|url=http://ru.hayazg.info/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 |access-date=15 February 2021}} He is professor of the Institute for Economics (ECON) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.{{cite book| title=Personal page of Prof. Dr. Dr. Andranik S. Melik-Tangyan |date= 4 October 2018 |url= https://micro.econ.kit.edu/english/107.php |access-date=15 February 2021}}

Biography

As a self-taught composer, he debuted with orchestral music to the play The Last Trimester at the Moscow {{ill|Central Children Theater|de|Russisches Akademisches Jugendtheater}} in 1977.{{cite journal|first=Z. (Сухина З.)|last=Sukhina|title=Открытие имен|trans-title=Discovering names|journal=Советская культура [Soviet Culture]|date=5 April 1977|page=8|language=ru}}

Tangian spent the academic year 1990/91 at the University of Hagen and published his first monograph on the mathematical theory of democracy in 1991.{{Cite book|last=Tanguiane (Tangian) |first=Andranick |date=1991|title=Aggregation and representation of preferences: introduction to mathematical theory of democracy |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin–Heidelberg|isbn= 978-3-642-76516-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-76516-2}} During the next two academic years, Tangian has been visiting professor/researcher at the computer music studio ACROE–LIFIA of the Grenoble Institute of Technology, where he wrote a monograph on artificial perception and music.{{Cite book|last=Tanguiane (Tangian) |first=Andranick |date=1993|title= Artificial perception and music recognition|series= Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence|volume=746|publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-540-57394-4}}

From 1993 to 2002 Tangian ran a project on constructing objective functions for econometric decision models at the University of Hagen.{{Cite book

|last1=Tangian |first1=Andranik

|last2=Gruber |first2=Josef |date=1997

|title= Constructing scalar-valued objective functions. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Econometric Decision Models: Constructing Scalar-Valued Objective Functions, University of Hagen, held in Katholische Akademie Schwerte September 5–8, 1995 (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 453)

|isbn= 978-3-540-63061-6 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-48773-6

|publisher=Springer |location=Berlin }}{{Cite book

|last1=Tangian |first1=Andranik

|last2=Gruber |first2=Josef |date=2002

|title= Constructing and applying objective functions. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Econometric Decision Models: Constructing and Applying Objective Functions, University of Hagen, held in Haus Nordhelle, August, 28–31, 2000 (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 510)

|publisher=Springer |location=Berlin|isbn= 978-3-540-42669-1 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-56038-5 }}

Works

=Mathematical theory of democracy=

Combining the social choice and public choice approaches, Tangian's theory mathematically studies the fundamental concept to modern democracies – that of political representation.{{Cite book|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |date=2014|title=Mathematical theory of democracy|series=Studies in Choice and Welfare |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin-Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-38723-4 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38724-1}}{{Cite book|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |date=2020|title=Analytical theory of democracy. Vols. 1 and 2|series=Studies in Choice and Welfare |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-39690-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39691-6 |s2cid=216190330 }} For this purpose, several indices of representativeness are introduced and used for both theoretical analysis and applications.{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik| date=2022

|title= Analysis of the 2021 Bundestag Elections 1/4. Representativeness of the Parties and the Bundestag

|series= ECON Working Papers |volume=151

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |location=Karlsruhe

|url= https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000143156

|issn= 2190-9806 |doi = 10.5445/IR/1000143156}}{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik| date=2022

|title= Analysis of the 2021 Bundestag Elections 2/4. Political Spectrum

|series= ECON Working Papers |volume=152

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |location=Karlsruhe

|url= https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000143157

|issn= 2190-9806 |doi = 10.5445/IR/1000143157}}{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik| date=2022

|title= Analysis of the 2021 Bundestag Elections 3/4. Tackling the Bundestag Growth

|series= ECON Working Papers |volume=153

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |location=Karlsruhe

|url= https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000143158

|issn= 2190-9806 |doi = 10.5445/IR/1000143158}}

=Third Vote election method=

The method developed within the framework of the Mathematical theory of democracy assumes that instead of casting votes for candidates by name, electors give Yes/No-answers to political questions as raised in the candidates' manifestos.{{Cite journal

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2017

|title= An election method to improve policy representation of a parliament

|journal= Group Decision and Negotiation

|volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=181–196

|doi = 10.1007/S10726-016-9508-4 |s2cid = 157553362}} The balance of public opinion on these issues thus identified is then used to find the most representative candidates and form the most representative parliament.{{Cite journal

|author=Andranik Tangian|title=MCDM application of the Third Vote

|journal=Group Decision and Negotiation|date=2021

|volume=30|issue=4|pages=775–787

|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10726-021-09733-2.pdf

|doi=10.1007/s10726-021-09733-2

|s2cid=235571433

}}{{cite web

|last1=Amrhein

|first1=Marius

|last2=Diemer

|first2=Antonia

|last3=Eßwein

|first3=Bastian

|last4=Waldeck

|first4=Maximilian

|last5=Schäfer

|first5=Sebastian

|title = The Third Vote (web page)

| place=Karlsruhe

|publisher= Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute ECON

| url =https://studierendenwahl.econ.kit.edu/

| access-date = 15 December 2020}}{{Citation

| url = https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-lab-7-reloading-elections

| title = Turning a political education instrument (voting advice application) in a new election method

| work = World Forum for Democracy 2016, Lab 7: Reloading Elections

| publisher = Council of Europe

| place=Strasbourg

|date=7–9 November 2016

| access-date = 15 December 2020

| ref = none

}}{{Citation

| url = https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/lab-5-voting-under-the-influence

| title = Well Informed Vote

| work = World Forum for Democracy 2019, Lab 5: Voting under the Influence

| publisher = Council of Europe

| place=Strasbourg

|date=6–8 November 2019

| access-date = 15 December 2020

| ref = none

}}{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik| date=2022

|title= Analysis of the 2021 Bundestag Elections 4/4. Tackling the Bundestag Growth

|series= ECON Working Papers |volume=154

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |location=Karlsruhe

|url= https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000143159

|issn= 2190-9806 |doi = 10.5445/IR/1000143159}}

=Decision theory=

For decision models, Tangian has developed several methods for constructing objective functions (= composite indices that embody decision-makers' preferences).{{Cite journal|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2002|title= Constructing a quasi-concave quadratic objective function from interviewing a decision maker|journal= European Journal of Operational Research|volume=141 |issue=3 |pages=608–640 |doi=10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00185-0 |s2cid= 39623350 }}{{Cite journal|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2004|title= A model for ordinally constructing additive objective functions|journal=European Journal of Operational Research|volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=476–512|doi = 10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00413-2 | s2cid= 31019036 }} In particular, they are applied to optimize budgets for 16 Westphalian universities{{Cite journal |last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2004 |title= Redistribution of university budgets with respect to the status quo |journal=European Journal of Operational Research|volume=157 |issue=2 |pages=409–428|doi = 10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00271-6 }} and the European subsidies to 271 German regions for equalizing unemployment rates.{{Cite journal|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2008

|title= Multi-criteria optimization of regional employment policy: A simulation analysis for Germany |journal= Review of Urban and Regional Development |volume=20 |issue=2|pages=103–122 |url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-940X.2008.00144.x |doi = 10.1111/j.1467-940X.2008.00144.x |url-access=subscription }}

=Flexicurity =

Tangian's ten empirical models of flexicurity — the European policy intended to compensate the flexibilization of employment by social security measures — show that it fails to meet expectations.{{Cite book|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |date=2011|title=Flexicurity and political philosophy |publisher=Nova |location=New York| isbn= 978-1-61122-816-8 }} Alternatively, the job quality indicators developed within this research{{cite book

|title= Indicators of job quality in the European Union. IP/A/EMPL/ST/2008-09 PE 429.972

|date=2009

|location=Brussels

|publisher=European Parliament

|pages=111–112

|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201107/20110718ATT24284/20110718ATT24284EN.pdf

|access-date=15 February 2021}} are proposed for the workplace tax that, by analogy with the green tax, should charge employers for bad working conditions considered "social pollution".{{Cite journal

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |date=2009

|title=Decent work: indexing European working conditions and imposing workplace tax

|journal=Transfer

|volume=15 |issue=3/4 |pages=527–556

|doi = 10.1177/10242589090150031801|s2cid=154754555 |doi-access=free}}

=Inequality=

According to Tangian, the current rise in inequality is caused, among other things, by the increasing productivity, which enables to underpay workers in so-called "labor equivalents", maintaining nevertheless an impression of fair pay, and use the surplus profit to enrich the upper strata of the society.{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |date=2017

|title=Declining labor–labor exchange rates as a cause of inequality growth

|series = ECON Working papers|volume=104

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |location=Karlsruhe

|url=https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000075512/4399715

|doi=10.5445/IR/1000075512|s2cid =158541097}}

=Artificial perception and automatic notation of music=

{{main |Gestalt psychology#Support from cybernetics and neurology|Auditory scene analysis#Grouping and streams|Tempo#Tempo–rhythm interaction}}

The approach implements Tangian's principle of correlativity of perception for structuring data without knowing the structures, which is based on memory-saving representations.{{Cite journal |last=Tanguiane (Tangian)|first=Andranick |year=1994|title= A principle of correlativity of perception and its application to music recognition|journal=Music Perception|volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=465–502|doi= 10.2307/40285634 |jstor=40285634 }}{{Cite journal

|last=Tanguiane (Tangian)|first=Andranick |year=1995

|title= Towards axiomatization of music perception

|journal=Journal of New Music Research|volume=24|issue=3|pages=247–281

|doi = 10.1080/09298219508570685 }} This model is used for polyphonic voice separation/chord recognition and tempo tracking under variable tempo.{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranick

|date=2021

|title= How do we think: Modeling interactions of perception and memory

|series=KIT Scientific Working Papers|volume=166

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

|location=Karlsruhe

|issn=2194-1629

|url=https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000133287

|doi=10.5445/IR/1000133287|s2cid=237995668

}}{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik

|date=2021

|title= Breaking the vicious circle of rhythm–tempo definitions

|series=KIT Scientific Working Papers|volume=168

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

|location=Karlsruhe

|issn = 2194-1629

|url= https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000133727

|doi= 10.5445/IR/1000133727 |s2cid=236673923

}}

=Modeling interpretation=

Tangian has proposed to segment the musical text with respect to the segment functions and show the segments using tempo envelopes, dynamics and other execution techniques. All of these are displayed in a conditional "orchestral score".{{Cite journal

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=1999

|title= Towards a generative theory of interpretation for performance modeling

|journal=Musicae Scientiae|volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=237–267

|doi = 10.1177/102986499900300205|s2cid=145716284 }}

This idea is also applied to theatrical performance and its notation.{{Cite journal

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=1997

|title= Performance interpretation by segmentation and its notation

|journal=Contemporary Theatre Review|volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=79–97

|doi = 10.1080/10486809708568438 }}

=Algorithmic composition=

In the 2000s, Tangian has developed algorithms for finding rhythmic canons and fugues, i.e. polyphonic structures generated by one or two rhythmic patterns that in their interaction produce a regular pulse train, however, with no coinciding time events from different voices.{{cite book

|first=Andranik|last=Tangian | title=The sieve of Eratosthene for Diophantine equations in integer polynomials and Johnson's problem

|publisher= University of Hagen |location=Hagen

|series = Discussion Paper |volume= 309

|s2cid = 117546022}}{{Cite journal |last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2003|title= Constructing rhythmic canons|journal=Perspectives of New Music|volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=64–92|url = http://repmus.ircam.fr/_media/mamux/papers/tangian-2003-pnmcanons.pdf |access-date= January 16, 2021}}{{Cite book |last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2010 |title= IRCAM, Seminaire MaMuX, 9 February 2002, Mosaïques et pavages dans la musique |chapter= Constructing rhythmic fugues (addendum to Constructing rhythmic canons) |url = http://repmus.ircam.fr/_media/mamux/saisons/saison01-2001-2002/tangian_2002-2003_einekleinemathmusik_1-2_with-articles.pdf|access-date= January 16, 2021}}{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik |year=2002–2003

|title= IRCAM, Seminaire MaMuX, 9 February 2002, Mosaïques et pavages dans la musique

|chapter= Eine kleine Mathmusik I and II

|url = http://repmus.ircam.fr/mamux/saisons/saison01-2001-2002/2002-02-09|access-date= February 16, 2021}} As harmony algorithms, 2D and 3D proximity maps for major and minor keys and chords have been developed.{{Cite book

|last=Tangian |first=Andranik

|date=2021

|title= 2D and 3D proximity maps for major and minor keys and chords.

|series=KIT Scientific Working Papers|volume=171

|publisher=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

|location=Karlsruhe

|issn = 2194-1629

|url=https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000135520

|doi=10.5445/IR/1000135520|s2cid=237990451

|access-date= August 8, 2022}}