Anemoi

File:Rose des vents antiquité.jpg of ancient Greece, created by the scholar Adamantios Korais around 1796]]

In ancient Greek religion and myth, the Anemoi ({{langx|grc|Ἄνεμοι||Winds}}) were wind gods who were each ascribed a cardinal direction from which their respective winds came (see Classical compass winds), and were each associated with various nature, seasons and weather conditions. They were the progeny of the goddess of the dawn Eos and her husband, the god of the dusk, Astraeus.Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). {{Google books|tOgWfjNIxoMC|Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.|page=66}}

Etymology

The earliest attestation of the word in Greek and of the worship of the winds by the Greeks, are perhaps the Mycenaean Greek word-forms {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀀𐀚𐀗𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊}}}}, {{Lang|gmy-latn|a-ne-mo-i-je-re-ja}}, {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀀𐀚𐀗𐄀𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊}}}}, {{Lang|gmy-latn|a-ne-mo,i-je-re-ja}}, i.e. "priestess of the winds". These words, written in Linear B, are found on the KN Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.{{cite web|url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-ne-mo/|title=a-ne-mo|last=Raymoure|first=K.A.|work=Linear B Transliterations|publisher=Deaditerranean. Dead Languages of the Mediterranean|access-date=2014-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212181702/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-ne-mo/|archive-date=2019-02-12|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/1|title=KN Fp 1 + 31}} {{cite web|url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/13|title=KN 13 Fp(1) (138)}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hf.uio.no/ifikk/english/research/projects/damos/|title=DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo - Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas}}

Mythology

Image:Tower of the Winds frieze detail.jpg in ancient Athens, part of the frieze depicting the Greek wind gods Boreas (north wind, on the left) and Skiron (northwesterly wind, on the right)]]

The Anemoi are minor gods and are subject to Aeolus. They were sometimes represented as gusts of wind, and at other times were personified as winged men. They were also sometimes depicted as horses kept in the stables of the storm god Aeolus, who provided Odysseus with the Anemoi in the Odyssey. The Spartans were reported to sacrifice a horse to the winds on Mount Taygetus.Pausanias 2.34.2 compared by Festus to the Roman sacrifice of the October Horse, 190 in the edition of Lindsay. Astraeus, the astrological deity (sometimes associated with Aeolus), and Eos/Aurora, the goddess of the dawn, were the parents of the Anemoi, according to the Greek poet Hesiod.

Of the four chief Anemoi, Boreas (Aquilo in Roman mythology) is the north wind and bringer of cold winter air, Zephyrus (Favonius in Latin)Aulus Gellius 2.22.12. is the west wind and bringer of light spring and early-summer breezes, and Notus (Auster in Latin) is the south wind and bringer of the storms of late summer and autumn; Eurus, the southeastLiddell, Scott, & Jones Greek Lexicon. (or according to some,Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary. the east) wind, was not associated with any of the three Greek seasons, and is the only one of these four Anemoi not mentioned in Hesiod's Theogony or in the Orphic Hymns.

The deities equivalent to the Anemoi in Roman mythology were the Venti (Latin, "winds").{{cn|date=December 2024}} These gods had different names, but were otherwise very similar to their Greek counterparts, borrowing their attributes and being frequently conflated with them. Ptolemy's world map listed 12 winds: Septentrio (N), Aquilo (NNE), Vulturnus (NE), Subsolanus (E), Eurus (SE), Euroauster (SSE), Austeronotus (S), Euronotus (SSW), Africus (SW), Zephirus (W), Eurus (NW), Circius (NNW).

===Boreas===

Boreas is the god of the north wind and the harshest of the Anemoi. He is mostly known for his abduction of the Athenian princess Orithyia, by whom he became the father of the Boreads. In art, he is usually depicted as a bearded, older man. His Roman equivalent is called Aquilo.

=Zephyrus=

File:Affreschi romani - pompei - nozze zefiro e clori particolare.JPG]]

File:Hyacinthus and Zephyrus 3.jpg; Attic red-figure cup from Tarquinia, c. 480 BCE, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]

File:Zephyr and Flora, c.1720, by Antonio Corradini, V&A.JPG]]

Zephyrus (Gk. {{lang|grc|Ζέφυρος}} [{{lang|grc-Latn|Zéphyros}}]), sometimes shortened in English to Zephyr, is the Greek god of the west wind. The gentlest of the winds, Zephyrus is known as the fructifying wind, the messenger of spring. It was thought that Zephyrus lived in a cave in Thrace.

Zephyrus was reported as having several wives in different stories. He was said to be the husband of Iris, goddess of the rainbow. He abducted the goddess Chloris, and gave her the domain of flowers. With Chloris, he fathered Karpos ('fruit'). He is said to have vied for Chloris's love with his brother Boreas, eventually winning her devotion. Additionally, with yet another sister and lover, the harpy Podarge (also known as Celaeno), Zephyrus was said to be the father of Balius and Xanthus, Achilles' horses.

In the story of Eros and Psyche, Zephyrus served Eros (or Cupid) by transporting Psyche to his abode.

Zephyrus was also claimed to have killed one of Apollo's many male lovers Hyacinth out of jealousy. Hyacinth was killed by a discus thrown by Apollo. Though according to some sources, his death was said to be an accident, others said that Zephyrus was the true culprit, having blown the discus off course.

=Notus=

Notus ({{lang|grc|Νότος}}, {{Lang|grc-latn|Nótos}}) was the Greek god of the south wind. He was associated with the desiccating hot wind of the rise of Sirius after midsummer, was thought to bring the storms of late summer and early autumn, and was feared as a destroyer of crops.{{cite web|url=http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=pig&hl=en&biw=1067&bih=529&tbm=isch&tbnid=uT5h-lzuZ4rioM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ilex-press.com/2012/04/did-you-come-here-looking-for-a-pig/&docid=J1SMqkF-E-j4aM&imgurl=http://www.ilex-press.com/wp-content/uploads/pig-thumb1.jpg&w=400&h=298&ei=60qJUe6_OrGayQGc4YDABw&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=145&tbnw=194&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:167&tx=121&ty=119 |title=Google Image Result for |publisher=Google.ca |access-date=2013-05-07}}

File:VarsaviaPalazzo4VentiVento1 (cropped and mirrored).jpg

Notus' equivalent in Roman mythology was Auster, the embodiment of the sirocco wind, a southerly wind which brings cloudy weather, powerful winds and rain to southern Europe. (Auster named the compass point Australis and the country's name Australia.) The Auster winds are mentioned in Virgil's Aeneid Book II, lines 304–307:

{{Verse translation|in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris incidit,

aut rapidus montano flumine torrens

sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores,

praecipitesque trahit silvas|Just as when a flame falls on the standing grain while the South Winds rage,

or a rushing mountain stream lays low the fields,

lays low the glad crops and labors of oxen,

and drags down forests headlong.|lang=la}}

Another Roman poet, Tibullus 1.1, lines 47–48, speaks of the pleasure of lying in bed on rainy winter days:

{{Verse translation|aut, gelidas hibernus aquas cum fuderit Auster,

securum somnos igne iuvante sequi|or when the winter South Wind has poured out his cold waters,

to fall asleep carefree with the help of a fire.|lang=la}}

The name Australia (the "southern land") is derived from Auster.[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=australia Online etymological dictionary].

=Eurus=

Eurus ({{lang|grc|Εὖρος}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|Euros}}) according to some was the southeast wind, but according to others the east wind. On the Tower of the Winds in Athens, Eurus occupies the southeast side, while Apeliotes is in the east. However, it is widely accepted{{By whom|date=August 2022}} that Eurus is the east wind, while Apeliotes is the southeast wind.

Eurus' Roman counterpart is Vulturnus, according to Pliny the Elder;Pliny the Elder 2.46; cf. Columella 15 but for Aulus Gellius Volturnus was the equivalent of the southeast wind Euronotus.Aulus Gellius, 2.22.1. In the Latin poems, the name Eurus is generally used for the east or southeast wind, as in Greek.e.g. Virgil, Aen. 12.730, Horace, Odes 2.16, Ovid, Met. 15.552.

Eurus is a wind of storm, described as a turbulent wind during storms and tossing ships on the sea.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theoi.com/Titan/AnemosEuros.html|title=EURUS (Euros) - Greek God of the East Wind|website=www.theoi.com|access-date=2020-04-28}}Valerius Flaccus. The Argonautica. Translation by Mozley, J. H. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Book 1, ff 346, 574, 640. Book 2, ff 356. He is referred to as the "savior of Sparta" in a Homeric paean, or poem.Greek Lyric V New School of Poetry and Anonymous Songs. Translation by Campbell, D. A. Loeb Classical Library Vol 144. Frag. 858 (from Strasbourg papyrus). Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Eurus is also called the "hot wind" by Nonnus in Dionysiaca. Eurus is closely related to Helios in passages of the Dionysiaca, being called from his place near Helios' palace, Phaethon, where the sun rose in the east.Nonnus, Dionysiaca. Translated by Rouse, W H D. Book 3(ff 55) and 37 (ff. 55, ff 86). Loeb Classical Library Volumes 344, 354, 356. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940.

Lesser winds

Four lesser wind deities appear in a few ancient sources, such as at the Tower of the Winds in Athens:

Kaikias (or Caecius) is the Greek deity of the northeast wind. He is shown on the monument as a bearded man with a shield full of hailstones.

Apeliotes (or Apheliotes; the name means 'from the (rising) sun') is the Greek deity of the southeast wind.Liddell, Scott & Jones, Greek Lexicon. As this wind was thought to cause a refreshing rain particularly beneficial to farmers, he is often depicted wearing high boots and carrying fruit, draped in a light cloth concealing some flowers or grain. He is clean-shaven, with curly hair and a friendly expression. Because Apeliotes is a minor god, he was often syncretized with Eurus, the east wind.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The Roman counterpart of Apeliotes is Subsolanus.Aulus Gellius 2.22.1; Pliny the Elder 2.46.

Skiron was the name used in Athens for the wind which blew from the Scironian rocks (a geographical feature near Kineta to the west of Athens).Liddell, Scott, & Jones, Greek Lexicon. On the Tower of the Winds, however, he appears on the northwest side. His name is related to Skirophorion, the last of the three months of spring in the Attic calendar. He is depicted as a bearded man tilting a cauldron, representing the onset of winter. His Roman counterpart is CaurusVitruvius 1.6.13. or Corus.Lucretius 1.405. Pliny the Elder 2.48. Caurus is also one of the oldest Roman wind-deities, and numbered among the di indigetes ('indigenous gods'), a group of abstract and largely minor numinous entities. The Roman poet Virgil writes when describing steppe winter weather near the Sea of Azov:Virgil, Georgics, 3.356.

{{Verse translation|Semper hiemps, semper spirantes frigora cauri|Always winter, always the northwest winds breathing cold|lang=la}}

Lips is the Greek deity of the southwest wind, often depicted holding the stern of a ship. His Roman equivalent was Africus, due to the Roman province Africa being to the southwest of Italy. This name is thought to be derived from the name of a North African tribe, the Afri.

{{Gallery

|title=Friezes on the Clocktower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes (Tower of the Winds)

|width=160

|height=170

|align=center

|File:Relief of the wind god Kaikias on February 28, 2022.jpg|Kaikias

|File:Relief of the wind god Apeliotis on February 28, 2022.jpg|Apeliotes

|File:Relief of the wind god Skiron on February 28, 2022.jpg|Skiron

|File:Relief of the wind god Lips on February 28, 2022.jpg|Lips

}}

Other minor wind deities included:

Argestes "clearing", a wind blowing from about the same direction as Skiron (Caurus), and probably another name for it
Aparctias, sometimes called the north wind instead of Boreas
Thrascias, the north-northwest wind (sometimes called in Latin Circius)
Euronotus, the wind blowing from the direction, as its name suggests, between Euros and Notus, that is, a south-southeast wind (Euroauster to the Romans)
Iapyx, the northwest wind about the same as Caurus. It was this wind, according to Virgil, that carried the fleeing Cleopatra home to Egypt after she was defeated at the battle of Actium.Hdt. 7.189.3.
Libonotus, the south-southwest wind, known as Austro-Africus to the Romans
Meses, another name for the northwest wind
Olympias, apparently identified with Skiron/Argestes
Phoenicias, another name for the southeast wind ('the one blowing from Phoenicia', due to this land lying to the southeast of Greece)

References

External links

{{Commonscatinline}}
[https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-006651 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 50 images of winds)]
[https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC490JA_winds Drawings of the eight winds on the Tower of the Winds at Athens]

Category:Characters in Roman mythology

Category:Children of Eos

Category:Deities in the Iliad

Category:Characters in the Odyssey

Category:Greek gods

Category:Metamorphoses characters

Category:Personifications in Greek mythology

Category:Roman gods

Category:Sky and weather gods

Category:Wind gods

Category:Helios in mythology

Category:Avian humanoids