Angelica atropurpurea
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Angelica atropurpurea NRCS-2.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = {{cite journal |author=Maiz-Tome, L. |name-list-style=amp |title=Angelica atropurpurea |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=208 |at=e.T64263861A67728523. |publisher=IUCN |year=2013 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64263861A67728523.en|doi-access=free }}
|taxon = Angelica atropurpurea
|authority = L.
|synonyms=
- Angelica atropurpurea var. atropurpurea
- Angelica atropurpurea var. occidentalis Fassett
- Archangelica atropurpurea (L.) Hoffm.
- Selinum atropurpureum Link
}}
Angelica atropurpurea, known commonly as purplestem angelica, great angelica, American angelica, high angelica, and masterwort,[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/herbhunters/angelica.html Purplestem Angelica.] The Center for New Crops & Plant Products. Purdue University. is a species of flowering plant that can be found in moist and swampy woodlands, mostly by riverbanks, in eastern North America.
Description
Angelica atropurpurea is a perennial plant that grows to {{cvt|6|ft|cm}} tall.{{Cite web |title=Angelica atropurpurea L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:837563-1 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}} The erect, branching stem is purple, smooth, hollow, and sturdy. The compound leaves are bipinnate, with 3 to 5 leaflets per leaf. The total width of a lower leaf may be up to {{cvt|2|ft|cm}}, and the leaflets are {{convert |0.75-4.5|in|cm|1|abbr=on|}} long and {{convert |0.5-2.5|in|cm|abbr=on|}} across. They are generally ovate with serrated margins, and some are cleft into either shallow or deep lobes.
The plant has white to greenish flowers in umbrella-like umbels. One umbel may have as many as 40 branches and be up to {{cvt|8|in|cm}} across. Each flower has 5 petals and measures up to {{convert |0.25|in|cm|abbr=on|}}.{{cite web |title=Great Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) |url=https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/grt_angelica.html |website=www.illinoiswildflowers.info}}
Distribution and habitat
It has been found in eastern Canada (Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, Newfoundland, all 3 Maritime Provinces) and the United States (from New England south as far as North Carolina, and west to Minnesota, Iowa, and Tennessee).[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Angelica%20atropurpurea.png Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map] The plant grows in swamps, wet thickets, edges of woodlands next to wetlands, marshes, fens, and seeps. It is typically found in calcareous habitats with a consistent moisture.
Ecology
Flowers bloom late spring to early summer. A. atropurpurea is a host plant for the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes), the short-tailed swallowtail (Papilio brevicauda), and the moths Agonopterix clemensella, Papaipema harrisii, and Idia americalis.{{cite journal |title=HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/list.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&Familyqtype=starts+with&Family=&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&PFamily=&Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=&PGenusqtype=starts+with&PGenus=angelica&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=&PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PSpecies=atropurpurea&Country=&sort=Family |website=www.nhm.ac.uk| date=2023 | doi=10.5519/havt50xw | last1=Robinson | first1=Gaden S. | last2=Ackery | first2=Phillip R. | last3=Kitching | first3=Ian | last4=Beccaloni | first4=George W. | last5=Hernández | first5=Luis M. }} The nectar of the flowers attracts small bees.
Uses
The stalks can be eaten like celery and the flavor is similar. Early American settlers boiled parts of the plant to make into candy and added it to cakes. In Europe, it was believed that the plant could cure alcoholism.Runkel, S. T. and A. F. Bull. Wildflowers of Iowa Woodlands. 1979. page 139.
The aromatic root of angelica has widespread use as a purification herb among the Native American cultures. In California, it is often burned during a shaman's prayers in a healing ceremony.{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=William S.|title=Encyclopedia of Native American Healing |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.|year=1998|isbn=0-393-31735-8|page=16}} It has traditionally been held in high esteem by native peoples in Arkansas, who have often carried it in their medicine bags and mixed it with tobacco for smoking.{{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Virgil J.|title=American Indian Medicine |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1990|page=272}} In the Mvskoke Creek tribes of Alabama, Oklahoma, and Northwest Florida, Angelica atropurpurea (known as {{lang|mus|notossv}} in the Creek language) has both medicinal and ceremonial uses.{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=David|title=Creek Indian Medicine Ways|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=2002|page=155}} Medicinally, {{lang|mus|notossv}} is used by the Creeks to: cure back pain in adults; to calm panic attacks or people that are in hysterics; as a vermifuge in children; as well as treating stomach disorders. Mvskoke Creek Ceremonial uses include preventing heat stroke during the Ribbon Dance in the Green Corn Ceremony, aiding ceremonial singers, and to help those in legal trouble.
Gallery
Angelica atropurpurea Purple-stemmed Angelica.jpg| Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) found near Winona, MN, USA. The plant is seen here where it was growing near a creek on 27 May 2023
Angelica atropurpurea Purple-stemmed Angelica4 HollowStem.jpg| Cross section cut through the stem of Angelica atropurpurea showing how it is hollow inside.
Angelica atropurpurea Purple-stemmed Angelica3 Stem.jpg| The green stem has a vibrant wine-purple sheath around the stem where it branches. 27 May 2023
Angelica atropurpurea Purple-stemmed Angelica2.jpg| Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea). This individual is ~4 ft tall. 27 May 2023
Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) - Kitchener, Ontario 2018-03-04 (01).jpg| Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada 4 March 2018 showing the plant in its early stages of growth back from the base of a previous year's stem
Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) - Kitchener, Ontario 2018-03-04 (02).jpg|Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada 4 March 2018 showing its first leaves
Angelica atropurpurea (29440017125) 1x1.jpg|Angelica atropurpurea, Purple-stemmed angelica - Berlin Fen - Wisconsin State Natural Area #207 Green Lake County 8 July 2012
Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) - London, Ontario.jpg|Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) in London, Ontario, Canada 9 July 2015
Angelica atropurpurea 15-p.bot-angel.atro-10.jpg|Foliage of Angelica atropurpurea documented for the Bibliothèque de l'Université Laval in Quebec, Canada
Angelica atropurpurea 15-p.bot-angel.atro-15.jpg|Root area of Angelica atropurpurea documented for the Bibliothèque de l'Université Laval in Quebec, Canada
Angelica atropurpurea NRCS-1.jpg| Angelica atropurpurea L. (purplestem angelica) leaf with minor damage, photographed in 1995, Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database
Angelica atropurpurea 15-p.bot-angel.atro-08.jpg|Flower head in bud of Angelica atropurpurea documented for the Bibliothèque de l'Université Laval in Quebec, Canada
Angelica atropurpurea 15-p.bot-angel.atro-03.jpg|Sheath around the stem with a flower head in seed documented for the Bibliothèque de l'Université Laval in Quebec, Canada
Angelica atropurpurea - Guelph, Ontario 2020-04-21.jpg|Young Angelica atropurpurea plant in Guelph, Ontario, Canada 21 April 2020
Angelica atropurpurea - Guelph, Ontario 2020-04-08 (01).jpg|Young Angelica atropurpurea plant in Guelph, Ontario, Canada 8 April 2020