Angola–Namibia relations

Long before Namibian independence, the country's ruling party, the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO), had a unique relationship with Angola. SWAPO and its militant wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) had emerged during the 1960s in response to South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia, which the United Nations had denounced as illegal.{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Johann Alexander|title=The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle|year=2012|pages=36–41|publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library|location=Basel, Switzerland|isbn=978-3905758290}} Beginning in 1965, PLAN frequently used Angolan territory to mount raids on South African military positions in Namibia.{{cite book|last=Cann|first=John|title=Flight Plan Africa: Portuguese Airpower in Counterinsurgency, 1961–1974|year=2015|pages=362–363|publisher=Helion & Company|location=Solihull|isbn=978-1909982062}} Over the course of the war, the fighting in Namibia would eventually drive at least 43,000 Namibian refugees into exile in Angola, many of whom joined PLAN.{{cite book|last1=Colletta|first1=Nat|last2=Kostner|first2=Markus|last3=Wiederhofer|first3=Indo|title=Case Studies of War-To-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda|year=1996|pages=127–142|publisher=World Bank|location=Washington DC|isbn=978-0821336748}}

Following Angolan independence in 1975, SWAPO established a formal alliance with Angola's new ruling party, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).{{cite book|title=Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945-90|last=Dreyer|first=Ronald|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul International|year=1994|isbn=978-0710304711|pages=73–87, 100–116}} After being expelled from Zambia between 1976 and 1979, PLAN was permitted by the MPLA to establish its regional headquarters inside Angola.{{cite book|last=Dale|first=Richard|title=The Namibian War of Independence, 1966-1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns|year=2014|pages=74–77, 93–95|publisher=McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers|location=Jefferson|isbn=978-0786496594}}{{cite book|last=Nujoma|first=Samuel|title=Where others wavered|year=2001|pages=228–242|publisher=Panaf Books|location=London|isbn=978-0901787583}} Access to bases inside Angola provided PLAN with opportunities to train its forces in secure sanctuaries and infiltrate insurgents and supplies across Namibia's northern border. The MPLA government also permitted shipments of arms and ammunition destined for PLAN to pass through Angolan ports.{{cite book|last1=Steyn|first1=Douw|last2=Söderlund|first2=Arné|title=Iron Fist From The Sea: South Africa's Seaborne Raiders 1978-1988|year=2015|pages=203–205, 304–305|publisher=Helion & Company, Publishers|location=Solihull|isbn=978-1909982284}}{{cite web|title=SWAPO's Army: Organization, Tactics, and Prospects|author=|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85S00317R000300030002-3.pdf|location=Langley

|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=October 1984|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120171540/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85S00317R000300030002-3.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2017}} South African troops frequently launched search and destroy operations along PLAN's external infiltration routes in Angola; they also sabotaged Angolan port and rail infrastructure being used to transport supplies to PLAN.{{cite book|title=The SADF in the Border War 1966–1989|last=Scholtz|first=Leopold|year=2013|location=Cape Town|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=978-0-624-05410-8|pages=32–36}} This resulted in an effective state of war between South Africa and Angola which lasted until both nations, along with Cuba, signed the Tripartite Accord in 1989.{{cite book|last1=Sechaba|first1=Tsepo|last2=Ellis|first2=Stephen|title=Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile|year=1992|pages=184–187|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn= 978-0253210623}}

Under the terms of the Tripartite Accord, South Africa agreed to grant Namibia independence in exchange for a Cuban military withdrawal from Angola and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN.{{cite book|title=A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974-1990|last=James III|first=W. Martin|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2011|orig-year=1992|isbn=978-1-4128-1506-2|pages=207–214, 239–245}} Angola later cooperated with the United Nations in confining PLAN insurgents to their bases until they could be disarmed, demobilised, and returned home to participate in Namibia's first free and fair elections.{{cite book|last=Sitkowski|first=Andrzej|title=UN peacekeeping: myth and reality|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|year=2006|pages=80–86|isbn=978-0-275-99214-9}}

Following independence, Namibian-Angolan relations continued to be governed by security matters. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defence pact with Angola.{{cite web

|first=Vincent

|last=William

|url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RSDCOI&id=3ae6a6cb8&page=publ

|title=Namibia: Situation Report

|publisher=United Nations High Commission on Refugees

|access-date=2006-08-26

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060824221917/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RSDCOI&id=3ae6a6cb8&page=publ| archive-date= 24 August 2006 | url-status= live}} Between 1999 and 2001, Namibia cooperated with the MPLA government by detaining suspected sympathisers of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).Cape Argus/IOL.co.za, [http://www.iol.co.za/general/news/newsprint.php?art_id=ct20010503095516295T636531&sf= Namibian army faces abduction, torture claims], 2001 Namibian troops were also deployed to Angola to assist in counter-insurgency operations against UNITA insurgents near the border.{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportId=24760|title=IRIN SA Weekly Roundup Covering the Period 4–10 August 2001}} Namibia and Angola were both instrumental in an allied military intervention with Zimbabwe during the Second Congo War.{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/Scramble%20for%20the%20Congo%20Anatomy%20of%20an%20Ugly%20War.pdf |title=Scramble for the Congo - Anatomy of an Ugly War |publisher=ICG Africa |date=2000-12-20 |access-date=2013-06-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201147/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/Scramble%20for%20the%20Congo%20Anatomy%20of%20an%20Ugly%20War.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}

In 2001, there were about 30,000 Angolan refugees residing in Namibia.{{cite web

|url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/statistics/opendoc.pdf?tbl=STATISTICS&id=44e5c7800&page=statistics

|title=2004 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook - Namibia

|publisher=United Nations High Commission on Refugees

|access-date=2006-08-26

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060824221929/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/statistics/opendoc.pdf?tbl=STATISTICS&id=44e5c7800&page=statistics| archive-date= 24 August 2006 | url-status= live}} Many of them resided in the Osire refugee camp near Otjiwarongo. The overwhelming majority of the refugees were repatriated to Angola after the end of the Angolan Civil War in 2002.

Namibians were the only nationality who could access Angola visa-free until 30 November 2017 when citizens of South Africa and Mozambique were allowed visa-free access on 1 December 2017. Currently citizens of 11 countries can visit Angola visa-free.

In 2016, Namibian exports to Angola amounted to US$99.6 million and Angolan exports to Namibia amounted to US$6.2 million.{{Cite web|url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/NAM/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/by-country/Product/Total|title = Namibia Products Exports by country 2019 | WITS Data}}

File:Angolan Embassy in Windhoek.jpg

• Angola has an embassy in Windhoek and consulates-general in Oshakati and Rundu.
• Namibia has an embassy in Luanda and consulates-general in Menongue and Ondjiva.

• Foreign relations of Angola
• Foreign relations of Namibia

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{{Foreign relations of Angola}}

{{Foreign relations of Namibia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angola-Namibia relations}}

Namibia

Category:Bilateral relations of Namibia