Ankylosis

{{short description|Joint stiffness due to abnormal adhesion or rigidity of the articulating bones}}

{{Infobox medical condition (new)

| name = Ankylosis

| synonyms = Anchylosis

| image = North Atlantic right whale Ankylosis Picture 0119.jpg

| caption = Osseous ankylosis has fused two vertebrae of this North Atlantic right whale specimen

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| field = Rheumatology

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Ankylosis ({{ety|el|{{linktext|ἀγκύλος}} (ankulos)|bent, crooked}}) is a stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint, which may be the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular structures outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself.{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ankylosis|volume=2|page=58|name-list-style=vanc}}

When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term "false ankylosis" has been used in contradistinction to "true ankylosis", in which the disease is within the joint. When inflammation has caused the joint-ends of the bones to be fused together, the ankylosis is termed osseous or complete and is an instance of synostosis. Excision of a completely ankylotic shoulder or elbow may restore free mobility and usefulness to the limb. "Ankylosis" is also used as an anatomical term, bones being said to ankylose (or anchylose) when, from being originally distinct, they coalesce, or become so joined that no motion can take place between them.

Causes

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| footer = X-ray of the wrist of a woman with rheumatoid arthritis, showing unaffected carpal bones in the left image, and ankylosing fusion of the carpal bones 8 years later in the right image.

| image1 = Rheumatoid arthritis with unaffected carpal bones 2009.jpg

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| image2 = Rheumatoid arthritis with carpal ankylosis 2017.jpg

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Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis in which there is long-term inflammation of the joints of the spine.{{cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Ankylosing Spondylitis|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/ankylosing_spondylitis/|website=NIAMS|access-date=28 September 2016|date=June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928175058/http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/ankylosing_spondylitis/|archive-date=28 September 2016|url-status=dead}}
Other forms of arthritis may sometimes also lead to ankylosis, including rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis
Osteoarthritis usually confers osteophyte formation, which may eventually fuse across joints. Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low-grade inflammatory processes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Berenbaum F | title = Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!) | journal = Osteoarthritis and Cartilage | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–21 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23194896 | doi = 10.1016/j.joca.2012.11.012 | doi-access = free }}
Arthrodesis is the intentional creation of ankylosis in a joint.
Noma—a gangrenous disease still widespread among malnourished children living on the borders of the Sahara desert—can cause ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible, impairing the ability to speak and eat.{{cite journal | vauthors = Deeb GR, Yih WY, Merrill RG, Lundeen RC | title = Noma: report of a case resulting in bony ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible | journal = Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 378–382 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10578195 | doi = 10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600475 | name-list-style = amp }}.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare bone disease in which muscle, tendons and ligaments turn to bone. This leads to progressive ankylosis of almost all joints.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pignolo RJ, Shore EM, Kaplan FS | title = Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: clinical and genetic aspects | journal = Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 80 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22133093 | pmc = 3253727 | doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-6-80 | doi-access = free }}

Society and culture

=Fossil record=

Evidence for ankylosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Ankylosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Allosaurus fragilis, Becklespinax altispinax, Poekilopleuron bucklandii, and Tyrannosaurus rex (including the Stan specimen).{{cite book | vauthors = Molnar RD | date = 2001 | chapter = Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey | title = Mesozoic Vertebrate Life | veditors = Tanke DH, Carpenter K | publisher = Indiana University Press | pages = 337–363 | isbn = 978-0-253-33907-2 }}

References

External links

{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB = 29910

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|24|6|m|20}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|718.5}}

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{{Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue }}

Category:Arthropathies