Annonaceae

Image:Annona muricata Blanco1.196.png]]

The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.

; Stems, stalks and leaves: Bark is fibrous and aromatic. Pith septate (fine tangential bands{{cite journal |last=Chatrou |first=Dr. L.W. |author-link=National Herbarium of the Netherlands |title=Molecular Systematics of Annonaceae |url=http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Molecular%20Systematics%20of%20Annonaceae |journal=Annonaceae Research Projects |publisher=Nationaal Herbarium Nederland |date=2005-07-29 |access-date=2008-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113150056/http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm |archive-date=2008-01-13}} divided by partitions) to diaphragmed (divided by thin partitions with openings in them). Branching distichous (arranged in two rows/on one plane) or spiral. Leaves are alternate, two-ranked,{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=D.M. |title=Phylogenetic significance of spiral and distichous architecture in the Annonaceae |journal=Systematic Botany |date=July–September 2003 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=503–511 |doi=10.1043/02-13.1 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/Systematic-Botany/volume-28/issue-3/02-13.1/Phylogenetic-Significance-of-Spiral-and-Distichous-Architecture-in-the-Annonaceae/10.1043/02-13.1.short}} simple, pinnately veined, and have leaf stalks. Stipules absent.

; Flowers: Flower stalks are axillary to (on the opposite side of shoot from) leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaves on new shoots. The flowers are usually trimerous; borne singly or in compound inflorescences; bisexual and rarely unisexual. The receptacle might become enlarged, elevated or flat. The outer whorls are inserted below the ovaries, and have valvate (overlapping) or imbricate (nonoverlapping) segments. Usually two to four persistent sepals that are distinct or connate (fused) at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same nectar glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the ovary, spirally arranged and forming a ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout filaments and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils, distinct to connate, with stigmas distinct. Marginal placentation, each pistil bearing one locule, with one to many ovules. Style short and thick, with terminal stigma.

; Fruits and seeds: Fruits are single berries or coalesce from several pistils (into aggregate fruit, syncarps). Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have ruminate endosperm (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo) and are oily.

Monophyly and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by a combination of morphological and molecular evidence.{{cite journal |author=Doyle, J.A. |author2=H. Sauquet |author3=T. Scharaschkin |title=Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:69050/UQ69050_OA.pdf |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |year=2004 |volume=165 |issue=4 |pages=55–67 |doi=10.1086/421068|s2cid=84131983 }} The APG II system places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family Eupomatiaceae.

File:Uvaria ovata II.JPG]]

{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%

|label1=Annonaceae

|1={{clade

|label1=Anaxagoreoideae

|1=Anaxagorea

|2={{clade

|1=Ambavioideae

|2={{clade

|label1=Annonoideae

|1={{clade

|1=Bocageeae

|2={{clade

|1=Guatterieae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Duguetieae

|2=Xylopieae

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Annoneae

|2={{clade

|1=Monodoreae

|2=Uvarieae

}}

}}

}}

}}

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|label2=Malmeoideae

|2={{clade

|1=Piptostigmateae

|2={{clade

|1=Malmeeae

|2={{clade

|1=Maasieae

|2={{clade

|1=Fenerivieae

|2={{clade

|1=Phoenicantheae

|2={{clade

|1=Dendrokingstonieae

|2={{clade

|1=Monocarpieae

|2=Miliuseae

}}

}}

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In a phylogeny-based reclassification of the family four subfamilies are recognised: Anaxagoreoideae (including just Anaxagorea), Ambavioideae, Annonoideae, and Malmeoideae. A number of the larger genera, including Guatteria, with its 177 species,{{cite journal |last1=Maas |first1=P.J.M. |last2=Westra |first2=L.Y.T. |last3=Guerrero |first3=S. Arias |last4=Lobão |first4=A.Q. |last5=Scharf |first5=U. |last6=Zamora |first6=N.A. |last7=Erkens |first7=R.H.J. |title=Confronting a morphological nightmare: revision of the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae) |journal=Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants |year=2015 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–219 |issn=0006-5196 |doi=10.3767/000651915X690341 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/588490}} Annona, and Xylopia belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into a number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in [http://annonaceae.myspecies.info/ World Annonaceae] which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in:{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Maas |first2=Paul J.M. |last3=Meinke |first3=Svenja |last4=Johnson |first4=David M. |last5=Keßler |first5=Paul J.A. |title=Keys to the genera of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=74–83 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01230.x}} For a concise bibliographic overview of the taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see:{{cite journal |last1=Erkens |first1=Roy H. J. |last2=Mennega |first2=Erik A. |last3=Westra |first3=Lubbert Y. Th. |title=A concise bibliographic overview of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=41–73 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01232.x|doi-access=free }}

Both plastid DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that Anaxagorea is the sister clade to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between Anaxagorea and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked phyllotaxis, monosulcate pollen, and laminate stamens) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.{{cite journal |last1=Scharaschkin |first1=T. |last2=Doyle |first2=J.A. |title=Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) using morphology and non-coding chloroplast sequence data |journal=Systematic Botany |year=2005 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=712–735 |doi=10.1600/036364405775097888|s2cid=86018723 }}{{cite journal |last1=Scharaschkin |first1=T. |last2=Doyle |first2=J.A. |year=2006 |title=Character evolution in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/10259/1/10259a.pdf |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=36–54 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.1.36}}{{cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=James A. |last2=Le Thomas |first2=Annick |title=Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=190–221 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01241.x|s2cid=82733997 }} The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus Futabanthus, from the Late Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Japan,{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Masamichi |last2=Friis |first2=Else Marie |author-link2=Else Marie Friis |last3=Uesugi |first3=Kentaro |last4=Suzuki |first4=Yoshio |last5=Crane |first5=Peter R. |title=Floral Evidence of Annonaceae from the Late Cretaceous of Japan |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |year=2008 |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=908–917 |issn=1058-5893 |doi=10.1086/589693 |title-link=Cretaceous|s2cid=85308472 }} which represents a minimum age of c. 89 million years ago for the most recent common ancestor (crown group) of the family.{{cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=Michael D. |last2=Doyle |first2=James A. |title=Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=84–116 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x|doi-access=free }} The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and molecular clock-based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the boreotropical flora during the Eocene and more recent long-distance dispersal events.{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=J.E. |last2=Chatrou |first2=L.W. |last3=Mols |first3=J.B. |last4=Erkens |first4=R.H.J. |last5=Pirie |first5=M.D. |title=Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |year=2004 |volume=359 |issue=1450 |pages=1495–1508 |issn=0962-8436 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1537 |pmid=15519968 |pmc=1693429}}{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Pirie |first2=Michael D. |last3=Chatrou |first3=Lars W. |last4=Saunders |first4=Richard M.K. |last5=Su |first5=Yvonne C.F. |last6=Richardson |first6=James E. |last7=Erkens |first7=Roy H.J. |title=Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal |journal=Journal of Biogeography |year=2011 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=664–680 |issn=0305-0270 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02434.x|s2cid=85568637 }}

The genus Huberantha (synonym Hubera) was resolved to be sister to Miliusa, with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified.{{cite journal |last1=Chaowasku |first1=Tanawat |last2=Johnson |first2=David M. |last3=Van Der Ham |first3=Raymond W.J.M. |last4=Chatrou |first4=Lars W. |title=Characterization of Hubera (Annonaceae), a new genus segregated from Polyalthia and allied to Miliusa |journal=Phytotaxa |date=2012-10-17 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=33 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.69.1.6 |issn=1179-3163|doi-access=free }} This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Huberantha's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia, distinguish Huberantha on the generic level. Morphologically, Huberantha has a finely and densely granular infratectum whereas Monoon and Polyalthia have columellate or densely granular infratecta.

It was proposed that the genus Stelechocarpus, which includes S. burahol and S. cauliflorus be reclassified under a new genus Winitia, which is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to S. cauliflorus as a monophyletic group.{{cite journal |last1=Chaowasku |first1=Tanawat |last2=Van Der Ham |first2=Raymond W.J.M. |title=Integrative systematics supports the establishment of Winitia, a new genus of Annonaceae (Malmeoideae, Miliuseae) allied to Stelechocarpus and Sageraea |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |date=June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=195–207 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2013.806370 |s2cid=86528302 |issn=1477-2000}} However this is no longer accepted.[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77130795-1 POWO]: Winitia Chaowasku is a synonym of Stelechocarpus Hook.f. & Thomson (retrieved 19 July 2022)

The genus Annickia was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, it is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes, and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, Annickia is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae.{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Helmstetter |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Koenen |first3=Erik J.M. |last4=Bethune |first4=Kevin |last5=Brandão |first5=Rita D. |last6=Little |first6=Stefan A. |last7=Sauquet |first7=Hervé |last8=Erkens |first8=Roy H.J. |date=2019-01-09 |title=Phylogenomics of the Major Tropical Plant Family Annonaceae Using Targeted Enrichment of Nuclear Genes |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=9 |pages=1941 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.01941 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=6334231 |pmid=30687347|doi-access=free }}

The taxonomy of the Annonaceae is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, which recognises four subfamilies{{cite web |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/annonaceaegen.html |title=List of Genera in ANNONACEAE |website=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |year=2001 |version=13 |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |access-date=30 December 2017}}{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Xing |first2=Chin Cheung |last2=Tang |first3=Daniel C. |last3=Thomas |first4=Thomas L.P. |last4=Couvreur | first5=Richard M.K. |last5=Saunders |title=A mega-phylogeny of the Annonaceae: taxonomic placement of five enigmatic genera and support for a new tribe, Phoenicantheae |journal=Scientific Reports |year=2018 |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=7323 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-07252-2 |pmid=28779135 |pmc=5544705}} and the extinct genus {{extinct}}Anonaspermum{{cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=S.R. |title=Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |year=1994 |journal=Palaeontographica Americana |volume=58 |pages=30–31}}

Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 (monotypic)

• Anaxagorea St.-Hilaire 1825

Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012

• Ambavia Le Thomas
• Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Ylang-ylang)
• Cleistopholis Pierre ex Engl.
• Cyathocalyx Champ. ex Hook.f. & Thomson
• Drepananthus Maingay ex Hook.f.
• Lettowianthus Diels
• Meiocarpidium Engl. & Diels
• Mezzettia Becc.
• Tetrameranthus R.E.Fr.

Auth. Rafinesque, 1815

• Tribe Annoneae Endlicher 1839
• Annona L. (synonym Rollinia A. St.-Hil.)
• Anonidium Engl. & Diels
• Asimina Adans.
• Diclinanona Diels
• Disepalum Hook. f.
• Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson
• Neostenanthera Exell (syn. Boutiquea Le Thomas)
• Tribe Bocageeae Endlicher 1839
• Bocagea A.St.-Hil.
• Cardiopetalum Schltdl.
• Cymbopetalum Benth.
• Froesiodendron R.E.Fr.
• Hornschuchia Nees
• Mkilua Verdc.
• Porcelia Ruiz & Pav.
• Trigynaea Schltdl.
• Tribe Duguetieae Chatrou & Saunders 2012
• Duckeanthus R.E.Fr.
• Duguetia A.St.-Hil.
• Fusaea (Baill.) Saff.
• Letestudoxa Pellegr.
• Pseudartabotrys Pellegr.
• Tribe Guatterieae Hooker & Thomson 1855
• Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.
• Tribe Monodoreae Baill. 1868
• Asteranthe Engl. & Diels
• Dennettia {{small|Baker f.}}
• Hexalobus A.DC.
• Isolona Engl.
• Lukea {{small|Cheek & Gosline}}
• Mischogyne Exell
• Monocyclanthus Keay
• Monodora Dunal
• Uvariastrum Engl.
• Uvariodendron (Engl. & Diels) R.E.Fr.
• Uvariopsis Engl.
• Tribe Ophrypetaleae {{small|Dagallier & Couvreur}}Dagallier LMJ, Mbago FM, Couderc M, Gaudeul M, Grall A, Loup C, Wieringa JJ, Sonké B, Couvreur TLP. Phylogenomic inference of the African tribe Monodoreae (Annonaceae) and taxonomic revision of Dennettia, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis. PhytoKeys. 2023 Sep 22;233:1-200. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.233.103096. PMID 37811332; PMCID: PMC10552675.
• Ophrypetalum Diels
• Sanrafaelia Verdc.
• Tribe Uvarieae Hooker & Thomson 1855
• Afroguatteria {{small|Boutique}}
• Cleistochlamys Oliv.
• Dasymaschalon (Hook.f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms
• Desmos Lour.
• Dielsiothamnus R.E.Fr.
• Fissistigma Griff.
• Friesodielsia Steenis
• Monanthotaxis Baill.
• Pyramidanthe Miq. (synonym Mitrella {{small|Miq.}})Bangkomnate R., Damthongdee A., Baka A., Aongyong K. & Chaowasku T. 2021: Pyramidanthe and Mitrella (Annonaceae, Uvarieae) unified: molecular phylogenetic and morphological congruence, with new combinations in Pyramidanthe. – Willdenowia 51: 383–394.
• Sphaerocoryne (Boerl.) Ridl.
• Toussaintia {{small|Boutique}}
• Uvaria L. (synonyms Balonga Le Thomas and Melodorum Lour.)
• Tribe Xylopieae Endlicher 1839
• Artabotrys R.Br.
• Xylopia L.

• Tribe Annickieae Couvreur et al., 2019 (monotypic)
• Annickia Setten & Maas
• Tribe Piptostigmateae Chatrou & Saunders 2012
• Brieya {{small|De Wild.}}
• Greenwayodendron Verdc.
• Mwasumbia Couvreur & D.M. Johnson
• Piptostigma Oliv.
• Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels
• Sirdavidia Couvreur
• Tribe Malmeeae Chatrou & Saunders 2012
• Bocageopsis R.E.Fr.
• Cremastosperma R.E.Fr.
• Ephedranthus {{small|S.Moore}}
• Klarobelia {{small|Chatrou}}
• Malmea R.E.Fr.
• Mosannona {{small|Chatrou}}
• Onychopetalum R.E.Fr.
• Oxandra A.Rich. (black lancewood)
• Pseudephedranthus {{small|Aristeg.}}
• Pseudomalmea {{small|Chatrou}}
• Pseudoxandra R.E.Fr.
• Ruizodendron {{small|R.E.Fr.}}
• Unonopsis R.E.Fr.
• Tribe Maasieae Chatrou & Saunders 2012 (monotypic)
• Maasia Mols et al.
• Tribe Fenerivieae Chatrou & Saunders 2012 (monotypic)
• Fenerivia Diels
• Tribe Phoenicantheae (monotypic)
• Phoenicanthus Alston
• Tribe Dendrokingstonieae Chatrou & Saunders 2012 (monotypic)
• Dendrokingstonia Rauschert
• Tribe Monocarpieae Chatrou & Saunders 2012
• Monocarpia Miq.
• Leoheo {{small|Chaowasku}}Chaowasku, T., A. Damthongdee, H. Jongsook, D.T. Ngo, H.T. Le, D.M. Tran & S. Suddee (2018). Enlarging the monotypic Monocarpieae (Annonaceae, Malmeoideae): recognition of a second genus from Vietnam informed by morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Candollea 73: 261–275. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2018v732a11
• Tribe Miliuseae Hooker & Thomson 1855
• Alphonsea Hook.f. & Thomson
• Desmopsis Saff.
• Huberantha (synonym Hubera) Chaowasku
• Marsypopetalum Scheff.
• Meiogyne Miq. (synonyms: Ancana F. Mueller; Guamia Merrill; Fitzalania F. Muell.; Oncodostigma Diels, Polyaulax Backer)
• Miliusa Lesch. ex A.DC. (Saccopetalum Bennett)
• Mitrephora (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson
• Monoon Miq. (Cleistopetalum H. Okada, Enicosanthum Becc., Woodiellantha Rauschert)
• Neo-uvaria Airy Shaw
• Orophea Blume
• Phaeanthus Hook.f. & Thomson
• Platymitra Boerl.
• Polyalthia Blume
• Polyalthiopsis Chaowasku
• Popowia Endl.
• Pseuduvaria Miq.
• Sageraea Dalzell
• Sapranthus Seem.
• Stelechocarpus Hook.f. & Thompson
• Stenanona Standl.
• Tridimeris Baill.
• Trivalvaria (Miq.) Miq.
• Wangia X.Guo & R.M.K.Saunders
• Wuodendron B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & Chaowasku

Image:Asimina triloba red fern farm.jpg fruit]]

The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members, typically called anona by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of Annona: custard apple (A. reticulata), cherimoya (A. cherimola), soursop/guanábana/graviola (A. muricata), sweetsop (A. squamosa), ilama (A. macroprophyllata), soncoya (A. purpurea), atemoya (a cross between A. cherimola and A. squamosa); and biriba (A. mucosa).Verspagen, N. & Erkens, R.H.J. 2020. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142423363/142423374 Annona mucosa]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T142423363A142423374. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T142423363A142423374.en. Accessed 27 September 2024. The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably.

Consumption of the neotropical annonaceous plant Annona muricata (soursop, graviola, guanabana) has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism". The causative agent, annonacin, is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines.{{cite journal |last=Lannuzel |first=A |title=The mitochondrial complex i inhibitor annonacin is toxic to mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by impairment of energy metabolism |journal=Neuroscience |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=287–296 |publisher=International Brain Research Organization |date=2003-10-06 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00441-X |pmid=14521988 |s2cid=37873631 |display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal |last=Champy |first=Pierre |title=Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1629–1633 |date=2005-08-02 |doi=10.1002/mds.20632 |pmid=16078200 |s2cid=31508365 |display-authors=etal}}{{cite book |title=Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders |pmid=17017523 |journal=Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum |year=2006 |pages=153–157 |issue=70 |vauthors=Lannuzel A, Höglinger GU, Champy P, Michel PP, Hirsch EC, Ruberg M |chapter=Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae? |doi=10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24 |volume=70 |series=Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa |isbn=978-3-211-28927-3}}{{cite journal |pmid=10440304 |date=1999-07-24 |volume=354 |issue=9175 |pages=281–6 |title=Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: a case-control study |vauthors=Caparros-Lefebvre D, Elbaz A |journal=The Lancet |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10166-6|s2cid=24204451 }}

The American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) has an Eastern United States distribution and has been investigated as a commercial agricultural crop.{{cite journal

| last =Pomper

| first =K.W.

| title =Flowering and fruiting characteristics of eight pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.)] Dunal selections in Kentucky

| journal =Journal American Pomological Society |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=89–97

| date =July 2008|display-authors=etal}}

Flower petals from sacred earflower (Cymbopetalum penduliflorum) and from related species C. costaricense{{cite book

|last1= Seidemann

|first1= Johannes

|date= 27 December 2005

|chapter= C

|title= World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjkAHi2IeOkC&q=xochinacathli&pg=PA129

|publisher= Springer Science & Business Media

|publication-date= 27 December 2005

|page=129

|isbn= 9783540279082

|access-date= 2 July 2015

|quote=Flavoring of drinking chocolate

}} were traditionally used to flavor chocolate{{cite book |last1=Uphof |first1=Johannes Cornelis Theodorus |author-link1=Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof |year=1968 |orig-year=1959 |title=Dictionary of Economic Plants |language=en |edition=second |location=New York, NY |publisher=J. Cramer |page=167 |isbn=9783904144711 |oclc=48693661 }} before the arrival of cinnamon and the other Old World spices.{{cite book

|date= May 1922

|editor1-last= U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry

|title= Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction during the Period from April 1 to June 30, 1918

|url= http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/pi_books/scans/pi055.pdf

|volume= 55

|location= Washington, DC

|publisher= Government Printing Office

|publication-date= May 1922

|pages= 5, 35–36

|access-date= 28 July 2015

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161221200632/http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/pi_books/scans/pi055.pdf

|archive-date= 21 December 2016

|url-status= dead

}} The dried petals are still used to flavor atoles, pinoles, and coffee.{{cite book

|last1= Murray

|first1= Nancy A.

|author-link1= Nancy A. Murray

|date= 6 December 1993

|title= Revision of Cymbopetalum and Porcelia (Annonaceae)

|location= Ann Arbor, Mich

|publisher= American Society of Plant Taxonomists

|publication-date= 6 December 1993

|series= Systematic botany monographs

|volume= 40

|isbn= 9780912861401

|oclc= 29527548

}}

The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in folk medicines.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (Annona muricata), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results indicate that acetogenins are responsible for this accumulation.Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: [http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613202624/http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 |date=June 13, 2007}}, 4. Mai 2007

Lancewood (Oxandra lanceolata){{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=William A |title=World Woods in Colour |publisher=Stobard Davies Ltd |location=Hertford, UK |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-85442-028-5}} is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the West Indies and The Guianas. It was often used for carriage shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6 m in length and from 15 to 20 cm in breadth at the butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of the Guianas is of remarkably slender form.{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Lancewood|volume=16|page=152}}

The yellow lancewood tree Calycophyllum candididissimum, common names lemonwood or degame, is from a different family (Rubiaceae). It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows.

Image:Ylang-Eden.jpg) flowers.]]

• Some species of the family, such as Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) also have aromatic oil and are used for perfumes or spices.
• The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the Amazon Rainforest and for wooden implements, such as tool handles and pegs.{{cite web

|url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf

|title=Factsheet No. 5. Annona

|access-date=2008-04-20

|author=University of Southampton

|author-link=University of Southampton

|date=March 2002

|work=Fruits for the Future

|publisher=Department for International Development, International Centre for Underutilised Crops

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720053635/http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf

|archive-date=2011-07-20

}} The wood is valued as firewood.

• Yellow and brown natural dyes
• Some species are also grown as ornamental plants, especially the Indian species Polyalthia longifolia pendula.
• The fruit and leaves of Uvariopsis tripetala (pepperfruit) are used as a spice for meats in some parts of Nigeria, due to its "hot" peppery flavor.

A large number of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and acetogenins, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Commons category|Annonaceae}}

{{Wikispecies}}

• {{ITIS |id=18092 |taxon=Annonaceae |access-date=18 March 2008}}
• [http://www.annonaceae.org AnnonBase]—online database for Annonaceae
• [http://annonaceae.myspecies.info/ World Annonaceae - a scratchpad for data on species of Annonaceae]
• [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ANNONACEAE.html Annonaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Angiosperm families}}

{{taxonbar|from=Q220025}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Magnoliid families

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Edible fruits

Category:Taxa named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu