Anthony Sawoniuk

{{Infobox criminal

| name = Anthony Sawoniuk

| birth_name = Andrei Sawoniuk

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|03|07|df=y}}

| birth_place = Damačava, Polesie Voivodeship, Poland

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|11|06|1921|03|07|df=y}}

| death_place = HMP Norwich, Norwich, England

| nationality = {{hlist|Belarusian|British}}

| known_for = Nazi collaborator and war criminal

| notable_works =

| conviction = Murder (18 counts)

| sentence = Life imprisonment (whole life tariff)

| criminal_status = Deceased

}}

Anthony Sawoniuk (born Andrei Sawoniuk; {{langx|be|Андрэй Саванюк}}, Andrej Savaniuk; 7 March 1921 – 6 November 2005) was a Belarusian Nazi collaborator from the town of Damachava in Brest Region.

After taking part in the murder of the Jewish community in his home town, Sawoniuk served in the SS until November 1944 when he defected to the Polish II Corps in the British Eighth Army. After the war, he settled in Britain, became a British citizen, and became the first (and currently the only) person to be convicted under the UK's War Crimes Act 1991, when he was found guilty in 1999 of war crimes for the murder of 18 Jews. Sawoniuk received a life sentence, and died in prison six years later.

Early life

Andrei Sawoniuk was born in Domaczewo, Poland (now Damačava, Belarus), a spa town on the Bug River. At that time 90% of the town's population were ethnic Jews, with the remainder being Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and German Volksdeutsche. Sawoniuk, nicknamed "Andrusha" (a Russian and Belarusian diminutive of Andrey), has been described as Belarusian,{{cite web |url=http://new-arch.rp.pl/artykul/219849_Najkrocej.html |title=Najkrócej - Archiwum Rzeczpospolitej |website=new-arch.rp.pl |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416200117/http://new-arch.rp.pl/artykul/219849_Najkrocej.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}Efraim Zuroff, "Operation Last Chance: One Man's Quest to Bring Nazi Criminals to Justice", Macmillan, 2009, p. 79 though some newspaper reports say that his mother was Polish.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/nazis-hired-killer-who-lay-low-for-50-years-1084566.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/nazis-hired-killer-who-lay-low-for-50-years-1084566.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Nazi's hired killer who lay low for 50 years|date=4 February 1999|work=The Independent|accessdate=8 October 2010 | location=London | first=Andrew | last=Buncombe}}{{cbignore}} Sawoniuk never knew the identity of his father,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/02/2|title=Life for Nazi 'lord' who murdered Jews and then escaped to Britain|last=Hopkins|first=Nick|date=2 April 1999|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 October 2010 | location=London}} although townspeople believed him to be Josef Jakubiak, the town's Jewish schoolmaster, because his mother Pelagia had been working as a cleaner at Jakubiak's school and home during the months when Sawoniuk was conceived. Andrei used the patronymic "Andreeovich", which does not appear in the Polish language, as Poles do not use patronyms.Nick Hopkins, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/02/warcrimes.germany "How the net closed around Sawoniuk"], at guardian.co.uk; Guardian 2010 His mother's former husband also had the name Andrei.

The family were poor: his mother worked washing clothes while Sawoniuk and his half-brother collected firewood to sell. Sawoniuk also worked as a sabbath goy: a gentile employed by Orthodox Jews to carry out Sabbath tasks that were forbidden to them, such as lighting fires or chopping wood. He learnt basic Yiddish from his employers.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/into-the-evil-heart-of-history-1070832.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/into-the-evil-heart-of-history-1070832.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Into the evil heart of history|last=Lebor|first=Adam|date=14 February 1999|work=The Independent|accessdate=16 October 2016 | location=London}}{{cbignore}}

Actions during and after World War II

During World War II, Sawoniuk was a member of the local Nazi-supported Belarusian Auxiliary Police{{cite news|url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/Wiadomosci/1,80649,3004388.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416081010/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/Wiadomosci/1,80649,3004388.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2013|title=W Wielkiej Brytanii zmarł zbrodniarz wojenny z Białorusi|date=7 November 2005|work=Gazeta Wyborcza|language=Polish|accessdate=8 October 2010}} and rose to the rank of Commandant. While serving in the police he participated in the murder of Jews.

In 1944, Sawoniuk fled westwards when the Red Army advanced towards Domaczewo and in July 1944 joined the German armed forces, serving in the 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS. He deserted from the SS in November 1944 and changed sides, using his Polish birth certificate to join the 10th Hussar Regiment of the Polish II Corps.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/sawoniuk-betrayed-by-letter-intercepted-by-the-kgb-1084567.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/sawoniuk-betrayed-by-letter-intercepted-by-the-kgb-1084567.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Sawoniuk betrayed by letter intercepted by the KGB|work=The Independent | location=London | first=Andrew | last=Buncombe | date=2 April 1999}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/309814.stm|title=War crimes trial could be first and last|work=BBC Online | date=1 April 1999}}{{cite journal|title=The trial of Andrei Sawoniuk: Holocaust testimony under cross-examination |author=David Hirsh |journal=Social Legal Studies |date=1 December 2001 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=529–545 |url=http://eprints-gro.gold.ac.uk/1988/1/SOC_Hirsh_2001a.pdf |doi=10.1177/a020412 |s2cid=142719088 }}

After the war, Sawoniuk settled in England in 1946, posing as a Polish patriot.{{cite news|author=AP|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/07/AR2005110701777_pf.html|title=Nazi War Criminal Dies in U.K. Prison|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=22 April 2015 | location=Washington | date=7 November 2005}} In 1951, he wrote a letter to his half-brother, Nikolai. The KGB, who already suspected him of being a war criminal, intercepted the letter and noted that he was now living in the UK. It was not until the 1980s that the KGB started sharing such information with the UK. However, due to a misspelling of his name, it took until 1994 for authorities to realise that Sawoniuk, then working for British Rail, was one of the people on the KGB list. He was then arrested.

Trial

Sawoniuk had, by that time, become a British citizen.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/309559.stm Sawoniuk guilty of war crime] BBC Online He was tried at the Old Bailey in London in 1999 on two specimen charges of murder with regard to the murder of Jews in his German-occupied hometown during World War II. The jury found him guilty of one charge by unanimous decision and of the other by a ten to one majority. A further two charges of murder were withdrawn by the prosecution due to procedural errors with evidence. However, both of the murders of which Sawoniuk was convicted were individual elements of two group murders: in the first Sawoniuk, according to eyewitnesses, shot 15 Jews; in the second he shot three Jews.{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1081468.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080211173904/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1081468.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2008|title=Nazi war criminal dies in UK prison|last=Freeman|first=Simon|date=7 November 2005|work=The Times|accessdate=8 October 2010 | location=London}}

At his trial, Sawoniuk said of his accusers "They are professional liars. They have criminal records. Some of the witnesses at the magistrates court have done 25 years, alcoholics. I was the best friend of the Jews." He also stated that "Everyone is telling lies. They have been told by the Russian KGB to say there was a ghetto. These devils came here with their lies against me." and "I have done no crime whatsoever. My conscience is clear. I killed no one. I would not dream of doing it. I am not a monster I am an ordinary working-class poor man."{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/23/2|title=I am not a monster, claims war crimes defendant|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 October 2010 | location=London | date=23 March 1999}} He also denied having been a member of the German armed forces, stating "I have never been in the German army". In court, he accused a member of the Metropolitan Police of fabricating a Waffen-SS document which contained his details. He speculated that the Metropolitan Police had conspired against him with the help of the KGB.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/302032.stm|title=Sawoniuk threatens to storm out|date=23 March 1999|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=22 April 2015}}

He was given two life sentences, and trial judge Mr. Justice Potts recommended that Sawoniuk should spend the rest of his life in prison.{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/scuffle-of-the-week/96667.article|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507184123/http://www.thelawyer.com/scuffle-of-the-week/96667.article|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2010|title=Scuffle of the week|date=28 June 1999|work=The Lawyer}}

He was the first and the only person in United Kingdom to be convicted under the War Crimes Act 1991. From a legal perspective, this case is interesting, as it was also the first time that a British jury had travelled overseas to view the scene of a crime.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/309559.stm|title=Sawoniuk guilty of war crime|work=BBC Online|accessdate=8 October 2010 | date=1 April 1999}} In 2000, the House of Lords refused him permission to appeal.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/lords-throw-out-nazis-legal-plea-706672.html |title=Lords throw out Nazi's legal plea |work=The Independent |location=London |date=19 June 2000 }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

Sawoniuk died in Norwich Prison of natural causes in 2005, aged 84.

Bibliography

The Ticket Collector from Belarus - "An extraordinary and true story of the Holocaust and Britain's only war crimes trial" - by Mike Anderson & Neil Hanson - 2021 - Simon & Schuster (publishers) The Times review 15 January 2021 [https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/the-ticket-collector-from-belarus-review-25vxqh357]

References

External links

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/uk/309937.stm Sawoniuk – a hidden life exposed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407112125/http://www.nn.by/1999/04/13.htm |date=7 April 2009 }} (BBC)

Category:1921 births

Category:2005 deaths

Category:People from Brest district

Category:People from Polesie Voivodeship

Category:Belarusian Auxiliary Police

Category:Belarusian Waffen-SS personnel

Category:Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom

Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom

Category:20th-century British criminals

Category:British mass murderers

Category:British people convicted of murder

Category:British people convicted of war crimes