Anton Dohrn Seamount

Anton Dohrn Seamount is also known as Anton Dohrn Kuppe, a name used by German charts,{{sfn|Rogalla|1962|p=60}} and as Anton Dohrn bank. It was discovered on 22 September 1958 by the survey vessel Gauss during the Polarfront programme and later surveyed on 18–19 April 1959 by the fishery research vessel {{ship|FFS|Anton Dohrn}}.{{sfn|Rogalla|1962|p=59}}

Anton Dohrn Seamount is located in the northeast Atlantic Ocean west of Scotland,{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=10}} approximately halfway between St Kilda (Hebrides) and Rockall,{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=238}} about {{convert|155|km}} west of the former.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=9}} It lies in the Rockall Trough, an over {{convert|2000|m}} deep submarine depression of unclear origin. North-northeast lies the Rosemary Bank and Hebrides Terrace Seamount is found south-southeast from the seamount.{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=238}} The seamount is located inside the exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom.

Anton Dohrn Seamount is a {{convert|1.8|km}} high{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=12}} and about {{convert|45|km}}{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=4}}{{en dash}}{{convert|40|km}} wide circular{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=12}} guyot{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=238}} with a flat top at {{convert|1100|-|530|m}} depth.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=31}} Flat-topped seamounts are unusual in the North Atlantic.{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|p=129}} The shallowest point of the seamount lies at about {{convert|530|m}} depth{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=12}} and is formed by a pinnacle that protrudes from the {{circa}} {{convert|600|m}} deep summit platform.{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=4}} A {{convert|100|m}} thick layer of sediment covers the flat top{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=244}} and appears to be reworked by storms and sea currents.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=12}} Mounds,{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=34}} slope breaks and other volcanic pinnacles are located on the flat top.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=14}} The seamount tilts southeastward.{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|p=130}}

Beyond the margin of the flat top, the slopes of Anton Dohrn Seamount drop down to {{convert|2400|m}} depth.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=130}} The steep slopes have been variously described as either lacking a sediment cover{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=239}} or featuring gravelly sediments along with outcropping bedrock.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=9}} There are cliffs, ridges{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=31}} and rockfalls{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=34}} but no gullies or canyons. Parasitic cones lie on the northwestern slope. A moat surrounds the seamount{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=14}} and reaches depths of about {{convert|2300|m}}.{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=4}} It might have formed either through erosion of surrounding sediments by ocean currents or through isostatic subsidence.

The crust underneath Anton Dohrn Seamount is much thinner than underneath the British Isles and the Rockall Plateau east and west of the seamount, respectively, and the Mohorovičić discontinuity is located at a shallower depth.{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=238}} It may be either stretched continental crust or oceanic crust, and is covered by sediments.{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=239}} At Anton Dohrn Seamount it appears to be unusually shallow, perhaps due to the Iceland plume's buoyancy. The Iceland plume has uplifted terrain as far as {{convert|1000|km}} from the plume.{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=245}} A {{convert|100|km}} long crustal lineament known as the Anton Dohrn Lineament crosses through the seamount; it may extend into Scotland and Rockall Bank and runs in northwest–southeast direction.

Anton Dohrn Seamount is probably formed mostly by basaltic lava{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=4}} and tuffs{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|p=129}} which define a transitional to alkaline suite. The rocks contain feldspar and olivine phenocrysts as well as plagioclase. They are covered with ferromanganese crusts{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=240}} and vesicles contain carbonates, clay and zeolites which formed through alteration.{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=241}} Chalks of Maastrichtian age,{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=240}} Eocene nearshore conglomerates{{sfn|Stoker|Weering|Svaerdborg|2001|p=411}} and Miocene muds and sands have also been recovered.{{sfn|Stoker|Weering|Svaerdborg|2001|p=431}} A granite rock has been dredged as well; it may be a dropstone from icebergs{{sfn|Rogalla|1962|p=62}} and such exotic rocks have been found in other dredge samples.{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|p=129}}

Anton Dohrn Seamount is a former volcano.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=12}} Radiometric dating of volcanic rocks dredged from it has yielded ages of 70 ± 1, 62 ± 1, 47 ± 1 and 41 ± 1 million years ago,{{sfn|O'Connor|Stoffers|Wijbrans|Shannon|2000|p=955}} indicating episodic activity over 29 million years.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=12}} Pulses of volcanic activity of similar age have been identified at other volcanoes in the region and may reflect fluctuations of the Iceland plume.{{sfn|O'Connor|Stoffers|Wijbrans|Shannon|2000|p=957}} The onset of volcanic activity may have been the consequence of crustal extension in the region.{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|p=129}} The activity during the Cretaceous implies that rifting in the North Atlantic was already underway at that time. At that time, the Rockall Trough was at least {{convert|1|km}} deep.

Xenoliths found in volcanic rocks indicate that at Anton Dohrn volcanic activity involved interactions between magma and sediments, resulting in phreatomagmatic eruptions that could have dispersed volcanic ash in the region.{{sfn|Pacey|1984|p=57}} This volcanic ash erupted by Anton Dohrn may be the source of post-Cenomanian bentonites of the British Isles{{sfn|Pacey|1984|p=58}} but the age and composition of the bentonites do not support this theory. The seamount was once proposed to be the source of Turonian tephra deposits in Western Europe before its Maastrichtian age was established.

During the Cretaceous the seamount was about {{convert|2|km}} higher than present,{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=245}} perhaps even reaching {{convert|2000|m}} height above sea level;{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|p=130}} presumably it was then eroded during the Paleocene when a wave of erosion took place in western Britain and stripped much of the volcanic centres of northwest Scotland.{{sfn|Jones|Siddall|Thirlwall|Chroston|1994|p=245}} An episode of crustal subsidence in the Cretaceous-Oligocene also played a role in lowering Anton Dohrn Seamount.{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|pp=130{{endash}}131}} The pinnacles on the seamount may be leftover volcanic conduits that resisted erosion.{{sfn|Jones|Ramsay|Preston|Smith|1974|p=129}} Sedimentation covered the seamount and its flanks in the Eocene and continued afterwards.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=12}}

Barnacles and brachiopods grow on the top of the seamount, and echinoderms,{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=13}} corals and cirripedes also occur there. On the sandy or gravelly substrate serpulids and sponges are found. The seamount may be a shark nursery. Finally, the bivalve Xylophaga anselli has been found at Anton Dohrn Seamount and the Hebrides slope.

A number of ecosystems have been found on Anton Dohrn Seamount, including coral gardens, cold water coral reefs and sponge and xenophyophore communities;{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|pp=14—15}}{{sfn|Henry|Vad|Findlay|Murillo|2014|p=1}} this seamount is the first place in the United Kingdom where coral gardens have been discovered.{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=24}} The sandy and cobbly terrain of the slopes with occasional bedrock outcrops is populated by reefs that grow on bedrock or on cobbles.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|pp=38—46}} They mostly occur on the sides of the seamount, on mounds on the flat top{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=16}} and its margin, perhaps for hydrodynamic reasons or because substrates favourable for the development of the reefs are found there.{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|pp=26—27}} There is a vertical stratification, with Lophelia found at shallower depths than Solenosmilia. Corals such as antipatharians like Leiopathes sp., small bamboo corals, large gorgonians and soft corals like as Anthomastus sp. have also been found at parasitic vents.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=9}} The cold water coral cover can become so thick that the underground disappears underneath it.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=30}}

Dropframe camera surveys{{sfn|Henry|Vad|Findlay|Murillo|2014|p=1}} have seen anemones, anthozoans, ascidians, the asteroid (starfish) Henricia sp., bamboo corals, caryophyllids, cerianthids, antipatharian corals with various shapes, the corals Desmophyllum dianthus, Lophelia pertusa and Solenosmilia variabilis, echinoderms including brisingids and crinoids, glass sponges, gorgonians, holothurians, the ophiuroids Ophiactis balli and Ophiomusium lymani, the pencil urchin Cidaris cidaris, pycnogonids, the scleractinian Madrepora oculata, the seapen Pennatula phosphorea, sea urchins, sea whips, serpulids, soft corals such as Gersemia sp. and Anthomastus sp., lobose, large and encrusting sponges, stylasterids and xenophyophores. Decapods, fish including Lepidion eques, the eel Synaphobranchus kaupi and squat lobsters Munida sp. have also been encountered.{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|pp=38—46}}{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|pp=12—13}}

Seamounts are considered to be biodiversity hotspots,{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=2}} and there are proposals to make Anton Dohrn Seamount a Special Area of Conservation. The region is considered to be "the cradle of deep-sea biology" as Victorian-era scientists sampled the regional fauna. Ocean currents around Anton Dohrn Seamount are complicated and formed by various water masses.{{sfn|Davies|Stewart|Narayanaswamy|Jacobs|2015|p=4}} Internal tides at the seamount appear to be important for its ecosystem.{{sfn|Henry|Vad|Findlay|Murillo|2014|p=5}}

The seamount has been impacted by deep water fishing. Lost fishing gear and trawl marks have been found on Anton Dohrn Seamount,{{sfn|Stewart|Davies|Long|Strömberg|2009|p=74}} and animals found at its foot have ingested microplastics. In October 2020 the seamount was made part of the West of Scotland Marine Protected Area by the Scottish Government in attempt to protect the area's ecology.

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{{refend}}

• [https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/anton-dohrn-seamount-mpa/ Anton Dohrn Seamount MPA]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090206163100/http://ngo.grida.no/wwfneap/Projects/Reports/Seamount_Report.pdf WWF report on seamounts of the Northeast Atlantic] (PDF)
• [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36806038 BBC webpage report on the 2016 report on coral reef habitat]
• [http://www.anton-dohrn.de/# Anton Dohrn — Fisheries Research Vessel]

Category:Seamounts of the Atlantic Ocean

Category:Guyots

Category:Scottish coast

Category:Landforms of Scotland

Category:Cretaceous volcanoes

Category:Paleocene volcanoes

Category:Eocene volcanoes