Appendix Probi
{{Short description|List of erroneous Latin words}}
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File:Appendix Probi photocopy 1892 - 1a.jpg
{{wikisourcelang|la|Appendix Probi|Appendix Probi}}
The {{lang|la|Appendix Probi}} ("Probus' Appendix") is the conventional name for a series of five documents believed to have been copied in the seventh or eighth century in Bobbio, Italy.Quirk 2006 Its name derives from the fact that the documents were found attached to a copy of the {{lang|la|Instituta Artium}}, a treatise named after (but probably not written by) the first-century grammarian Marcus Valerius Probus.Powell 2007: §1
The Appendix was likely composed in Rome{{efn|There is a reference on line 134 to {{lang|la|caput africae}}, the name of a grammar school known to have been located in that city.Barnett 2007: 705|name=|group=lower-roman}} around the first half of the fourth century AD.Quirk 2006: 16–21, 300
It is specifically the third of the five documents that has attracted scholarly attention, as it contains a list of 227 spelling mistakes, along with their corrections, which shed light on the phonological and grammatical changes that the local vernacular was experiencing in the early stages of its development into Romance.
The text survives only in a carelessly transcribed water-damaged manuscript of the 7th or 8th centuryRohlfs 1969: 16 which is kept at the {{lang|it|Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III|italic=no}}Quirk 2006 as MS Lat. 1 (formerly Vindobonensis 17).
Phenomena visible in the spelling mistakes
Note that the format is "[correct spelling], not [incorrect spelling]".Elcock 1960: 28–34 Scribal abbreviations have been expanded.
= [[Syncope (phonology)|Syncope]]=
- {{lang|la|speculum non speclum}}
- {{lang|la|masculus non masclus}}
- {{lang|la|uernaculus non uernaclus}}
- {{lang|la|angulus non anglus}}
- {{lang|la|uetulus non ueclus}}{{efn|Note the regular dissimilation, after syncope, of {{IPA|/-tl-/}} to {{IPA|/-kl-/}}.|name=|group=lower-roman}}
- {{lang|la|uitulus non uiclus}}
- {{lang|la|articulus non articlus}}
- {{lang|la|oculus non oclus}}
- {{lang|la|calida non calda}}
- {{lang|la|uiridis non uirdis}}
= Development of [[Voiced palatal approximant|yod]] from front vowels in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] =
= Change of {{IPA|/ŭ/}} to {{IPA|[o]|}} =
= Reduction of pretonic {{IPA|/au̯/}} to {{IPA|[o]|}} =
- {{lang|la|auris non oricla}}{{efn|The diminutive of auris is auricula.|name=|group=lower-roman}}
= Loss of final {{IPA|/m/}} =
= Loss of {{IPA|/h/}} =
= Reduction of {{IPA|/-ns-/}} to {{IPA|/-s-/}} =
- {{lang|la|mensa non mesa}}
- {{lang|la|ansa non asa}}
- {{lang|la|formosus non formunsus}}{{efn|An example of hypercorrection (Elcock 1960: 30), in this case the improper insertion of a silent ⟨n⟩, {{abbrlink|cf.|confer}} the spellings {{lang|la|herculens}} and {{lang|la|occansio}} below.|name=|group=lower-roman}}
- {{lang|la|Hercules non Herculens}}
- {{lang|la|occasio non occansio}}
= Loss of intervocalic {{IPA|/β/}} before a [[back vowel]] =
= Confusion of {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/β/}} =
= Confusion of singletons and [[Gemination|geminates]] =
= Elimination of imparisyllabic nouns =
= Adaptation of [[Latin grammar#Declension of adjectives|3rd-decl. adjectives]] to the 1st class =
= Adaptation of [[Latin grammar#4th and 5th declension|4th-decl.]] feminine nouns to the 1st decl. =
= Adaptation of 3rd/4th decl. feminines to the 1st decl. via diminutive suffix =
= Adaptation of neuter plural to the first declension =
= Elimination of the ablative =
= Alteration of [[Nominative case|nom]]. {{lang|la|-es}} (in the third declension) to {{lang|la|-is}} =
= Reduction of the endings {{lang|la|-es}} and {{lang|la|-is}} to {{lang|la|-s}}{{efn|Perhaps by analogy with existing words like {{lang|la|[[wiktionary:urbs#Latin|urbs]]}} or {{lang|la|[[wiktionary:plebs#Latin|plebs]]}} (Elcock 1960: 32).|name=|group=lower-roman}} =
= Loss of the masculine flexion -us =
- {{lang|la|figulus non figel}}{{efn|The unusual forms {{lang|la|figel}} and {{lang|la|mascel}} may reflect the replacement of the diminutive ending {{lang|la|-ulus}} with {{lang|la|-ellus}}, followed by the loss of both final {{IPA|/s/}} and the unstressed {{IPA|/ŭ/}}. While the change may seem to foreshadow e.g. the Romansh form {{lang|la|maschel}}, such forms are unusual for the time period and would not be seen again until the Kassel glosses (Elcock 1960: 32).|name=|group=lower-roman}}
- {{lang|la|masculus non mascel}}
- {{lang|la|barbarus non barbar}}
= [[Metathesis (linguistics)|Metathesis]], [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilation]], [[dissimilation]], etc. =
See also
Notes
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References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
- Barnett, F. J. 2007. The sources of the "Appendix Probi": A new approach. The Classical Quarterly 57(2). 701–736. doi:10.1017/s000983880700064x.
- Elcock, William Dennis. 1960. The Romance Languages. London: Faber & Faber.
- Rohfls, Gerhard. 1969. Sermo Vulgaris Latinus: Vulgarlateinisches Lesebuch. 2nd edn. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
- Leppänen, V., & Alho, T. 2018. On The Mergers Of Latin Close-Mid Vowels. Transactions of the Philological Society. doi:10.1111/1467-968x.12130
- Powell, Jonathan G. F. 2007. A new text of the "Appendix Probi". The Classical Quarterly 57(2). 687–700. doi:10.1017/S0009838807000638.
- Quirk, Ronald J. 2005. The “Appendix Probi” as a compendium of Popular Latin: Description and bibliography. The Classical World 98(4). 397–409. doi:10.2307/4352974
- Quirk, Ronald J. 2006. The Appendix Probi: A scholar's guide to text and context. Newark: Juan de la Cuesta.
- Quirk, Ronald J. 2017. Hypercorrection in the Appendix Probi. Philologus 161(2). 350–353. doi:10.1515/phil-2016-0119
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130429171733/http://ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/appendix_probi.html Transcription of the Appendix Probi] by Sean Crist, following W. A. Baehrens, 1922, Sprachlicher Kommentar zur vulgärlateinischen Appendix Probi.
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