Apulu

{{Infobox deity

|type = Etruscan

|name = Apulu{{pb}}(Aplu)

|gender = male

|other_names = Rath, Śuri, Usil, Vetis

|deity_of = {{ubl|God of the Sun and light, thunder and lightning, healing and plague}}

|member_of = Novensiles

|image = Populonia AR 10 asses Aplu 74000016.jpg

|caption = Apulu on a coin from Populonia.

|consort = Catha

|parents = Tinia and Semla{{sfn|De Grummond|Simon|2006}}

|siblings = {{ubl|Fufluns{{sfn|De Grummond|Simon|2006}}|Artume}}

|mount = Mt. Soratte{{sfn|Virgil|loc=11.786}}

|Greek_equivalent = Apollo

|Roman_equivalent = Apollo Soranus

|equivalent1_type = Hittite

|equivalent1 = Apaliunas

|region = Italy

|ethnic_group = Etruscans

}}

Apulu ({{langx|ett|𐌖𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌀}}), also syncopated as Aplu ({{langx|ett|𐌖𐌋𐌐𐌀}}), is an epithet of the Etruscan fire god Śuri{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}}{{sfn|Virgil|loc=11.786}}{{sfn|Van der Meer|2013|pages=323–341}}{{sfn|Myth Index}} as chthonic sky god, roughly equivalent to the Greco-Roman god Apollo.{{sfn|Krauskopf|2006|pages=vii, pp. 73–75}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=194}}{{sfn|Jannot|2005|p=146}}

Their names are associated on Pyrgi inscriptions too.{{sfn|Colonna|2009|pp=101–126}}{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}

The name Apulu or Aplu did not come directly from Greece but via a Latin center, probably Palestrina.{{sfn|Cristofani|2000|pages=161–162}}{{sfn|Cristofani|1985|pages=12–13}}{{sfn|De Grummond|Simon|2006}}

Under the name Apulu, he is known as god of the Sun and light, thunder and lightning, healing and plague, as well as the protector of divination,{{sfn|Cristofani|2000|pages=161–162}}{{sfn|Cristofani|1985|pages=12–13}} but he also has volcanic and infernal characteristics.{{sfn|Classical Association|1918|p=107}}{{sfn|Kenney|Clausen|1983}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}

He was also known as Rath,{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=204}} Usil{{sfn|Nonoss|2015}} and Vetis,{{sfn|Kenney|Clausen|1983}} among other names.{{sfn|Maras|2010}}

Mentions and iconography

He's mentioned as son of Tinia and Semla, brother of Fufluns and twin brother of Aritimi.{{sfn|De Grummond|Simon|2006}}

In art, he is depicted with a crown and laurel branches.

His most famous representation is the Apollo of Veii, attributed to Vulcas.

He does not appear on the Liver of Piacenza.

In other cultures

= Greco-Roman equivalent =

The national divinity of the Greeks, Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more.

Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague with his arrows. The invention of archery itself is credited to Apollo and his sister Artemis. Apollo is also an important pastoral deity, and was the patron of herdsmen and shepherds. Protection of herds, flocks and crops from diseases, pests and predators were his primary duties.

As the god of mousike,{{efn|Mousike (the art of the Muses) was an integral part of life in the ancient Greek world, and the term covered not only music but also dance, lyrics, theatre and the performance of poetry.}} Apollo presides over all music, songs, dance and poetry.

On the other hand, Apollo also encouraged founding new towns and establishment of civil constitution. He is associated with dominion over colonists. He was the giver of laws, and his oracles were consulted before setting laws in a city.

Notes

References

= Citations =

= Works cited =

{{cite book|last1=Bonfante|first1=Giuliano|author1-link=Giuliano Bonfante|last2=Bonfante|first2=Larissa|author2-link=Larissa Bonfante|edition=2|year=2002|orig-year=1983|title=The Etruscan Language: An Introduction|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5540-9}}
{{cite book|author=Classical Association|author-link=Classical Association|year=1918|editor1-last=Postgate|editor1-first=John Percival|editor1-link=John Percival Postgate|editor2-last=Arnold|editor2-first=Edward Vernon|editor2-link=Edward Vernon Arnold|editor3-last=Hall|editor3-first=Frederick William|editor3-link=Frederick William Hall (academic)|title=Classical Quarterly|translator-last=Postgate|translator-first=John Percival|translator-link=|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u4LAAAAIAAJ&q=vediovis|access-date=2024-08-11}}
{{cite journal|last=Colonna|first=Giovanni|author-link=Giovanni Colonna (archaeologist)|lang=it|title=L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il «Nero») e l'Apollo Sourios|journal=Studi Etruschi|volume=LXXIII|year=2009|pages=101–134|issn=0391-7762}}
{{cite book|editor-last=Cristofani|editor-first=Mauro|editor-link=Mauro Cristofani|year=2000|orig-year=1984|lang=it|contribution=Apulu/Aplu|title=Etruschi: una nuova immagine|location=Florence|publisher=Giunti Editore|pages=161–162|isbn=978-88-09-01792-4}}
{{cite book|editor-last=Cristofani|editor-first=Mauro|editor-link=|year=1985|lang=it|contribution=Aplu|title=Dizionario illustrato della civiltà Etrusca|location=Florence|publisher=Giunti Editore|pages=12–13|isbn=978-88-09-21728-7}}
{{cite book|editor1-last=De Grummond|editor1-first=Nancy Thomson|editor1-link=Nancy Thomson de Grummond|editor2-last=Simon|editor2-first=Erika|editor2-link=Erika Simon|year=2006|title=The Religion of the Etruscans|isbn=978-0-292-78233-4|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQtbJyFCd40C|access-date=2024-08-11}}
{{harvc|in=De Grummond|in2=Simon|year=2006|last=Krauskopf|first=Ingrid|author-link=:de:Ingrid Krauskopf|c=The Grave and Beyond|pages=VII, 73–75}}
{{cite news|last=Lecce|first=Vittoria|lang=it|title=Novembre e il dio Suri - Il Nero Signore|publisher=Museo Nazionale Etrusco|url=https://www.museoetru.it/etru-a-casa-aiser/novembre-e-il-dio-suri|access-date=2024-08-11|ref={{sfnref|National Etruscan Museum}}}}
{{cite magazine|last=Maras|first=Daniele Federico|author-link=|year=2010|lang=it|title=Suri. Il nero signore degli inferi|magazine=Archeo|number=305|url=http://www.archeo.it/rivista/2010/Luglio/suri-il-nero-signore-degli-inferi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210200639/http://www.archeo.it/rivista/2010/Luglio/suri-il-nero-signore-degli-inferi|archive-date=2014-12-10|access-date=2024-08-11}}
{{cite book|last=Jannot|first=Jean-René|author-link=:fr:Jean-René Jannot|year=2005|title=Religion in Ancient Etruria|translator-last=Whitehead|translator-first=J.K.|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-20844-8}}
{{cite book|last1=Kenney|first1=Edward John|author1-link=E. J. Kenney|last2=Clausen|first2=Wendell Vernon|year=1983|title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature|volume=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27373-2}}
{{cite web|last=Nonoss|year=2015|lang=fr-FR|title=Turan, Aritimi, Usil et l'énigmatique Letham...|website=Au Fil du Temps|url=http://arossf.over-blog.com/2015/03/turan-aritimi-usil.html|access-date=2024-08-11}}
{{cite web|title=Soranus|website=Myth Index|url=http://www.mythindex.com/roman-mythology/S/Soranus.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921213253/http://mythindex.com/roman-mythology/S/Soranus.html|archive-date=2017-09-21|access-date=2024-08-11|ref={{sfnref|Myth Index}}}}
{{cite book|last=Van der Meer|first=Lammert Bouke|author-link=L. Bouke van der Meer|year=2013|contribution=Lead Plaque of Magliano|title=Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino|series=Quaderni di Acme (134)|location=Milan|pages=323–341 (335)|via=Academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/4006969|access-date=2024-08-11}}
{{cite book|author=Virgil|author-link=Virgil|lang=en|title=Aeneid|volume=XI|at=786|via=Perseus Digital Library|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=11.786&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0054|access-date=2024-08-11}}