Usil
{{Short description|Etruscan god of the sun}}
File:Chariot fitting Usil Hermitage GR-4876.jpg
Usil is the Etruscan god of the sun, shown to be identified with Apulu (Apollo). His iconic depiction features Usil rising out of the sea, with a fireball in either outstretched hand, on an engraved Etruscan bronze mirror in late Archaic style, formerly on the Roman antiquities market.Noted by J. D. Beazley, "The World of the Etruscan Mirror" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 69 (1949:1–17) p. 3, fig. 1. On Etruscan mirrors in the Classical style, Usil appears with an aureole.
He was identified with Apulu; appearing on an Etruscan mirror from the Vatican dating from the 4th century BC, on which Usil is seen holding the bow of Apulu.{{sfn|Nonoss|2015}}
Usil was identified with the Roman Sol and Greek Helios. However, while Usil is depicted as male in some artwork, there are also feminine depictions.{{sfn|Haynes|2000}}{{sfn|De Grummond|2008}} There is also a connection with the indigenous Etruscan goddess Catha, who has been interpreted as having a solar character, however she has also been identified with a Lunar character.{{Cite journal |last=de Grummond |first=Nancy T. |date=2008 |title=Moon over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627480 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=419–428 |doi=10.3764/aja.112.3.419 |jstor=20627480 |s2cid=193046316 |issn=0002-9114|url-access=subscription }} In artwork, Usil is shown in close association with the dawn goddess Thesan, something almost never seen with Helios and Eos.{{sfn|De Grummond|Simon|2006}}
Catha has been identified as "Solis Filia" meaning "Sun's Daughter", making Usil her father.{{Cite journal |last=de Grummond |first=Nancy Thomson |date=2004 |title=For the Mother and for the Daughter: Some Thoughts on Dedications from Etruria and Praeneste |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354077 |journal=Hesperia Supplements |volume=33 |pages=351–370 |jstor=1354077 |issn=1064-1173}}
In the Liver of Piacenza
Since his name appears on the bronze liver of Piacenza, next to Tiur, meaning both "moon" and "month",{{sfn|Bonfante|Swaddling|2006}} since then Tiur has been identified as the name of the personification of the moon, but it was most likely a date. The inscriptions on the Pyrgi Tablets confirm that "tiur" was meant as "month" for datations,.{{sfn|Adiego|2016|p=155}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
= Bibliography =
- {{cite book|author=Adiego|volume=I-X|contribution=The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties|title=Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta|editor-first=Vincenzo|editor-last=Bellelli|editor-first2=Paolo|editor-last2=Xella|location=Verona|year=2016|page=155}}
- {{cite book|last1=Bonfante|first1=Larissa|author-link=Larissa Bonfante |last2=Swaddling|first2=Judith|author2-link=Judith Swaddling |title=Etruscan Myths|series=The Legendary Past (77)|publisher=British Museum/University of Texas|year=2006|isbn=9780714122380}}
- {{cite book|editor1-last=De Grummond|editor1-first=Nancy Thomson|editor2-last=Simon|editor2-first=Erika|year=2006|title=The Religion of the Etruscans|isbn=9780292782334|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hQtbJyFCd40C}}
- {{cite journal|last=De Grummond|first=Nancy Thomson|author-link=Nancy Thomson de Grummond|year=2008|title=Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=112|number=3|pages=419–428|doi=10.3764/aja.112.3.419|s2cid=193046316 |via = University of Chicago Press}}
- {{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Sybille|year=2000|title=Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History|location=Los Angeles|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=9780892366002}}
- {{cite book|last=Jannot|first=Jean-René|year=2005|title=Religion in Ancient Etruria|translator-first=J.K.|translator-last=Whitehead|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299208448}}
- {{cite web|access-date=2016-03-25|year=2015|language=fr-FR|last1=Nonoss|title=Turan, Aritimi, Usil et l'énigmatique Letham...|url=http://arossf.over-blog.com/2015/03/turan-aritimi-usil.html|website=Au Fil du Temps}}
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