Arabic-based pidgins and creoles

The Arabic creoles and pidgins are:

• Bimbashi Arabic, a colonial-era pidgin of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the ancestor of the other Sudanic pidgins and creoles.
• Turku Arabic, a pidgin of colonial Chad
• Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan
• Nubi language, spoken in Uganda and Kenya
• Bongor Arabic, which could be a descendant of Turku Arabic, spoken in and around the town of Bongor, Chad.{{Sfnp|Tosco|Manfredi|2013}}
• There may be other Turku-like Arabic pidgins in Chad today, but they have not been described.{{Sfnp|Tosco|Manfredi|2013}}

In the modern era, pidgin Arabic is most notably used by the large number of migrants to Arab countries. Examples include:

• Gulf Pidgin Arabic, used by mostly immigrant laborers in the Arabian Peninsula (and not necessarily a single language variety).{{glottolog|pidg1248|Pidgin Gulf Arabic}}{{cite journal |last1=Bakir |first1=Murtadha |title=Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic |date=2010 |pages=201 - 228 |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jpcl.25.2.01bak |access-date=14 January 2024| journal=JBE Platform}}
• Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic, used by Bengali immigrants in Jordan.{{glottolog|jord1239|Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic}}
• Pidgin Madam, used by Sinhalese domestic workers in Lebanon.{{glottolog|pidg1252|Pidgin Madam}}Fida Bizri, 2005. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00675379/ Le Pidgin Madam: Un nouveau pidgin arabe], La Linguistique 41, p. 54–66
• Romanian Pidgin Arabic, spoken by Romanian oil-field workers in Iraq from the 1970s to the 1990s.{{glottolog|roma1333|Romanian Pidgin Arabic}}{{Cite journal |last=Avram |first=Andrei |date=2010-01-01 |title=An Outline of Romanian Pidgin Arabic |url=https://brill.com/ |journal=Journal of Language Contact |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20–38 |doi=10.1163/000000010792317884 |issn=1877-4091|doi-access=free }}

Due to the nature of pidgins, this list is likely incomplete. New pidgins may continue to develop and emerge due to language contact in the Arab world.

Para-Arabic, also known as Pseudo-Arabic, is a descendant of the Arabic language that is no longer fully classified as Arabic. This is a mixed language that undergoes a process of code mixing or code switching where Arabic vocabulary and grammar or lexicon are mixed with other languages.

• Condet dialect, a dialect of Betawi language with a more pronounced influence of Arabic vocabulary than other dialects, as well as a slight influence of Malay language.{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308723673_Hubungan_Bahasa_Melayu_dengan_Bahasa_Betawi_di_Wilayah_Condet|title=Hubungan Bahasa Melayu dengan Bahasa Betawi di Wilayah Condet|publisher=University of Indonesia|journal=Program Studi Indonesia, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya|language=id|date=2015|first=Khairina|last=Diar|volume=|number=|location=Jakarta, Indonesia}}{{cite journal|url=https://ejournal.atmajaya.ac.id/index.php/kolita/article/view/5780|title=Analisis Makna dan Tatanan Gramatikal Bahasa Arab Pada Masyarakat Condet|publisher=Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia|journal=Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya|language=id|date=2021|author1=Husin|first2=Rizka|last2=Andini|volume=|number=|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|issn=2828-5034}} Arabic-Malay script (Jawi) was also quite often used by the indigenous people of Condet in East Jakarta, especially during the Dutch colonial era.{{cite journal|url=https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/62973|title=Tsanā'iyyah al-lughah fī mujtama' condet ('arab-betawi) dirāsah 'ilm al-lughah al-ijtimā'i|publisher=UIN Syarif Hidayatullah|journal=Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora|language=ar|date=2016|first=Ahmad|last=Rifai|volume=|number=|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|issn=}}

Nubi language can also be considered a Para-Arabic language because its vocabulary is not entirely derived from Arabic but has absorbed a lot of Bantu languages. But it is excluded, because its lexicon is 90% derived from Arabic.Ineke Wellens. The Nubi Language of Uganda: An Arabic Creole in Africa. BRILL, 2005 {{ISBN|90-04-14518-4}}

• Varieties of Arabic

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Tosco |first1=Mauro |last2=Manfredi |first2=Stefani |editor1-last=Owens |editor1-first=Jonathan |title=The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199764136 |chapter=Pidgins and Creoles}}
• Manfredi, Stefano and Mauro Tosco (eds.) 2014. Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles. Special Issue of the [https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/jpcl.29.2/main Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages], 29:2

{{Varieties of Arabic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic-Based Creole Languages}}

{{Pidgincreole-lang-stub}}