Arcaicam Esperantom

{{Lang|eo|La Sociolekta Triopo}} (the sociolect triple) does not create new Esperantidos (e.g. Esperanto II), but its sole purpose—including Arcaicam Esperantom—is to reflect styles in literature translated into Esperanto, like the Berlin Middle-German dialect spoken by characters in Carl Zuckmayer's Captain of Köpenick (Popido), or ancient styles in Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (Arcaicam Esperantom)."Arkaika Esperanto", p.12 et seq.

{{Lang|eo|La Sociolekta Triopo}} thus constitutes not three new constructed languages, but constructed auxiliary sociolects for Esperanto, understandable by every reader of Esperanto but still providing the stylistic differences between dialects (Popido), slang (Gavaro), and ancient forms contrasting with {{Lang|eo|Fundamento}}, standard Esperanto, e.g. in works of Mark Twain (slang and southern dialect) or The Lord of the Rings (Arcaicam Esperantom for the elves, Popido for the Hobbits).

File:Manuel Halvelik 1975.JPG

The three following rules are also added:

• {{lang|eo|g}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|gu}} (before {{lang|eo-arkaika|e, i}}) or {{lang|eo-arkaika|g}} (before other letters)
• {{lang|eo|k}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|qu}} (before {{lang|eo-arkaika|e, i}}) or {{lang|eo-arkaika|c}} (before other letters)
• {{lang|eo|ŭ}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|ù}} (but see below regarding {{lang|eo|-aŭ}} adverbs)

• {{lang|eo|aŭ}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|aù}} (but see below regarding {{lang|eo|-aŭ}} adverbs)
• {{lang|eo|eŭ}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|eù}}

• {{lang|eo|dz}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|zz}}
• {{lang|eo|ks}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|x}}
• {{lang|eo|kv}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|cù}}

Halvelik recommends blackletter and uncial types.{{cite book |title=Arkaika Esperanto|date=2010 |page=28 |language=eo |quote=Por presado oni elektu ornamitajn litertipojn, nekutimajn, prefere uncialajn* kaj gotikajn.|trans-quote=For printing, choose ornamental, unusual types, uncial and Gothic in preference.}}

Pronouns are changed as:

*herself/himself/itself/themselves

• There is an old pronoun {{lang|eo-arkaika|egui}} which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun (utrum). Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, animals etc.

• The infinitive ends in {{lang|eo-arkaika|-ir}}, rather than in the {{lang|eo|-i}} of modern Esperanto. Ex.: {{Lang|eo|fari}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|pharir}}.
• The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.

Ex: The modern Esperanto verb {{Lang|eo|esti}} (to be), present tense:

• {{Lang|eo|mi/ci/li/ŝi/ĝi/si/ni/vi/ili estas}}

The Arcaicam Esperantom verb {{Lang|eo-arkaika|estir}} (to be), present tense:

• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|(mihi) estams}}
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|(tu) estas}}
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|(lùi/eshi/eghi/egui) estat}}
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|(nos) estaims}}
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|(wos) estais}}
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|(ilùi) estait}}

The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:

• The future-tense conjugation {{Lang|eo|estos}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|estoms}}, etc.
• The past-tense conjugation {{Lang|eo|estis}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|estims}}, etc.
• The conditional-mood conjugation {{Lang|eo|estus}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|estums}}, etc.

The imperative mood behaves differently from that pattern:

• The imperative form {{Lang|eo|estu}} stays {{Lang|eo-arkaika|estu}} for singular subjects, but becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|estuy}} for plural subjects.

• {{lang|eo|-o}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|om}} (sg. noun, nominative)
• {{lang|eo|-oj}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|oy}} (pl. noun, nominative)
• {{lang|eo|-on}} stays {{lang|eo-arkaika|-on}} (sg. noun, accusative). Where Esperanto has a direction accusative, the dative is used.{{cite book |title=Arkaika Esperanto |date=2010 |pages=30|quote=[...]dativo. La lasta {{sic|funtsias|expected=funkcias}} kiel la kutima “direkta akuzativo” : |language=eo}} E.g.: {{Langx|eo|Tiu virino la drinkemulon venordonis antaŭ la tribunalon|links=no|lit=That woman ordered the drunkard to come before the tribunal}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|Ityu Wirinnom Drinquemulon}} {{Sic|wenordiguit|expected=Ordon- is used in other examples.}} {{lang|eo-arkaika|antez Tribunalod}}.{{cite book |title=Arkaika Esperanto |date=2010 |pages=67–68 }}
• {{lang|eo|-ojn}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-oyn}} (pl. noun, accusative)
• {{lang|eo|al}} x{{lang|eo|-o}} becomes x{{lang|eo-arkaika|-od}} (sg. noun, dative – ex.: {{Lang|eo|al domo}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|domod}})
• {{lang|eo|al}} x{{lang|eo|-oj}} becomes x{{lang|eo-arkaika|-oyd}} (pl. noun, dative – ex.: {{Lang|eo|al domoj}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|domoyd}})
• {{lang|eo|de}} x{{lang|eo|-o}} becomes x{{lang|eo-arkaika|-es}} (sg. noun, genitive – ex.: {{Lang|eo|de domo}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|domes}})
• {{lang|eo|de}} x{{lang|eo|-oj}} becomes x{{lang|eo-arkaika|-eys}} (pl. noun, genitive – ex.: {{Lang|eo|de domoj}} becomes {{Lang|eo-arkaika|domeys}})
• {{lang|eo|-e}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-œ}} (adverb) (This is a new phoneme, not present in modern Esperanto. It is pronounced like the German {{lang|de|ö}}.)
• {{anchor|adv_au}}{{lang|eo|-aŭ}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-ez}} ({{lang|eo|-aŭ}}-adverb such as {{Lang|eo|baldaŭ}}, etc.)
• {{lang|eo|-a}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-am}} (sg. adjective, nominative)
• {{lang|eo|-aj}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-ay}} (pl. adjective, nominative)
• A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Glawom}} = {{Lang|eo|(la) glavo}}.
• The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix {{lang|eo|-ado}}. The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending. Ex: {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Leguirom}} = {{Lang|eo|(la) legado}}.
• The declension of personal pronouns below, however, differs significantly from declensions of nouns or adjectives. These personal pronouns have their own adjectival forms.{{cite book |title=Arkaika Esperanto |date=2010 |pages=32 }}

• {{lang|eo|ki-}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|cuy-}}
• {{lang|eo|ti-}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|ity-}}
• {{lang|eo|i-}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|hey-}}
• {{lang|eo|neni-}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|nemy-}}
• {{lang|eo|ĉi-}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|chey-}}
• {{lang|eo|ali-}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|altri-}}

(Note: {{lang|eo|Ali-}}, which in modern Esperanto is not a correlative despite its use in that fashion by some, becomes in Arcaicam Esperantom as {{lang|eo-arkaika|altri-}} a full-fledged correlative.)

• {{lang|eo|-o}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-om}}
• {{lang|eo|-a}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-am}}
• {{lang|eo|-am}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-ahem}}
• {{lang|eo|-e}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-œ}}
• {{lang|eo|-om}} becomes {{lang|eo-arkaika|-ohem}}
• ({{lang|eo|-u}} stays {{lang|eo-arkaika|-u}})
• ({{lang|eo|-el}} stays {{lang|eo-arkaika|-el}})
• the particle {{lang|eo|ĉi}} becomes is- ({{Lang|eo|ĉi tiu}} = {{Lang|eo-arkaika|isityu}})

• The definite article {{Lang|eo|la}} does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of {{Lang|eo-arkaika|ityu}} (in modern Esperanto {{Lang|eo|tiu}}).
• The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is {{Lang|eo-arkaika|unn}} (which is the same word for the number 1).

• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Salutoyn cheyuyd! Cuyel phartais wos?}} –'Hello everyone, how are you?'
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Lùi ex Byelostocom wenat}}. – 'He comes from Białystok.'
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Cuyel nomizzas}}? – 'What is your name?'
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Nomizzams Petrus}}. – 'My name is Peter.'
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Ityon comprenams bonœ}}. – 'I understand that well.'
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Unn Manom altrian Manon lawat}}. – 'One hand washes the other (hand).'
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Tempom phughat}}. – '{{lang|la|Tempus fugit}}' (Vergil)
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Ityel pasat mondes Glorom}}. – '{{lang|la|Sic transit gloria mundi}}' (Thomas à Kempis)
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Wenims, widims, wenquims}}. – '{{lang|la|Veni, vidi, vici}}' (Julius Caesar)
• {{Lang|eo-arkaika|Homom Homoyd Lupom estat}}. – '{{lang|la|Homo homini lupus}}' (Plautus)

{{Portal|Constructed languages|Language}}

• Proto-Esperanto
• Esperantido

• Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom. Brugge: Sonorilo, 1969. 122 pages.
• [http://www.universala-esperanto.net/index_htm_files/Arkaika%20Esperanto.pdf Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom]. 2010 edition. 258 pages. Downloadable as a 9MB PDF file.

• [http://cals.conlang.org/language/arcaicam-esperantom/ Arcaicam Esperantom] at the Conlang Atlas of Language Structures.

{{Constructed languages}}

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Category:Archaic words and phrases