Architectural design competition

Architectural competitions have existed for more than 2,500 years. The design of the Acropolis, in Athens, resulted from an architectural competition in 448 B.C., as did several European cathedrals in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, many projects initiated by the papacy or other top religious bodies were decided through design competition. Examples are the Spanish Steps in Rome and, famously, the competition for the dome of the Florence Cathedral, won by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1419. Open competitions emerged in the late 18th century in countries including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France, and Sweden.[https://web.archive.org/web/20091103044724/http://www.safa.fi/archive/327_130years-publication.pdf 130 Years of Finnish architectural competitions], retrieved 2009-09-23

In 19th century England and Ireland, more than 2,500 competitions were held within five decades, with 362 in London alone. The Royal Institute of British Architects drafted its first set of rules in 1839 and its first formal regulations in 1872. German regulations had been introduced in 1867. In the same period, in the Netherlands, an association for the advancement of architecture (Maatschappij tot Bevordering van de Bouwkunst) started organizing conceptual competitions to stimulate creativity among architects.De Jong, Cees and Mattie, Erik: Architectural Competitions 1792-1949, Taschen, 1997, {{ISBN|3-8228-8599-1}}

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| header = Competition for the design of the Peace Palace in The Hague, 1905

| image1 = O. Wagner competition design for the Peace Palace The Hague.jpg

| caption1 = Competition entry by Otto Wagner

| image2 = F. Schwechten competition design for the Peace Palace The Hague.jpg

| caption2 = Entry by Franz Heinrich Schwechten

| image3 = Peace Palace design by Hendrik Berlage (contrast & color optimized file).png

| caption3 = Entry by Hendrik Petrus Berlage

| image4 = International Court of Justice HQ 2006.jpg

| caption4 = Building by competition winner Louis M. Cordonnier

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Various competition paradigms exist, most prominently the following types or combinations of them:{{cite web

|url=http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/default-source/events-and-awards/guidelines-for-architectural-design-competitions.pdf?sfvrsn=2

|title=Guidelines for Architectural Design Competitions

|publisher=Australian Institute of Architects

|access-date=12 September 2013

|date=October 2003

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235221/http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/default-source/events-and-awards/guidelines-for-architectural-design-competitions.pdf?sfvrsn=2

|archive-date=3 March 2016

|url-status=dead

}}

Open vs, Invited (or Otherwise Limited) Competitions:

• Open Competitions: international, national, regional, or otherwise defined in scope, they typically have little or no restrictions on who may enter.
• Invited, Limited, Pre-Qualified, or otherwise Non-Open Competitions restrict who may participate (and, in many cases, also provide stipends or honorariums to participants) Project vs. Ideas Competitions:
• Project Competitions: seek schemes for specific building and/ or landscape projects that the commissioning entities intend to realize
• Ideas Competitions: held for the purpose of generating new ideas (in some cases, particularly novel, provocative, or visionary ones) Single- vs. Multi-stage Competitions
• Single-Stage Competitions:
• Multi-Stage Competitions (two stages or more), many of which invite only short-listed participants, a limited group of chosen semi-finalists, to continue to the next stage(s), for which they might receive a stipend or honorarium to help cover costs Anonymous vs. Non-Anonymous Competitions:
• Anonymous Competitions: judged or juried, for greater objectivity, with no knowledge of the names or identities of participating individuals and firms
• Non-Anonymous (or Cooperative) Competitions: Competing architects and firms are openly identified from the start (competitors might even be invited to present their projects in person to the jury to explain design strategies and provide for project-specific dialogue) Recurrent vs. One-Time Competitions:
• Seasonal or Annual Competitions: These recurrent competitions, including Europan, put out periodical calls for entries. They may, or may not, result in an actual constructed project, depending on the set-up.
• One-Time Competitions, held for a specific project
• Student Design Competitions

The rules of each competition are defined by the organizer; they often, however, follow the guidelines provided by the International Union of Architects[http://www.uia-architectes.org/texte/england/Menu-7/UIAguideIC.html UIA competition guide] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714083626/http://www.uia-architectes.org/texte/england/Menu-7/UIAguideIC.html |date=14 July 2009 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10 or the relevant national or regional architectural organization. Competition guidelines define roles, responsibilities, processes, and procedures within a competition[http://www.raic.org/architecture_architects/architectural_competitions/raic_e.htm Canadian competition rules] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009090517/http://www.raic.org/architecture_architects/architectural_competitions/raic_e.htm |date=9 October 2009 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10 and provide guidance on possible competition types, eligibility criteria, jury composition, participation conditions, payments, prizes, publication of results, and other aspects.[http://www.safa.fi/bottom.php?cat=8&sel=132&sivu=313 Finnish competition rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313041204/http://www.safa.fi/bottom.php?cat=8&sel=132&sivu=313 |date=13 March 2016 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10[http://www.coa.gov.in/practice/competition.htm Indian competition guidelines] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212104557/http://www.coa.gov.in/practice/competition.htm |date=12 December 2009 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10

In France and Germany, design competitions are compulsory for all public buildings exceeding a certain cost.[http://www.bda-bund.de/aktuelles/veroeffentlichungen/artikel/2014/08/14/bda-kommentierung-der-rpw-2013.html German competition guidelines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925164111/http://www.bda-bund.de/aktuelles/veroeffentlichungen/artikel/2014/08/14/bda-kommentierung-der-rpw-2013.html |date=25 September 2015 }}, retrieved 2015-09-24

{{See also|List of Architectural design competitions}}

{{unreferenced section|date=August 2019}}

Most significant among architectural competitions are the ones which are internationally open, attract a large number of design submissions, and the winning design is built.

• Architectural design values
• Student competition
• Student design competition

{{Reflist|2}}

• Andersson E., Bloxham Zettersten, G. und Rönn, M., (eds) [http://www.kulturland.se/produkt/architectural-competitions-histories-and-practice/ Architectural Competitions - Histories and Practice]. Stockholm: The Royal Institute of Technology and Rio Kulturkooperativ, 2013. {{ISBN|978-91-85249-16-9}}
• Chupin, Jean-Pierre, Carmela Cucuzzella and Bechara Helal (eds) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150201003250/http://potentialarchitecturebooks.com/publications/ Architecture Competitions and the Production of Culture, Quality and Knowledge: An International Inquiry], Montreal: Potential Architecture Books, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-9921317-0-8}}
• Collyer, G. Stanley, Competing Globally in Architecture Competitions, Wiley Academy, 2004, {{ISBN|0470-86-2130}}
• De Jong, Cees and Mattie, Erik: Architectural Competitions 1792-1949, Taschen, 1997, {{ISBN|3-8228-8599-1}}

{{Commons category|Architectural competitions}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830224625/http://www.kth.se/abe/Competition Architectural Competition - Nordic Symposium]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090713045359/http://www.ccc.umontreal.ca/catalogue.php?lang=en Canadian Competitions Catalogue]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612150552/http://designcompetition.com/design-competitions-past.php DesignCompetition.com], list of design competitions
• DCC Directory of Architecture and Design Competitions, Awards, Associations and Design Residencies.[https://dcc-edu.org/competitions/], list of 1500 architecture and design competitions
• [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.cabe.org.uk/articles/working-within-procurement-structures CABE: Making Competitions Work]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305140118/http://www.architecture.com/UseAnArchitect/FindAnArchitect/Competitions/Competitions.aspx RIBA Competitions], the Royal Institute of British Architects dedicated RIBA Competitions unit
• [http://www.wettbewerbe-aktuell.de/index.php?json=1&checkdone=1&changesprache=en&changesprache=en Wettbewerbe Aktuell], a German journal specialized in architectural competitions
• [http://www.aia.org/practicing/akr/AIAB087309 Handbook of Architectural Design Competitions], American Institute of Architects (AIA)
• [https://competitions.org] The Competition Project, Inc., a world-wide resource on competitions since 1990 with the periodical publication, COMPETITIONS (1991-2010) and COMPETITIONS Annual (2010-)

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Category:Architectural design