Architecture of Bangladesh#Pala Buddhist architecture

File:Naogaon Paharpur 11Oct12 IMG 3696.jpg

The Pala Empire was an early Indian empire of Bengali Buddhist dynasty ruling from Bengal (which included present-day Bangladesh) from the 8th to the 12th centuries. The Palas created a distinctive form of Bengali architecture and art known as the "Pala School of Sculptural Art."{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The central shrine of the Paharpur vihara was the mature form of a cruciform Buddhist shrine and Śikhara-śirsha-bhadra type.{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Reza |first=Mohammad Habib |date=2012 |title=Early Buddhist architecture of Bengal : morphological study on the vihāra of c. 3rd to 8th centuries |publisher=University of Liverpool}} The gigantic structures of Vikramashila Vihar, Odantpuri Vihar, and Jagaddal Vihar were masterpieces of the Palas. These mammoth structures were destroyed by the forces of the infamous Bakhtiar Khilji.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The Somapura Mahavihara, a creation of Dharmapala, at Paharpur, Bangladesh, is the largest Buddhist Vihara in the Indian subcontinent and has been described as a "pleasure to the eyes of the world." UNESCO made it a World Heritage Site in 1985. The Pala architectural style was followed throughout south-eastern Asia and China, Japan, and Tibet. Bengal rightfully earned the name "Mistress of the East".{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Dr. Stella Kramrisch says: "The art of Bihar and Bengal exercised a lasting influence on that of Nepal, Burma, Ceylon and Java." Dhiman and Vittpala were two celebrated Pala sculptors. About Somapura Mahavihara, Mr J.C. French says with grief: "For the research of the Pyramids of Egypt we spend millions of dollars every year. But had we spent only one per cent of that money for the excavation of Somapura Mahavihara, who knows what extraordinary discoveries could have been made".The Art of the Pala Empire of Bengal, p.4.

{{Further|Indo-Islamic architecture}}

The Sultanate of Bengal was an era of the Central Asian origin Muslim Nawab dynasty that ruled independently of the Mughal Empire from 1342 to 1576. Most of the Muslim architecture of the period is found in the historic Gaur region, today's Rajshahi division and Malda district in West Bengal. The architecture of the period is noted for the development of a uniquely local style influenced by Bengali architectural traditions. Sonargaon was also a Sultanate capital (capital of the Baro-Bhuyan Confederacy) before the arrival of the Mughals and Dhaka within the confines of Dholai Khal was their trading outpost Sultanate architecture is exemplified in structures such as the Shat Gombuj Masjid, the Shona Masjid and the Kusumba Masjid.{{Cite web |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/4129/original/dpt0826.pdf?1384779803 |last=Hasan |first=Perween |title=Sultanate Mosques and Continuity in Bengal Architecture |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715061634/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/4129/original/dpt0826.pdf?1384779803 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}

{{Further|Mughal architecture}}

In 1576, much of Bengal came under the control of the Mughal Empire. At the time, Dhaka emerged as a Mughal military base. The development of townships and housing had resulted in significant growth in population, as the town was proclaimed by Subahdar Islam Khan I as the capital of Subah Bangala in 1608, during this time many mosques and forts had been built. Bara Katra was built between 1644 and 1646 CE to be the official residence of the Mughal prince {{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}Shah Shuja, the second son of the emperor Shah Jahan.

Indian Mughal architecture in present-day Bangladesh reached its peak during the reign of Subedar

Shaista Khan, He stayed in the old Afghan fort in the area (present old central jail) and encouraged the construction of modern townships and public works in Dhaka, leading to a massive urban and economic expansion. He was a patron of the arts and encouraged the construction of majestic monuments across the province, including mosques, mausoleums and palaces that represented the finest in Mughal architecture. Khan laid the foundation of Lalbagh Fort (also Fort Aurangabad), Chowk Bazaar Mosque, Lalbagh Shahi Mosque, Saat Masjid, Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque and Choto Katra. He also supervised the construction of the mausoleum for his daughter Bibi Pari in the fort area.

Image:Charles_D%27Oyly04.jpg|Bara Katra, etching by Sir Charles D'Oyly in 1823

File:Charles D'Oyly06.jpg|The Saat Masjid on the Buriganga River banks in the 19th century

File:Choto Sona Mosque 04.jpg|The Chhoto Shona Masjid.

File:Kusumba014.jpg|The Kusumba Mosque

File:Lalbager Kella 01.jpg|Lalbagh Fort built by Muhammad Azam Shah.

File:Andarkilla Mosque from south.jpg|Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque

File:জোড় বাংলা মন্দির.1.jpg, with a Do-chala roof]]

File:Choto_Sona_Mosque_04.jpg with the "ek-chala" roof]]

Much of the terracotta temple architecture in Bangladesh dates to the late Islamic period and early British period during which wealthy Hindu zamindars commissioned these structures. There are several distinctive styles of roof, mostly based on vernacular styles for village houses, the originals mostly using plant materials. Some smaller temples also use thatch, but grander examples imitate the designs in stone. Other temples use versions of Hindu temple architecture found in eastern India.

{{Main|Chala Style}}

• ek-bangla, have a curved roof with two sloping sides
• Jor-bangla Style, has a roof of the ek-Bangla (or do-Chala) style, with two curved segments that meet at a curved ridge
• ek-chala, single-story or has a second story built into a sloping roof
• Do-chala, have a curved roof with two sloping sides
• Char-chala, have a curved roof composed of four triangular segments
• At-chala, the base structure is similar to the four-sided char-Chala temple style, but with a small replica of the base temple on top
• Deul, were generally smaller and included features influenced by Islamic architecture

{{Main|Ratna Style}}

• Ek-ratna, the base structure is similar to the four-sided char-Chala temple style, but the roof is quite different, flat with a tower in the centre.
• Pancharatna, has five pavilions or towers on the roof; four stands at the corners of the main level, and one above.
• Navaratna, incorporates two main levels, each with four spired corner pavilions, and a central pavilion above, for a total of nine spires.

File:Puthia Mandirs10.JPG|The Pancharatna Gobinda Temple at Puthia Temple Complex, Rajshahi

File:Kantaji Temple Dinajpur Bangladesh (19).JPG|Terracotta designs outside the Kantajew Temple, Dinajpur

File:Sonarong Jora Moth (25).JPG|Sonarang Twin Temples Munshiganj

File:Village in Pirojpur.jpg

The word "bungalow" derives from the Hindi term baṅglā, meaning "belonging to Bengal", and originally meant a type of cottage built for early Europeans there.{{cite book |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=A. |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |edition=3rd |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb0109440?rskey=j5VpP0&result=19}} Such houses were small, usually one storey, and had a wide veranda.{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/12/B0551200.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308171939/http://www.bartleby.com/61/12/B0551200.html|title=bungalow. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.|archivedate=8 March 2008|work=bartleby.com}}

{{Further|Indo-Saracenic architecture}}

In the British colonial age predominantly representative buildings of the Indo-European style developed, from a mixture of mainly Indian, European and Central Asian (Islamic) components. Amongst the more prominent works are Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka and Tajhat Palace in Rangpur City.

File:Ahsan-Manzil.jpg|Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka

File:Tazhat Rangpur.jpg|Tajhat Palace in Rangpur

File:Shoshi Lodge Mymensingh (146352265).jpeg|Shashi Lodge in Mymensingh

File:Rani Vabani Rajbari.jpg|Natore Rajbari

In the modern context, Bangladeshi architecture has become more diversified comprising reflections of contemporary architectural attributes, aesthetic and technologically advanced aspects. Since the inception of Bangladesh, economical advancement has boosted the architecture from its traditional forms to contemporary context. With the growing urbanization and modernization, the architectural form is turning into modernity covering a wide range of its heritage and tradition. The architecture of Bangladesh can provide insight into the history and lives of the Bangladeshi people.{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh.com/architecture/|title=Appealing Architecture – From Ancient Treasures to Contemporary Landmarks|access-date=28 December 2009 |publisher=Bangladesh.com| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100108033246/http://www.bangladesh.com/architecture/| archivedate= 8 January 2010 | url-status= live}}

Fazlur Rahman Khan was a structural engineer and architect, who initiated structural systems that are fundamental to tall building design today.:File:Skyscraper structure.png[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~struct/resources/pencil/systems.htm Hong Kong : PHigh-Rise Structural Systems] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617080642/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~struct/resources/pencil/systems.htm |date=17 June 2012 }}. Darkwing.uoregon.edu. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html|title=Lehigh University|work=lehigh.edu|access-date=4 July 2012|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701122344/https://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html|url-status=live}} Regarded as the "Einstein of structural engineering",Richard G. Weingardt, P.E. [http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1211 Structural Engineering Magazine, Tradeshow: Fazlur Rahman Khan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530001642/http://structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1211 |date=30 May 2012 }}. Structuremag. February, 2011. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.Zweig, Christina M. (30 March 2011) [http://www.gostructural.com/magazine-article-gostructural.com-4-2011-fazlur_rahman_khan__ph.d.__1929_1982_-8285.html Structural Engineer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111935/http://www.gostructural.com/magazine-article-gostructural.com-4-2011-fazlur_rahman_khan__ph.d.__1929_1982_-8285.html |date=24 December 2013 }}. Gostructural.com. Retrieved on 26 June 2012. his "tubular designs" for high rises revolutionized tall building design.{{cite book|author=Richard Weingardt |title=Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers : 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF1IFsQ0wdcC&pg=PA76 |access-date=26 June 2012 |date=10 August 2005 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-0801-8 |pages=76–}}[http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings/1/print/ Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328055935/http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings/1/print/ |date=28 March 2014 }}. Constructionweekonline.com. Retrieved on 26 June 2012. Most buildings over 40-storeys constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles. He is the designer of Willis Tower – the second tallest building in the United States (once tallest and tallest in the world for many years), John Hancock Centre, Hajj Terminal, etc. Fazlur Rahman's innovations not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, they significantly reduce the usage of materials (economically much more efficient) while simultaneously allow buildings to reach even greater heights. Tubular systems allow greater interior space and further enable buildings to take on various shapes, offering unprecedented freedom to architects.[http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-10887-on-the-rise/1/print/ On the rise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130183433/http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-10887-on-the-rise/1/print/ |date=30 November 2012 }}. Constructionweekonline.com (31 January 2011). Retrieved on 26 June 2012.Bayley, Stephen. (5 January 2010) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html |date=11 January 2022 }}. Telegraph. Retrieved on 26 June 2012. He also invented the sky lobby for high rises and helped in initiating the widespread usage of computers for structural engineering. Fazlur Rahman is the foremost structural engineer-architect of the 20th century who left an unprecedented and lasting influence on the profession, both nationally and internationally. Fazlur Rahman, more than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century{{cite book|author=Richard Weingardt |title=Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers : 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF1IFsQ0wdcC&pg=PA78 |access-date=26 June 2012 |date=10 August 2005 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-0801-8 |pages=78–}} and made it possible for people to live and work in "cities in the sky".[http://www3.lehigh.edu/News/RCEASnews_story.asp?iNewsID=2075 Designing 'cities in the sky'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604005535/http://www3.lehigh.edu/News/RCEASnews_story.asp?iNewsID=2075 |date=4 June 2010 }}. Lehigh University, Engineering & Applied Science. Retrieved on 26 June 2012. Khan created a legacy of innovations by blending the articulation of interior spaces with the evolved structural systems that are unparalleled and became an icon in both architecture and structural engineering.{{cite book|author=Richard Weingardt |title=Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers : 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF1IFsQ0wdcC&pg=PA75 |access-date=26 June 2012 |date=10 August 2005 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-0801-8 |pages=75–}}[https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5 IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426000301/https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5 |date=26 April 2013 }}. Ialcce2012.boku.ac.at. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.

Moreover, US architect Louis Kahn is also a notable influencer of modern Bangladeshi architecture. Several buildings in Bangladesh contains influence from the style of architecture as practised by Louis Kahn, most notable of which is the Jatiya Sangshad Bhaban.{{cite web | url=https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/the-bangladeshi-national-assembly-louis-kahn | title=The Bangladeshi National Assembly is considered Louis Kahn's greatest work | date=26 March 2020 | access-date=27 May 2023 | archive-date=27 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527195854/https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/the-bangladeshi-national-assembly-louis-kahn | url-status=live }}

Zebun Nessa Mosque is an urban mosque which is located in Ashulia on the outskirts of Dhaka. The mosque was designed in a pink concrete. It is the first Bangladeshi architecture to earn a place in the Time's World's Greatest Places for its architectural beauty.{{Cite news |date=2025-03-14 |title=Zebun Nessa Mosque: The first Bangladeshi landmark in TIME’s World’s Greatest Places |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/zebun-nessa-mosque-the-first-bangladeshi-landmark-times-worlds-greatest-places-3847761 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250316111028/https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/zebun-nessa-mosque-the-first-bangladeshi-landmark-times-worlds-greatest-places-3847761 |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}

Image:Kantaji Temple 1870's.jpg|1752 Kantajew Temple, prominent temple architecture of Bangladesh.

Image:Boro Sardar Bari - 36.jpg|Sonargaon, the historical capital of the Baro-Bhuyan Confederacy.

Image:Awesome look of Lalbagh Fort.jpg|Lalbagh Fort, the center of Mughal military power in Dhaka.

Image:Curzon Hall - Northern Facade - University of Dhaka - Dhaka 2015-05-31 1992.JPG|Curzon Hall of the University of Dhaka built in Indian style during British Raj-era

Image:Westin hostel.jpg|Dhaka Westin

Image:Sriti shoud.jpeg|Jatiyo Smriti Soudho, a tribute to liberation war martyrs is also an architectural landmark

File:Bashundhara city.JPG|Outer view of Bashundhara City, Dhaka

Image:Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Novo Theatre.jpg|Bangabandhu Novo Theatre (Planetarium)

File:Jamuna Future Park Dhaka.jpg|Jamuna Future Park, the 12th largest shopping mall in the world

File:05122009 Hazrat Shahjalal Majar Exit photo2 Ranadipam Basu.jpg|Dargah of Shah Jalal

File:ORION_Group_constructed_the_highest_building_in_the_country_City_Centre.jpg|City Centre Bangladesh

File:Aziz Court Building Chittagong.jpg|Aziz Court Imperial,Chittagong

File:IDB Bhaban, Dhaka.jpg|Islamic Development Bank (and BCS Computer City)

File:Bangabandhu International Conference Center (02).jpg|Bangabandhu International Conference Center, Dhaka

{{Culture of Bangladesh}}

{{Bengalis}}

{{portal|Architecture}}

• Architecture of Bengal
• List of Bangladeshi architects
• Muzharul Islam
• Shahbaz Khan Mosque
• Shona Mosque
• Bagha Mosque
• Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque

• Zahiruddin, S. A., Mowla, Q. A., Helaluzzaman, A.K.M. 1985, Role of Government in Architecture, in Robert Powell (Ed.) Regionalism in Architecture – Exploring Architecture in Islamic Cultures, Singapore: Concept Media Pvt. Ltd., 1985. 156–161.
• Mowla, Q A. 2017, Conservation Tools of Contemporary Architecture and Settlements in Bangladesh, Massimo Visone and Ugo Carughi (Eds), 'Time Frames: Conservation Policies for Twentieth-Century Architectural Heritage' published for the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ICCROM, University of Naples Federico II, by Routledge in 2017.
• Qazi Azizul Mowla and Q. A. Zahra, "Historic Settlement of Panamnagar: A Case for Conservation", Bagha, Bagha & Chaudhary (Eds), 'Contemporary Architecture Beyond Corbusierism' MACMILLAN Advanced Research Series Publication, New Delhi, 2011.pp. 236–246.
• Mowla, Q.A. 2011:'Urban Aesthetics: A Study on Dhaka' in 'The History Heritage and Urban Issues of Capital Dhaka', Vol.III, published by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, to celebrate the 400 years of Capital Dhaka. pp. 167–186.
• Mowla, Q.A. 2012: Dhaka: A Mega-City of Persistence and Change, (Chapter 12) in Misra, R.P. (Ed): Urbanization in South Asia – Focus on Mega Cities, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi. pp 341–372.
• Mowla, Q A and Reza, ATM, 2000 Stylistic Evolution of Architecture in Bangladesh: From a Colony to a Free Country, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Journal, Dhaka, 45(1), 2000, 31–58.
• Mowla, Q A & Sheik, Z U. 2009 Documenting the Architectural Style of the Antiquity Buildings in Panam Street, Pratnatatva: the Journal of the Dept. of Archaeology, JU Vol.15; June 2009, pp. 79–97. (Journal: {{ISSN|1560-7593}})

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons|:Category: Architecture of Bangladesh|Architecture of Bangladesh}}

• [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mosque_Architecture Mosque architecture of Bangladesh] on Banglapedia.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074959/http://www.architecturebd.com/home.html Architecture BD], an online magazine about the architecture of Bangladesh
• [http://www.bangladesh.com/architecture/ Architecture in Bangladesh]

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