Architextiles
{{Short description|Textile-based architectural assemblages}}
File:Olympiastadion Muenchen.jpg makes extensive use of tensile roofing structures.]]
File:Diwan-i-Khas, Red Fort, Delhi with red awnings or shamianas, in 1817.jpg
File:Maquette du Colisée Velarium.svg with its velarium in the Museum of Roman Civilization]]
Architextiles refers to a broad range of projects and approaches that combine architecture, textiles, and materials science. Architextiles explore textile-based approaches and inspirations for creating structures, spaces, surfaces, and textures. Architextiles contribute to the creation of adaptable, interactive, and process-oriented spaces.{{Rp|5}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pV8JBAAAQBAJ&q=Architextiles&pg=PA66|title=Design as Future-Making|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4725-7472-5|editor-last=Adams|editor-first=Barbara|pages=66|language=en|access-date=August 21, 2021|editor-last2=Yelavich|editor-first2=Susan}} Awning is the most basic type of architectural textile.{{Cite book|last=Krüger|first=Sylvie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euFIAQAAIAAJ&q=awning+architextiles|title=Textile Architecture|date=2009|publisher=Jovis|isbn=978-3-86859-017-3|pages=6, 92, 104|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Contributors|first=Multiple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDbeGGoh6uEC&q=awning+is+architectural+textile&pg=PA8|title=World Textiles Atlas: The World Textiles Thesaurus and List of Journals Indexed|date=2006-02-28|publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing|isbn=978-0-444-52049-4|pages=8|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Glossary of awning terms – Fabric Architecture Magazine|url=https://fabricarchitecturemag.com/2006/04/01/glossary-of-awning-terms/|access-date=2021-09-12|website=fabricarchitecturemag.com|date=April 2006 }} In Roman times, a velarium was used as an awning to cover the entire cavea, the seating area within amphitheaters, serving as a protection for the spectators against the sun.{{Cite web |title=velarium |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115403598 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}{{Cite web |title=Colosseum {{!}} Definition, Characteristics, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}
Hylozoic Ground, on the other hand, is a modern and complex architextile example. Hylozoic Ground is an interactive architecture model presented in the 18th Biennale of Sydney.{{Cite web|title=What's a fabric? Concepts and approaches to modern textile design|url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27755/1/5322_Heinzel.pdf|url-status=live|quote=One of the most well-known examples of architextiles is Philip Beesley’s installation Hylozoic Ground|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826111323/http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27755/1/5322_Heinzel.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-26 }} Olympiastadion is another example of modern architecture presented in an unusual way.{{Cite web|date=2015-02-13|title=Die gebaute Utopie: Das Münchner Olympiastadion {{!}} Schulfernsehen {{!}} ARD-alpha {{!}} Fernsehen {{!}} BR.de|url=http://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/schulfernsehen/kunst-olympiastadion-muenchen100.html|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213081418/http://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/schulfernsehen/kunst-olympiastadion-muenchen100.html|archive-date=2015-02-13}}
Etymology
Architextiles is a portmanteau word of textiles and architecture.{{Cite book|last=Garcia|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNM3AQAAIAAJ&q=A+hybrid+term,+%E2%80%98architextiles%E2%80%99+encompasses+a+wide+range+of+projects+and+ways+of+thinking+that+unite+architecture+and+textiles.|title=Architextiles|date=2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-02634-2|editor-last=Garcia|editor-first=Mark|pages=5–20|language=en|access-date=August 21, 2021}}{{Rp|5}} 'Technology' and 'Textiles' both are derivation of a Latin language word {{Lang|La|texere}} that means 'construct' or 'weave'.Textiles is also among derivative words of the Ancestor of the Indo-European language word "tek" which is the root to architecture.{{Rp|6}}
Architecture and textiles
= Architectural textiles=
Architextiles is the architecture that is inspired by characteristics, elements, and manufacturing techniques of textiles. It is a field that spans multiple disciplines. It is a combination of textile and architectural manufacturing techniques. Laser cutting, ultrasonic welding, thermoplastic setting, pultrusion, electrospinning, and other advanced textile manufacturing techniques are all included in architextiles. Architextiles integrate various fields like architecture, textile design, engineering, physics and materials science.
= Textile inspirations =
== Characteristics ==
Textiles are adaptable, lightweight, and useful for a variety of structures, both temporary and permanent. Tensile surfaces composed of structural fabrics, such as canopies, roofs, and other types of shelter, are included in architectural textiles. If necessary, the subjected materials are given special purpose finishes, such as waterproofing, to make them suitable for outdoor use.{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=John T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoiZDgAAQBAJ&q=awning+is+architectural+textile&pg=PA10|title=Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles and Clothing|date=2017-11-21|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-101134-8|pages=10|language=en}}
{{blockquote |text=Besides surface qualities, such as rough and smooth, dull and shiny, hard and soft, textiles also includes colour, and, as the dominating element, texture, which is the result of the construction of weaves. Like any craft it may end in producing useful objects, or it may rise to the level of art. |author=Anni Albers |source={{Cite book|title=Anni Albers: on designing.|last=Albers|first=Anni|date=1971|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=0819560197|oclc=71843650}}}}
{{blockquote |text=The essentially structural principles that relate the work of building and weaving could form the basis of a new understanding between the architect and the inventive weaver. New uses of fabrics and new fabrics could result from a collaboration; and textiles, so often no more than an after thought in planning, might take a place again as a contributing thought. |author=Anni Albers |source={{Cite book|last1=Yelavich|first1=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pV8JBAAAQBAJ&q=Architextiles&pg=PA66|title=Design as Future-Making|last2=Adams|first2=Barbara|date=2014-09-25|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-7472-5|language=en}}{{Rp|66}}}}
== Coated fabrics ==
File:BC Place - night game (6219415118).jpg BC Place]]
There is considerable use of coated materials in certain architectures, Pneumatic structures are made of teflon or PVC-coated synthetic materials.{{Cite web|date=2009-10-31|title=CBD-137. Air-Supported Structures - NRC-CNRC|url=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/irc/cbd/building-digest-137.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031083205/http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/irc/cbd/building-digest-137.html |archive-date=2009-10-31 |access-date=2021-09-18}} Coated fiberglass, coated polyethylene and coated polyester are the most common materials used in lightweight structural textiles. Lightweight fabric constructions accounted for 13.2 square yards of total usage in 2006, according to Industrial Fabrics Association International (IFAI) {{Cite web|date=2009-04-19|title=Lightweight Structures Association - promoting the growth of textiles in architecture|url=http://www.ifai.com/Lightweight/index.cfm|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419144730/http://www.ifai.com/Lightweight/index.cfm|archive-date=2009-04-19}} Chemically inert, Polytetrafluoroethylene fibreglass coating is capable of withstanding temperatures as low as -100 °F (-73 °C) and as high as +450 °F (232 °C).{{Cite web|date=2016-11-02|title=PTFE Fiberglass|url=http://www.taiyo-europe.com/en/tensile-membranes-and-etfe/ptfe-fiberglass/|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102165347/http://www.taiyo-europe.com/en/tensile-membranes-and-etfe/ptfe-fiberglass/|archive-date=2016-11-02}}
== Interactive textiles ==
Textiles that can sense stimuli are known as interactive textiles. They have the capability to adapt or react to the environment.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Efm3DwAAQBAJ&q=Interactive+textiles&pg=PA6|title=Smart and Interactive Textiles|publisher=Trans Tech Publications Ltd|year=2012|isbn=978-3-908158-88-2|editor-last=Vincenzini|editor-first=Pietro|language=en|access-date=August 21, 2021|editor-last2=Carfagna|editor-first2=Cosimo}}{{Cite web|title=BMW unveils interactive textile interior – Advanced Textiles Source|url=https://advancedtextilessource.com/2020/07/13/bmw-unveils-interactive-textile-interior/|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2021|website=Advanced Textile Source|date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074207/https://advancedtextilessource.com/2020/07/13/bmw-unveils-interactive-textile-interior/ |archive-date=2020-08-06 }} Felecia Davis has designed interactive textiles such as parametric tents that are able to change size and shape in response to changes in light and the number of people underneath.{{Cite web|title=Felecia Davis|url=https://aadn.gsd.harvard.edu/people/felecia-davis/|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2021|website=African American Design Nexus|date=19 May 2019 |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723132356/https://aadn.gsd.harvard.edu/people/felecia-davis/ |archive-date=2019-07-23 }}
== 3D structures ==
Soundproof 3D woven walls with a ribbed structure that are suitable for soundproofing and interior designing.{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Interior Design|date=2019-09-11|title="Dutch Design in NYC" Exhibition Showcases Process-Driven Innovation|url=https://www.interiordesign.net/articles/16937-dutch-design-in-nyc-exhibition-showcases-process-driven-innovation/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Interior Design|language=en-us}} Aleksandra Gaca designed the furnishing of the concept car Renault Symbioz with a 3D fabric named 'boko'.{{Cite web|date=September 19, 2017|title=Aleksandra gaca designs renault's concept car interior as home on the road|url=https://www.designboom.com/design/renault-symbioz-interior-aleksandra-gaca-09-19-2017/|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2021|website=Designboom|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919205523/https://www.designboom.com/design/renault-symbioz-interior-aleksandra-gaca-09-19-2017/ |archive-date=2017-09-19 }}
=== Origami-inspired textiles ===
Textiles inspired by origami impart novel properties to architecture. Architects try out origami and three-dimensional fabric structures when designing structures.{{Cite web|title=Textiel en architectuur|url=https://www.architectuur.nl/nieuws/lezingen/textiel-en-architectuur/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Architectuur.nl|date=2 March 2017 |language=nl}}{{Cite web|date=2019-02-07|title=Origami inspiring architecture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/space-conception/modern-day-anterior-cruciate-ligament-acl-reconstruction-of-the-knee/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}{{Cite journal|last1=Chiarella|first1=Mauro|last2=Alvarado|first2=Rodrigo García|date=2015-07-01|title=Folded Compositions in Architecture: Spatial Properties and Materials|journal=Nexus Network Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=623–639|doi=10.1007/s00004-014-0226-4|issn=1522-4600|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/15827|hdl-access=free}}
History
File:The Field of the Cloth of Gold.jpg
Examples of architextiles have been found dating back a long way. Over centuries, nomadic tribes in the Middle East, Africa, the Orient, and the Americas have developed textile structures.{{Cite book|last=Flamingh|first=Francois De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ii6kMQEACAAJ|title=Architextiles|date=2012|publisher=Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG|isbn=978-3-659-17729-3|language=en}}
= Historical structures =
Historical architextiles include yurts and tents, the great awnings of Colosseum in Rome, the tents of the Mongol Empire, and the Ziggurat Aquar Quf near Baghdad.
Present
= Properties =
= Examples of architextiles =
== Muscle NSA ==
== Carbon tower==
== Hylozoic Ground ==
Hylozoic Ground is an exemplar of live architecture, interactive model of architecture which is a kind of architextiles.{{Cite web|last=Etherington|first=Rose|date=August 26, 2010|title=Hylozoic Ground by Philip Beesley|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2010/08/27/hylozoic-ground-by-philip-beesley/|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2021|website=Dezeen|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830140927/http://www.dezeen.com:80/2010/08/27/hylozoic-ground-by-philip-beesley/ |archive-date=2010-08-30 }}{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2011|title=Hylozoic Ground.mov|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNhClOlJVNI|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2021|website=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809091445/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNhClOlJVNI |archive-date=2021-08-09 }}
== Textile growth monument ==
Textile growth monument ‘textielgroeimonument’ is a 3D 'woven' structure in the city Tilburg.{{Rp|11}}
== Pneumatrix ==
Pneumatrix, RCA Department of Architecture, London, a theatre which is deployable and flexible.{{Rp|10}}