Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme

AMAP's monitoring and assessments have informed the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and the World Health Organization (WHO) on issues related to reduction of toxic and polluting chemical emissions.{{sfn|Reiersen|Guardans|Sydnes|2020}}

The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was influenced significantly by AMAP's assessment reports on "Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic" (SWIPA).{{sfn|Reiersen|Guardans|Sydnes|2020}} The release of the first SWIPA report, "Climate Change and the Cryosphere", was published for the 2011 Arctic Council ministerial meeting. The United States Department of State urged other member nations to "respond to the SWIPA Assessment’s findings and recommendations".{{sfn|US Department of State|2011}} A Polar Science journal article, "The urgency of Arctic change", builds on 2017 AMAP assessments.{{sfn|Overland|Dunlea|Box|Corell|2019}}

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL){{emdash}}a United States federal laboratory{{emdash}}the annual Arctic Report Card, which tracks the ways in which the environment has changed, undergoes an independent peer review organized by the AMAP. One hundred forty-seven researchers from eleven countries submit eleven essays for the AMAP review.{{sfn|NOAAPMEL|2022}}

The establishment of AEPS' AMAP was the "fundamental building block" for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) agreement.{{sfn|Berkes|Bankes|Marschke|Armitage|2005|page=237}} From the mid-1980s to 2000, research by atmospheric chemists revealed that POPs contaminating Inuit country food, could be tied to long-range atmospheric transport of POPs from the south to the Arctic.{{sfn|Reiersen|Wilson|Kimstach|2003}}

AMAP undertakes a mercury assessment every ten years.{{sfn|Dastoor|Angot|Bieser|Christensen|2022}}{{sfn|Lamberink|2022}} AMAP has collaborated on two of the four peer-reviewed Global Mercury Assessments undertaken by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), including the report published in 2019.{{sfn|UNEP|2019}} In 2002, UNEP published the first Global Mercury Assessment{{emdash}}the second in 2008, the third in 2013, and the fourth in 2018. There reports provided the scientific basis for the Minamata Convention on Mercury{{emdash}}that came into force in August 2017.{{sfn|UNEP|2019|page=4}} As part of the Minamata Convention, UNEP undertakes mercury literature reviews every five years in collaboration with AMAP.{{sfn|Outridge|Mason|Wang|Guerrero|2018|page=3}}

In a 2022 Nature Reviews Earth & Environment article, AMAP researchers reported that "200 tonnes of mercury end up in the Arctic Ocean" every year.{{sfn|Dastoor|Angot|Bieser|Christensen|2022}}{{sfn|Lamberink|2022}} In the 2010s, scientists focused on mercury contamination caused by human activities. By 2022, understanding of sources of mercury entering the ocean has become more refined{{emdash}}with one third coming from the atmosphere, 25% from ocean currents, 20% from river flows, and 20% from coastal erosion. The significant amount of mercury released from permafrost as it thaws raises concerns about ingestion of mercury by polar bears, pilot whales, narwhals, beluga and hooded seals{{emdash}}the source of food for Inuit in the Arctic.{{sfn|Lamberink|2022}}

In Murmansk in 1987, then Soviet Secretary-General, Mikhail Gorbachev, introduced the idea of Arctic nations cooperating on various issues including environment protection.{{sfn|Koivurova|2005|page=208}}

In 1989, discussions began between the eight Arctic nations{{emdash}}Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia{{emdash}}then the Soviet Union, Sweden and the United States, which resulted in the establishment of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) in June 1991 in Rovaniemi, Finland.{{sfn|Russell|1996}}{{sfn|About AMAP|n.d.}}{{sfn|AMAP Structure|n.d.}} AMAP{{emdash}}along with four other Working Groups{{emdash}}was established at that time under the AEPS.{{sfn|Arctic Council|2021}}

AMAP first assessed the Arctic environment{{emdash}}both existing problems and potential problems in the future.{{sfn|Koivurova|Keskitalo|Bankes|2010|page=59}} In this way, AMAP has been the "core activity of Arctic environmental cooperation" since the beginning.{{sfn|Koivurova|Keskitalo|Bankes|2010|page=59}}

When the "high-level intergovernmental forum", Arctic Council, was established on September 19, 1996{{sfn|Burke|2021}} in Ottawa, Canada, it was mandated to oversee and coordinate the five Working Groups, including the AMAP.{{sfn|Arctic Council|1996}} The integration of the AEPS programmes within the Arctic Council was finalized in 1997 in Norway.{{sfn|Arctic Council|1996}}

In 2003, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) assisted the AMAP in the preparation of its circumpolar assessment.{{sfn|ICC AMAP|n.d.}}

The AMAP monitors and assesses components of the AEPS. Starting in 1996, AMAP focused its monitoring and assessments in the Arctic on chemical and radioactive contaminants.{{sfn|Russell|1996}}

AMAP's research covers the High Arctic and sub-Arctic regions in the circumpolar Arctic.{{sfn|AMAP Geographical coverage|n.d.}}

{{reflist}}

• Arctic Council

A

• {{cite web |url=https://www.amap.no/about |title=About |work=Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme |date=nd |ref={{SfnRef|About AMAP|n.d.}} |access-date=20 June 2023}}
• {{cite web |url=https://www.amap.no/about/geographical-coverage |title=Geographical coverage |work=Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme |date=nd |ref={{SfnRef|AMAP Geographical coverage|n.d.}} |access-date=20 June 2023}}
• {{cite web |url=https://www.amap.no/about/organisational-structure |title=Geographical coverage |work=Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme |date=nd |ref={{SfnRef|AMAP Structure|n.d.}} |access-date=20 June 2023}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|Arctic Council|2021}} |work=Arctic Council |url=https://arctic-council.org/about/timeline/ |date=2021 |access-date=22 June 2023 |title=The History of the Arctic Council}}
• {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Arctic Council|1996}} |title=Declaration of the Founding of the Arctic Council |date=19 September 1996 |url=https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/85/EDOCS-1752-v2-ACMMCA00_Ottawa_1996_Founding_Declaration.PDF?sequence=5&isAllowed=y |access-date=22 June 2023 |pages=5 |location=Ottawa, Canada}}

B

• {{cite book |chapter=Cross–scale Institutions and Building Resilience in the Canadian North |title=Breaking Ice: Renewable Resource and Ocean Management in the Canadian North |first1=Fikret |last1=Berkes |first2=Nigel |last2=Bankes |first3=Melissa |last3=Marschke |first4=Derek |last4=Armitage |first5=Douglas |last5=Clark |editor-first1= Fikret |editor-last1=Berkes |editor-first2=Rob |editor-last2=Huebert |editor-first3=Helen |editor-last3=Fast |editor-first4=Micheline |editor-last4=Manseau |editor-first5=Alan |editor-last5=Diduck |pages=225–246 |publisher=University of Calgary Press |date=May 2005 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237247549 |access-date=July 12, 2023}}
• {{Cite web| last = Burke| first = Danita Catherine| title = The Arctic Council has weathered 25 years of bumpy Russia-western relations – but can it adapt to climate change?| work = The Conversation| access-date = 22 June 2023| date = 17 September 2021| url = http://theconversation.com/the-arctic-council-has-weathered-25-years-of-bumpy-russia-western-relations-but-can-it-adapt-to-climate-change-167929}}

C

• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|Climate-ADAPT|2022}} |orig-date=29 November 2017 |date=10 September 2022|work=European Climate Adaptation Platform Climate (Climate-ADAPT) |title=Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme |access-date=20 June 2023 |url=https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/organisations/amap-arctic-monitoring-and-assessment-programme }} document said AMAP's "primary function" was to "advise the governments of the eight Arctic countries (Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States) on matters relating to threats to the Arctic region from pollution and associated issues. AMAP has produced a series of high quality scientifically-based assessments of the pollution status of the Arctic."

D

• {{cite journal |last1=Dastoor |first1=Ashu |last2=Angot |first2=Hélène |last3=Bieser |first3=Johannes |last4=Christensen |first4=Jesper |last5=Douglas |first5=Thomas |last6=Heimbürger-Boavida |first6=Lars-Eric |date=1 March 2022 |title=Arctic mercury cycling |volume=3 |doi=10.1038/s43017-022-00269-w |journal=Nature Reviews Earth & Environment |issue=4 |access-date=20 June 2023 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-022-00269-w |pages= 270–286|bibcode=2022NRvEE...3..270D |s2cid=247585852 }}

I

• {{cite web |work=Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/media-and-reports/archives/arctic-council/ |title=Arctic Council |date=11 January 2019 |ref={{sfnref|ICC AMAP|n.d.}} |access-date=20 June 2023}}

K

• {{cite journal |last=Koivurova |first=Timo |title=Environmental Protection in the Arctic and Antarctic: Can the Polar Regimes Learn From Each Other? |volume=33 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ijli/vol33/iss2/5/ |journal=International Journal of Legal Information |number=2 |date=2005|pages=204–218 |doi=10.1017/S0731126500004923 |s2cid=56574253 }}
• {{cite book |title=Climate Governance in the Arctic |series=Environment & Policy |editor-first1=Timo |editor-last1=Koivurova |editor-first2=E. Carina H. |editor-last2=Keskitalo |editor-first3=Nigel |editor-last3=Bankes |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9542-9 |publisher=Springer Dordrecht |isbn=978-1-4020-9541-2 |pages=452 |date=28 October 2010|volume=50 |s2cid=126429894 }}

L

• {{cite news |first=Liny |last=Lamberink |work=CBC News |date=6 June 2022 |url= https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2022/06/06/significant-amounts-of-mercury-in-permafrost-threatens-arctic-food-supply-research-says |title='Significant' amounts of mercury in permafrost threatens Arctic food supply, research says |access-date=20 June 2023}}

N

• {{Cite AV media |ref={{sfnref|NOAAPMEL|2022}} |work = NOAAPMEL| title = Arctic Report Card 2022 |series=Arctic Report Card| access-date = 22 June 2023| date = December 2022| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDG-moe0tZs}}

O

• {{cite journal |first1=Peter |last1=Outridge |first2=R. |last2=Mason |first3=F. |last3=Wang |first4=S. |last4=Guerrero |first5=Lars-Eric |last5=Heimbürger-Boavida |title= Updated Global and Oceanic Mercury Budgets for the United Nations Global Mercury Assessment 2018 |journal=Environmental Science and Technology |date=2018 |number=52 |volume=20 |pages=11466–11477 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01921166/document |doi= |access-date=21 June 2023}}
• {{cite journal |title=The urgency of Arctic change |journal=Polar Science |first1=James |last1=Overland |first2=Edward |last2=Dunlea |first3=Jason E. |last3=Box

|first4=Robert |last4=Corell |first5=Martin |last5=Forsius |first6=Vladimir |last6=Kattsov |volume=21 |date=2019 |pages=6–13 |issn=1873-9652 |doi=10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008 |bibcode=2019PolSc..21....6O |s2cid=134296788 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965218301543 |access-date=21 June 2023|hdl=10138/348015 |hdl-access=free }}

R

• {{cite book |last1= Reiersen |first1=L. |first2=S. |last2=Wilson |first3=V. |last3=Kimstach |date=2003 |chapter=Circumpolar perspectives on persistent organic pollutants: the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme |title=Northern Lights Against POPs: Combating Toxic Threats in the Arctic |editor-first1=D. |editor-last1=Downie |editor-first2=T. |editor-last2=Fenge |pages=60–86 |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press.}}
• {{cite journal |title=The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme |first1=Lars-Otto |last1=Reiersen |first2=Ramon |last2=Guardans |first3=Leiv K. |last3=Sydnes |journal=Chemistry International |doi=10.1515/ci-2020-0202 |date=30 April 2020 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=8–14 |s2cid=218531025 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite web |url=http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/NatResources/Policy/uspolicy1.html |date=Fall 1996 |title=The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy & the New Arctic Council |last=Russell |first=Bruce A. | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081011021542/http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/NatResources/Policy/uspolicy1.html| archive-date= 11 October 2008 | url-status= live |access-date=20 June 2023}}

U

• {{cite report |work=UN Environment Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch |ref={{sfnref|UNEP|2019}} |date=2019 |title=Global Mercury Assessment 2018 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-92-807-3744-8 |url=http://library.arcticportal.org/1954/1/Global_Mercury_Assessment_2018.pdf |access-date=21 June 2023}}
• {{cite press release |title=Arctic Council Completes Major Science Report on the State of the Arctic Cryosphere |ref={{sfnref|US Department of State|2011}} |work=Office of the Spokesman US Department of State|location=Washington, DC |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=22 June 2023 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/05/163288.htm}}

• [http://www.arctic-council.org www.arctic-council.org] – Arctic Council

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