Aromanian literature

File:Nushi Tulliu Poezii 1926.jpg poet Nuși Tulliu, published in 1926]]

Aromanian literature ({{langx|rup|Literatura armãneascã}} or {{lang|rup|rrãmãneascã}}) is literature written in the Aromanian language. The first authors to write in Aromanian appeared during the second half of the 18th century in the metropolis of Moscopole (Theodore Kavalliotis, Daniel Moscopolites and Constantin Ucuta), with a true cultured literature in Aromanian being born in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable authors include Constantin Belimace, author of the well-known anthem of the Aromanians Dimãndarea pãrinteascã ("The Will of the Forefathers"); Nuși Tulliu, whose novel Mirmintsã fãrã crutsi ("Graves Without Crosses") was the first in Aromanian; and Leon Boga, whose 150-sonnets epic poem Voshopolea ("Moscopole") founded the Aromanian literary trend of the utopian Moscopole. In theatre, Toma Enache has excelled.

History

In the 18th century, the first authors who wrote and published their works in the Aromanian language appeared in Moscopole,{{sfn|Bardu|2007|p=94}} an important Aromanian-inhabited commercial and industrial center during the 18th-century Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Bardu|2007|p=93}} These authors were Theodore Kavalliotis, Daniel Moscopolites and Constantin Ucuta, followed in the beginning of the 19th century by Gheorghe Constantin Roja and Mihail G. Boiagi. Also dated at around this period are the anonymous manuscripts of the Aromanian Missal and the Codex Dimonie.{{sfn|Bardu|2007|pp=94–95}} Some authors, including the Romanian Aromanian historian Stoica Lascu, have referred to this period in the second half of the 18th century as the "first Aromanian renaissance", which would have taken place due to the influence of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the assumption of an ethnic and linguistic identity other than the Greek one by these early authors.{{sfn|Lascu|2016|pp=73–74}}

The verses of the inscription of the Simota Vase represent the first known poem in Aromanian,{{sfn|Caragiu Marioțeanu|1962|p=113}} being dated to the 18th century.{{sfn|Caragiu Marioțeanu|1962|p=119}} According to the Romanian Aromanian professor Gheorghe Carageani, a true and cultured Aromanian literature was born in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,{{sfn|Carageani|1999|p=50}} with the first Aromanian poet being Mihail Nicolescu from Magarevo ({{lang|rup|Magaruva}} or {{lang|rup|Mãgãreva}}).{{sfn|Carageani|1999|p=50}}{{sfn|Capidan|1932|p=91}} He was followed by other poets, including Zicu Araia, Nicolae Constantin Batzaria, Constantin Belimace, Marcu Beza, George Ceara, Constantin I. Cosmescu, George Murnu, Nuși Tulliu and Nicolae Velo. All of these were students at Romanian schools in the Balkans, with their works showing some influence from the Romanian language.{{sfn|Carageani|1999|pp=50–51}} The best-known poem in Aromanian is Belimace's 1888 Dimãndarea pãrinteascã ("The Will of the Forefathers"), which is today considered an anthem for the Aromanians.{{sfn|Kahl|2002|p=148}} Tulliu's novel Mirmintsã fãrã crutsi ("Graves Without Crosses") was the first Aromanian-language novel.{{sfn|Cuvata|2001|p=55}}

In 1922, the Romanian Aromanian folklorist and linguist Tache Papahagi published his Antologie aromânească ("Aromanian Anthology"), an anthology featuring a selection of Aromanian folk literary texts (proverbs, riddles, lyrical poems, ballads, legends, stories, traditions and fairy tales), cultured literature (extracts from works by Araia, Batzaria, Belimace, Beza, Leon Boga, Tache Caciona, Ceara, Ion Foti, Murnu, Tulliu, Velo and others), folk music and a glossary.{{sfn|Cojocaru|2007|p=730}}

The aforementioned Moscopole was largely devastated and destroyed in the second half of the 18th century. Aromanian nationalists developed an utopian dream surrounding Moscopole, and the former metropolis came to be regarded as a "golden age" in the history of the Aromanians.{{sfn|Lambru|2001|p=75}} With the birth of Aromanian literature, many Aromanian writers, predominantly young Aromanians educated in Romanian schools, began to write articles, poems and stories in Aromanian publications about an utopic Moscopole. Feelings and elements such as love, nostalgia, superstitions, mentalities, emotions and everyday aspects of life were predominant in these writings,{{sfn|Lambru|2001|p=65}} with depression and nostalgia for the city being the protagonists in this literary phenomenon.{{sfn|Lambru|2001|p=55}} The founder of this literary trend was Boga with his epic poem of 150 sonnets Voshopolea ("Moscopole"), with other Aromanian writers who wrote on Moscopole including Batzaria,{{sfn|Lambru|2001|p=66}} {{ill|Nicolae Caratană|bg|Николае Каратана|ro|Nicolae Caratană|rup|Nicolae Caratanã}}, Foti, Kira Mantsu and Velo.{{sfn|Lambru|2001|p=67}}

Regarding theatre, since his graduation from the Faculty of Theatre of the Caragiale National University of Theatre and Film in 1997, the Romanian Aromanian film director and actor Toma Enache has made several theatrical performances in Romania and other countries in Aromanian, having also translated theatrical plays into the language. He has also written poetry and translated poems into Aromanian.{{cite news|url=https://elitaromaniei.ro/regizorul-toma-enache-ne-povesteste-adevaruri-pe-care-nu-avem-voie-sa-le-uitam/|title=Regizorul Toma Enache ne povestește adevăruri pe care nu avem voie să le uităm|first=Dani|last=Godja|publisher=Elita României|date=5 October 2019|language=ro}}

References

=Citations=

=Bibliography=

{{cite journal|url=http://www.philologica-jassyensia.ro/upload/III_1_Bardu.pdf|title=Eighteenth century Aromanian writers: the Enlightenment and the awakening of national and Balkan consciousness|first=Nistor|last=Bardu|journal=Philologica Jassyensia|volume=3|issue=1|pages=93–102|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411001607/http://www.philologica-jassyensia.ro/upload/III_1_Bardu.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{cite book|url=https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Theodor-Capidan-Aromanii-Dialectul-aroman-1932.pdf|title=Aromânii. Dialectul aromân. Studiu lingvistic|first=Theodor|last=Capidan|author-link=Theodor Capidan|publisher=Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, Imprimeria Națională|series=Romanian Academy: Studii și cercetări|volume=20|year=1932|language=ro}}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XSgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studii aromâne|first=Gheorghe|last=Carageani|publisher=Editura Fundației Culturale Române|year=1999|language=ro|isbn=9789735772239}}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_thZyusvuwC|title=Liturghier aromînesc. Un manuscris anonim inedit|first=Matilda|last=Caragiu Marioțeanu|author-link=Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu|publisher=Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne|year=1962|language=ro}}
{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/V2502/pdf|chapter=Conștiința de majoritar și de minoritar reflectată în cultura modernă a românilor|first=Mihaela|last=Cojocaru|title=Români majoritari / Români minoritari: interferențe și coabitări lingvistice, literare și etnologice|editor-first1=Luminița|editor-last1=Botoșineanu|editor-first2=Elena|editor-last2=Dănilă|editor-first3=Cecilia|editor-last3=Holban|editor-first4=Ofelia|editor-last4=Ichim|publisher=Editura Alfa|year=2007|page=730|language=ro|isbn=978-973-8953-49-9}}
{{cite book|url=https://banatulsarbesc1.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/dina-cuvata-scriitori-armaneshtsa.pdf|title=Scriitori armãneshtsã|first=Dina|last=Cuvata|author-link=Dina Cuvata|publisher=Union for Culture of the Aromanians of Macedonia|year=2001|language=rup}}
{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/34296221|title=The ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the identity of a minority that behaves like a majority|first=Thede|last=Kahl|author-link=Thede Kahl|journal=Ethnologia Balkanica|volume=6|pages=145–169|year=2002}}
{{cite journal|url=http://adxenopol.academiaromana-is.ro/xenopolitana/xeno_01/xeno_01_7.pdf|title=Narrating national utopia. The case of Moschopolis in the Aromanian national discourse|first=Steliu|last=Lambru|journal=Xenopoliana|volume=9|issue=1–4|pages=54–81|year=2001}}
{{cite journal|url=https://aos.ro/wp-content/anale/IVol8Nr2Art.7.pdf|title=Aromanian representatives of Enlightenment (the late 18th and early 19th centuries) – Cavalioti, Daniil, Ucuta, Roja, and Boiagi|first=Stoica|last=Lascu|author-link=Stoica Lascu|journal=Annals of Academy of Romanian Scientists|series=Series on History and Archaeology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=73–98|year=2016|issn=2067-5682}}

External links

A collection of {{URL|https://www.proiectavdela.ro/literatura|Aromanian literary works}} available at the website of the Avdhela Project {{in lang|rup}}
{{URL|https://dinitrandu.com/carts-ti-poemati-sh-cantitsi/|Aromanian books, poems and songs}} available at Dini Trandu's online library {{in lang|rup}}

Literature

Category:Literature by ethnicity

Category:Literature by language

Category:European literature