Aromanian language

Aromanian is native to Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia. In 2018, it was estimated that Aromanian had 210,000 native speakers, of which 50,000 were in Albania, 50,000 in Greece, 50,000 in Romania, 32,000 in Serbia, 18,200 in North Macedonia, and 9,800 in Bulgaria. Aromanian-speakers also exist in the diaspora, with at least 53 speakers recorded to be living in Australia at the time of the 2021 Australian census.{{Cite web |title=SBS Australian Census Explorer |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer/xtjxeqygs?cid=news%253Aedm%253Alearn%253Aen%253Anacadigital%253Acensus-explorer%253Ana |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=SBS News}}

Aromanian has a degree of official recognition in North Macedonia, where it is taught as a subject in some primary schools. In North Macedonia, Aromanian-speakers also have the right to use the language in court proceedings. Since 2006, Aromanian has had the status of a second official municipal language in the city of Kruševo,[http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc97/edoc7728.htm Aromanians] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301093652/http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc97/edoc7728.htm |date=March 1, 2007 }} the only place where Aromanian has any kind of official status apart from general state recognition.

Apart from North Macedonia, the Aromanians are also recognized in Albania as a national minority.{{cite news|url=https://infoprut.ro/48450-moment-istoric-aromanii-recunoscuti-prin-lege-ca-minoritate-nationala-in-albania.html|title=Moment istoric: Aromânii, recunoscuți prin lege ca minoritate națională în Albania|first=Liviu G.|last=Stan|newspaper=InfoPrut|date=19 October 2017|language=ro}}

{{See also|Common Romanian}}

{{more citations needed section|date=March 2023}}

{{CSS image crop|Image=Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf|Page=9|bSize=245|cWidth=180|cHeight = 200|oTop=52|oLeft=0|Location=right|Description=Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian), by Daniel Moscopolites}}

Aromanian, Daco-Romanian (Romanian), Istro-Romanian language, and Megleno-Romanian language are descendants of a proto-language called Common Romanian, itself descending from the Proto-Romance language. No later than the 10th century Common Romanian split into southern and northern dialects, and Aromanian and Romanian have developed differently from these two distinct dialects of the proto language over the course of the next one thousand years.{{Cite book|last=Vrabie |first=Emil |title=An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary |publisher=Romance Monographs |year=2000 |isbn= 1-889441-06-6 |pages=78–79 }}

Greek influences are much stronger in Aromanian than in other Eastern Romance languages, especially because Aromanian has used Greek words to coin new words (neologisms), especially within Greece, while Romanian has based most of its neologisms on French. However, there has also been an increasing tendency for Aromanian-speakers outside of Greece to borrow terms from Romanian, due to the shared alphabet and contact with Romanian over the Internet, where Romanian-language material is much more available than it is in Aromanian.

With the arrival of the Turks in the Balkans, Aromanian also received some Turkish words. Still, the lexical composition remains mainly Romance.

Compared to other Balkan languages, the earliest documents and manuscripts of Aromanian appear late. This is due to the historical predominance of the Greek language in the region and the successive destruction of Aromanian books and documents throughout history. The oldest known written text in the language is an inscription from 1731 by Nektarios Terpos at the Ardenica Monastery, now in Albania. It is followed by the inscription of the so-called Simota Vase, dated to the first half of the 18th century. In the Monastery of the Holy Apostles near Kleino ({{langx|rup|Clinova|link=no}}), now Greece, there is an inscription in Aromanian dated from around 1780. The St. Athanasius Church in Moscopole, now Albania, also includes an old Aromanian writing. Other early Aromanian manuscripts are the Aromanian Missal potentially from the beginning of the 18th century, the works of Theodore Kavalliotis (1770), Constantin Ucuta (1797), Daniel Moscopolites (1802), Gheorghe Constantin Roja (1808/1809) and Mihail G. Boiagi (1813) and the Codex Dimonie possibly from the early 19th century.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlF4DwAAQBAJ|title=Romanische Kleinsprachen heute: Romanistisches Kolloquium XXVII|editor-first1=Wolfgang|editor-last1=Dahmen|editor-first2=Günter|editor-last2=Holtus|editor-first3=Johannes|editor-last3=Kramer|editor-first4=Michael|editor-last4=Metzeltin|editor-first5=Wolfgang|editor-last5=Schweickard|editor-link5=Wolfgang Schweickard|editor-first6=Otto|editor-last6=Winkelmann|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34294813|chapter=Geschichte der Kodifizierung des Aromunischen|first1=Thede|last1=Kahl|author-link1=Thede Kahl|first2=Elton|last2=Prifti|publisher=Narr Francke Attempto Verlag|series=Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik|volume=546|pages=33–64|year=2016|language=de|isbn=9783823378815}}

Some scholars mention other old, little-studied written instances of Aromanian. German Byzantinist Peter Schreiner dated a small glossary of Aromanian from Epirus in a manuscript of the Chronicle of Ioannina to the 16th or 17th century based on its writing.{{cite conference|url=https://search.lib.auth.gr/Record/224242|title=Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συμποσίου για το Δεσποτάτου της Ηπείρου (Άρτα, 27–31 Μαΐου 1990)|editor-first=Evangelos K.|editor-last=Chrysos|chapter=Το αρχαιότερο χειρόγραφο του Χρονικού των Ιωαννίνων|first=Peter|last=Schreiner|author-link=Peter Schreiner (Byzantinist)|publisher=O Skoufas Musicological Association of Arta|page=49|year=1992|language=el}} There are also claims about an Aromanian inscription from 1426 in the St. Zacharia Church in the former village of {{ill|Linotopi|bg|Линотопи|el|Λινοτόπι Καστοριάς|mk|Линотопи|sq|Linatopi}} in Greece, but according to Hristu Cândroveanu, it was destroyed during restoration works by order of Greek priests because it was not in Greek.{{cite news|url=https://www.cotidianul.ro/legaturile-cu-tara/|title=Legăturile cu țara|newspaper=Cotidianul|date=21 April 2011|language=ro}}

{{Main|Aromanian dialects}}

Aromanian is not a homogenous linguistic entity. Its main varieties include the Pindus type, the Gramoste type, the Farsherot type, Olympus type, and the Moscopole type.{{Sfn|Vrabie|2000|p=22}}

It has also several regional variants, named after places that were home to significant populations of Aromanians (Vlachs); nowadays located in Albania, North Macedonia and Greece. Examples are the Moscopole variant; the Muzachiar variant from Muzachia in central Albania; the variant of Bitola; Pelister, Malovište ({{langx|rup|Mulovishti}}), Gopeš ({{langx|rup|Gopish}}), Upper Beala; Gorna Belica ({{langx|rup|Beala di Suprã}}) near Struga, Kruševo ({{langx|rup|Crushuva}}), and the variant east of the Vardar river in North Macedonia.{{Cite journal |last=Nevaci |first=Manuela |date=2013-11-01 |title=Recent research in Aromanian from the Republic of Macedonia |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/dialect-2013-0002/html |journal=Dialectologia et Geolinguistica |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=21–35 |issn=1867-0903}}

The Aromanian language is not standardized. However, there have been some efforts to do so. Notable examples include those of Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu,Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda, capitolul „Dialectul aromân”, Iorgu Iordan (coord.), Crestomație romanică, vol. III, partea I, București, Editura Academiei, 1968; online: [http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/matilda_caragiu_marioteanu_dialectul_aroman.pdf Dialectul aromân], Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture. {{ill|Tiberius Cunia|bg|Тибериус Куния|ro|Tiberiu Cunia|roa-rup|Tiberiu Cunia}}Cunia, Tiberius, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/15475589/Tiberius-CuniaDictsiunar-a-Limbljei-Armneasc Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã], Constanța, Editura Cartea Aromână, 2010. and Iancu Ballamaci.Ballamaci, Iancu, [http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/iancu_ballamaci_metoda_aromana.pdf Metoda aromână/vlahă], București, Editura Predania, Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture, 2010, ISBN 978-606-8195-07-0.

Aromanian exhibits several differences from standard Romanian in its phonology, some of which are probably due to influence from Greek or Albanian. It has spirants that do not exist in Romanian, such as {{IPA|/θ, ð, x, ɣ/}} and which are a Greek influence. Other differences are the sound {{IPA|/ts/}}, which corresponds to Romanian {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and the sounds: {{IPA|/ʎ/}} and {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, which exist only in local variants in Romanian. Aromanian is usually written with a version of the Latin script with an orthography that resembles both that of Albanian (in the use of digraphs such as dh, sh, and th) and Italian (in its use of c and g), along with the letter ã, used for the sounds represented in Romanian by ă and â/î. It can also be written with a modified Romanian alphabet that includes two additional letters, ń and ľ, and rarely with a version of the Greek script.{{Sfn|Vrabie|2000|pp=27–29}}

Compared to Daco-Romanian, the Aromanian varieties have preserved from Proto-Romanian the word-final glide {{IPA|[w]}} alongside {{IPA|[j]}} (in the Pindean and Gramostean types), while the Farsharot and Grabovean types have neither diphthongs nor the phoneme {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.{{Cite book|last=Dragomirescu |first=Alina |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |date=27 October 2020 |chapter=Balkan-Romance |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.727 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-727 }}

• Central approximant consonants only occur as a result of a word-initial or intervocalic {{IPAblink|i}} and {{IPAblink|u}} when preceding another vowel.
• {{IPAslink|x}}, {{IPAslink|ɣ}} can have allophones as {{IPAblink|ç}}, {{IPAblink|ʝ}} when preceding front vowels.
• {{IPAslink|x}}, {{IPAslink|h}} are in free variation among different dialects.{{Cite thesis |last=Béis |first=Stamatis |title=Le parler aroumain de Metsovo: Déscription d'une langue en voie de disparition |date=2000 |degree=Doctoral |publisher=Université Paris 5 René Descartes |url=https://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/22843 |language=French |trans-title=The Aromanian language of Metsovo: Description of an endangered language}}{{Cite book |last=Caragiu Marioțeanu |first=Matilda |title=Dicționar aromân (Macedo-vlah) |publisher=Editura Enciclopedică |year=1997 |location=Bucharest |pages=xxviii–xxxvii |trans-title=Aromanian Dictionary (Macedo-Vlach)}}

• Two vowel sounds /{{IPA link|ɨ}}, {{IPA link|ə}}/ are both represented by one grapheme; ã.

The Aromanian alphabet consists of 27 letters and 9 digraphs.[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/aromanian.htm Aromanian alphabet at Omniglot]Cunia, Tiberius. [http://www.farsarotul.org/nl23_3.htm On the Standardisation of the Aromanian System of Writing] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221090634/http://www.farsarotul.org/nl23_3.htm |date=February 21, 2008 }}{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/leogjata/docs/rev_55_soni |title=Bana Armâneascâ |access-date=2021-04-06 |archive-date=2022-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328131442/https://issuu.com/leogjata/docs/rev_55_soni |url-status=dead }}

In addition, the digraph "gh" ({{IPAslink|ɟ}} before "e" and "i") is used as well.

File:MakedonArman Grammar.jpg's 1813 Aromanian grammar book, "Romanic or Macedono-Vlach Grammar". Written in German and Greek, it includes Aromanian texts and introduced the first writing system for Aromanian in the Latin alphabet.]]

The grammar and morphology are very similar to those of other Romance languages:

• It has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural (no dual).
• It is a null-subject language.
• Verbs have many conjugations, including:
• A present tense, a preterite, an imperfect, a pluperfect and a future tense in the indicative mood, for statements of fact.
• An imperative mood, for direct commands.
• Three non-finite forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle.
• Distinct active and passive voices, as well as an impersonal passive voice.

The Aromanian language has some exceptions from the Romance languages, some of which are shared with Romanian: the definite article is a clitic particle appended at the end of the word, both the definite and indefinite articles can be inflected, and nouns are classified in three genders, with neuter in addition to masculine and feminine. Unlike other Romance languages, Aromanian lacks an infinitive form for verbs, the synthetic infinitive inherited from Latin became a noun like in Romanian (for example {{lang|rup|cântare}} < {{sc|cantare}}).{{Sfn|Vrabie|2000|p=55}}

Aromanian grammar has features that distinguish it from Romanian, an important one being the complete disappearance of verb infinitives, a feature of the Balkan sprachbund. As such, the tenses and moods that, in Romanian, use the infinitive (like the future simple tense and the conditional mood) are formed in other ways in Aromanian. For the same reason, verb entries in dictionaries are given in their indicative mood, present tense, first-person-singular form.

Aromanian verbs are classified in four conjugations. The table below gives some examples and indicates the conjugation of the corresponding verbs in Romanian.Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu Gramatica armãneascã simplã shi practicã, Crushuva 1993, 1997; Μιχάλη Μπογιάτζη Βλαχική ήτοι μάκεδοβλαχική γραμματική Βιέννη, and Κατσάνης Ν., Κ. Ντίνας, 1990, Γραμματική της κοινής Κουτσοβλαχικής.

The future tense is formed using an auxiliary invariable particle "u" or "va" and the subjunctive mood. In Romanian, declension of the future particle plus an infinitive is used.

Whereas in standard Romanian the pluperfect (past perfect) is formed synthetically (as in literary Portuguese), Aromanian uses a periphrastic construction with the auxiliary verb am (have) as the imperfect (aviam) and the past participle, as in Spanish and French, except that French replaces avoir (have) with être (be) for some intransitive verbs. Aromanian shares this feature with Meglenian as well as other languages in the Balkan language area.

Only the auxiliary verb inflects according to number and person (aviam, aviai, avia, aviamu, aviatu, avia), whereas the past participle does not change.Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu Gramatica simplã shi practicã, Crushuva 1993, 1997.

The Aromanian gerund is applied to some verbs, but not all. These verbs are:

• 1st conjugation: acatsã (acãtsãnd), portu, lucreadzã/lucreashce, adiljã/adiljeashce.
• 2nd conjugation: armãnã, cade, poate, tatse, veade.
• 3rd conjugation: arupã, dipune, dutse, dzãse, fatsi/featse, tradzi/tradze, scrie.
• 4th conjugation: apire, doarme, hivrie, aure, pate, avde.

{{Main|Aromanian literature}}

Aromanian-language literature exists, with multiple authors, generations and works. An example is the poet Constantin Belimace, author of the Aromanian anthem Dimãndarea pãrinteascã ("The Will of the Forefathers").

The Macedonian Radio Television (MRT) produces radio and television broadcasts in Aromanian.

Radio Romania International has Aromanian service producing radio shows in Aromanian.{{cite web | url=https://www.rri.ro/ro_ar/pages/home | title=Radio Romania International }}

Films produced in the Aromanian language include Toma Enache's I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian (2013), the first in Aromanian.{{Cite web|title=Primul film realizat în limba aromână este povestea romantică a lui Toni Caramuşat|url=https://observatornews.ro/social/primul-film-realizat-in-limba-romana-este-povestea-romantica-a-lui-toni-caramusat-112235.html|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Observator|language=ro}}

File:Romanian Schools for Aromanians and Meglenoromanians.JPG

File:AromaniansFlorina.png, Greece]]

Even before the incorporation of various Aromanian-speaking territories into the Greek state (1832, 1912), the language was subordinated to Greek, traditionally the language of education and religion in Constantinople and other prosperous urban cities. The historical studies cited below (mostly Capidan) show that especially after the fall of Moscopole (1788) the process of Hellenisation via education and religion gained a strong impetus mostly among people doing business in the cities.

The Romanian state began opening schools for the Romanian-influenced Vlachs in the 1860s, but this initiative was regarded with suspicion by the Greeks, who thought that Romania was trying to assimilate them. 19th-century travellers in the Balkans such as W. M. Leake and Henry Fanshawe Tozer noted that Vlachs in the Pindus and Macedonia were bilingual, reserving the Latin dialect for inside the home.Weigand, in his 1888 Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute remarks: "By inclination, the Livadhiotes are zealous advocates of Greek ideas and would much prefer to be unified with Greece" (p.15).

By 1948, the new Soviet-imposed communist regime of Romania had closed all Romanian-run schools outside Romania and, since the closure, there has been no formal education in Aromanian and speakers have been encouraged to learn and use the Greek language. This has been a process encouraged by the community itself and is not an explicit State policy. The decline and isolation of the Romanian-oriented groups was not helped by the fact that they openly collaborated with the Axis powers of Italy and Germany during the occupation of Greece in WWII. In contrast, the vast majority of Vlachs fought in the Greek resistance, including leaders like Alexandros Svolos and Andreas Tzimas, and a number of Vlach villages were destroyed by the Germans.

The issue of Aromanian-language education is a sensitive one, partly because of opposition within the Greek Vlachs community to actions leading to the introduction of the language into the education system, viewing it as an artificial distinction between them and other Greeks.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} For example, the former education minister, George Papandreou, received a negative response from Greek-Aromanian mayors and associations to his proposal for a trial Aromanian language education programme. The Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs expressed strong opposition to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe's Recommendation 1333 (1997) that the tuition of Aromanian be supported so as to avoid its extinction.{{Cite web |last= |date=18 March 2004 |title=ΠΟΠΣΒ – Διοικητικό Συμβούλιο |trans-title=POPSV – Board of Directors |url=http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812154953/http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm |archive-date=12 August 2014 |website=vlahos.xan.duth.gr |language=Greek}} This recommendation was issued after pressure from the Union for Aromanian Language and Culture in Germany.{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/de/rum%C3%A4nien-ist-f%C3%BCr-uns-eine-zweite-heimat/a-958516|title="Rumänien ist für uns eine zweite Heimat"|first=Cornel|last=Baicu|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=29 August 2003|language=de}} On a visit to Metsovo, Epirus in 1998, Greek President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos called on Vlachs to speak and teach their language, but its decline continues.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

A recent example of the sensitivity of the issue was the 2001 conviction (later overturned in the Appeals Court) to 15 months in jail of Sotiris Bletsas,{{Cite web |date=13 July 2001 |title=It's Not Greek Enough to Them |url=http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041012/http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm |archive-date=2012-02-04 |access-date=2007-01-17 |website=vlachophiles.net}}{{Cite web |last= |date=8 January 2002 |title=15-month prison sentence handed down to Mr Sotiris Bletsas for distributing information material financed by the Commission |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2001-1325+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN |access-date=2020-11-12 |website=European Parliament}} a Greek Aromanian who was found guilty of "dissemination of false information" after he distributed informative material on minority languages in Europe (which included information on minority languages of Greece), produced by the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages and financed by the European Commission. His conviction met with broad condemnation in Greece, where at least one editorial compared the situation to the suppression of Kurdish and other minority languages in Turkey and noted the irony that some prosecutors in fact came from non-Hellenophone families that had once spoken Aromanian or Turkish.{{Cite web |last= |date=February 10, 2001 |title=Διασπορά αληθινών ειδήσεων |trans-title=Dissemination of real news |url=http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214226/http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=iospress.gr |language=Greek}} Bletsas was eventually acquitted.{{Cite web |last=Haggman |first=Johan |date=18 December 2001 |title=Minority Language Activist, Bletsas Found Not Guilty in Historic Court Decision |url=http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130104046/http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html |archive-date=30 November 2007 |website=European Free Alliance – Rainbow}}

{{blockquote|

Tatã a nostu tsi eshti tu tser,

si ayisiascã numa a Ta,

s’yinã amirãria a Ta,

si facã vrearea a Ta,

cum tu tser, ashã sh'pisti loc.

Pãnia a nostã, atsa di cathi dzuã, dãnu sh’azã,

sh‘ yiartãni amartiili a nosti,

ashe cum li yiãrtãm sh’noi a amãrtor a noci,

sh’nu ni du la pirazmo,

ma viagljãni di atsel rãu.

Cã a Ta esti amirãria sh'puteria,

a Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui shi a Ayiului Spirit,

tora, totãna sh’tu eta a etilor.

Amin.

}}

{{blockquote|

Tati a nost tsi esht tu tser,

s’ayiãsiaste numa a Ta,

s’zine amirãria a Ta,

si fache vrera a Ta,

cum tu tser, ashe sh'pisti loc.

Penia a noste, atsa di cathi dzue, denu sh’aze,

sh‘ yiartãni amartiãli a nosti,

ashe cum li yiãrtem sh’noi a amãrtor a noci,

sh’nu ni du la pirazmo,

ma viagãni di atsel reu.

Che a Ta esti amirãria sh'putera,

al Tati shi al Hiyiu shi al Ayiu Duh,

tora, totãna sh’tu eta a etãlu.

Amin.

}}

{{blockquote|

Tatã a nostu, tsi eshtsã tu tseru,

s'ayiseascã numa a Ta,

s'yinã amirãriljea a Ta,

si facã vrearea a Ta,

cumu tu tseru, ashi sh'pisti locu.

Pãnea a nostã atsea di cathi dzuã dãnãu sh'adzã

sh'yiartãnã amãrtiile a noasti

ashi cum ilj yirtãmu sh'noi a amãrtoshloru a noshtsã.

Sh'nu nã du tu pirazmo,

Sh'aveagljinã di atsel arãulu.

Cã a Ta easti Amirãriljia sh'putearea

a Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui sh a Ayiului Duhu,

tora, totna sh tu eta a etilor.

Amen.

}}

: The Lord's Prayer – source

The Macedonian Aromanian publicist, translator and writer {{ill|Dina Cuvata|bg|Димо Димчев (писател)|mk|Димо Н. Димчев}} translated Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as follows:

{{blockquote|Tuti iatsãli umineshtsã s'fac liberi shi egali la nãmuzea shi ndrepturli. Eali suntu hãrziti cu fichiri shi sinidisi shi lipseashti un cu alantu sh si poartã tu duhlu a frãtsãljiljei.}}

The following text is given for comparison in Aromanian and in Romanian, with an English translation. The spelling of Aromanian is that decided at the Bitola Symposium of August 1997. The word choice in the Romanian version was such that it matches the Aromanian text, although in modern Romanian other words might have been more appropriate. The English translation is only provided as a guide to the meaning, with an attempt to keep the word order as close to the original as possible.

{{Portal|Language}}

• Aromanian alphabet
• Common Romanian
• Substrate in Romanian
• Balkan sprachbund
• Origin of the Romanians
• Thraco-Roman
• Daco-Roman
• Eastern Romance languages
• Romance languages
• Legacy of the Roman Empire
• Latin-Greek connection

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• Bara, Mariana. Le lexique latin hérité en aroumain dans une perspective romane. Munich: Lincom Europa, 2004, 231 p.; {{ISBN|3-89586-980-5}}.
• Bara, Mariana. Limba armănească: Vocabular şi stil. Bucharest: Editura Cartea Universitară, 2007, {{ISBN|978-973-731-551-9}}.
• Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina; Petre, Maria. Şcoli şi Biserici româneşti din Peninsula Balcanică: Documente (1864–1948). Bucharest: Editura Universităţii, 2004.
• Capidan, Theodor. Aromânii, dialectul Aromân. Academia Română, Studii şi Cercetări, XX 1932.
• Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda. Dicționar aromân (Macedo-vlah). Bucarest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1997.
• Friedman, Victor A. “The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization”, in Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, eds. Juhani Nuoluoto, Martti Leiwo, & Jussi Halla-aho. Slavica Helsingiensa 21. University of Helsinki, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324090700/http://www.farsarotul.org/The%20Vlah%20Minority%20in%20Macedonia.pdf online]
• Gołąb, Zbigniew. The Arumanian Dialect of Kruševo, SR Macedonia. Skopje: MANU, 1984.
• {{cite web|last=Kahl |first=Thede |title=Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks? |url=http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm |publisher=Society Farsharotu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808220034/http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm |archivedate=2007-08-08 }}
• Kahl, Thede. “Sprache und Intention der ersten aromunischen Textdokumente, 1731–1809”, in Festschrift für Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag: Studia Philologica Slavica I/I, ed. Bernhard Symanzik. Münstersche Texte zur Slavistik, 2006, p. 245–266.
• Marangozis, John. An Introduction to Vlach Grammar. Munich: Lincom Europa, 2010.
• Markoviḱ, Marjan. Aromanskiot i makedonskiot govor od ohridsko-struškiot region: vo balkanski kontekst [Aromanian and Macedonian dialects of the Ohrid-Struga region: in Balkan context]. Skopje: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, 2007.
• Pascu, Giorge. Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. Iaşi: Cultura Naţionalâ, 1918.
• Rosetti, Alexandru. Istoria limbii române, 2 vols. Bucharest, 1965–1969.
• "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry in Aromanian. Njiclu amirārush. Translated by Maria Bara and Thede Kahl, {{ISBN|978-3-937467-37-5}}.
• Vrabie, Emil. An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary. University, Miss.; Stratford, CT: Romance monographs, 2000.
• Weigand, Gustav. Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1888.
• {{Cite book |last=Petrucci |first=Peter R. |title=Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian |date=1999 |publisher=LINCOM Europa |isbn=38-9586-599-0 |location=München |language=en}}

{{Refend}}

• {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Victor|editor-last1=Aminian Jazi|editor-first1=Ioana|editor-last2=Kahl|editor-first2=Thede|chapter=The importance of Aromanian for the study of Balkan language contact in the context of Balkan-Caucasian parallels|title=Ethno-Cultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|year=2023|pages=345–360|doi=10.2307/jj.3508401.16|jstor=jj.3508401.16}}

{{InterWiki|code=roa-rup}}

{{Wiktionary|Aromanian}}

• {{cite web |title=Dictionary in Aromanian Language|url=http://www.dixionline.net}}
• [http://www.armanami.org/ Aromanian Language website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150220165008/http://www.vlach.gr/ Στα Βλάχικα – In Vlach: A website about the Vlach language in Greece]
• [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Aromanian_Swadesh_list Aromanian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix])
• [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0 Aromanian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130504161926/http://www.vlachs.gr/ Asterios Koukoudis: Studies on the Vlachs]
• [http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/aromanians.html Greek Helsinki Human Rights Organization: Aromanians (Vlachs) in Greece]
• [http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm Conjugation of verbs in Aromanian and Istro-Romanian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219031351/http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm |date=2008-12-19 }}
• [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/publications/1999roma.pdf Romanian and the Balkans, with some references to Aromanian]
• [http://www.vlahoi.net/ Greek Vlach website]
• [http://www.ctarm.org/ Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj – CTARM, webpage about Youth Aromanians and their projects]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527041635/http://www.scd-lunjina.org/ Armans Association from Serbia]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170425150411/http://www.aromanii.ro/ Armans Cultural Association from Romania]
• [https://www.lingetsctipt.com/2011/04/limba-armaneasca-armanesche-armaneashti.html Η βλαχική γλώσσα στο γλώσσες και αλφάβητα του κόσμου]
• [https://aromanian.global.bible/bible/0393612187b654b8-01/LUK.1 EVANGHELU PI DUPI LUKA (The Gospel according to Luke in Aromanian).]

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