Arseny Roginsky

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Arseny Borisovich Roginsky

| native_name = Арсений Борисович Рогинский

| native_name_lang = Russian

| image = Arseni Roginski 04-2012.jpg

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| caption = Arseny Roginsky at the Memorial society
29 April 2012

| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|03|30|df=y}}

| birth_place = Velsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, RSFSR, USSR

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|12|18|1946|3|30|df=y}}

| death_place = Tel Aviv, Israel

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| citizenship = {{Flag|Soviet Union}} (1946–1991) → {{Flag|Russia}} (1991–2017)

| nationality = Russian

| fields = History

| workplaces = {{Unbulleted list | Saltykov-Shchedrin Public Library; | Memorial}}

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| alma_mater = University of Tartu, Estonia

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| awards = File:POL Order Zaslugi RP kl4 BAR.svg File:POL Order Zaslugi RP kl5 BAR.svg File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 3 BVK 1Kl.svg File:EST Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - 2nd Class BAR.png

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| spouse = Natalya Frumkina

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| website = {{URL|https://www.memo.ru/en-us/}}

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Arseny Borisovich Roginsky ({{langx|ru|Арсе́ний Бори́сович Роги́нский}}; 30 March 1946 – 18 December 2017)Luxmoore, Matthew (23 December 2017). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/23/obituaries/arseny-roginsky-russian-human-rights-leader-is-dead-at-71.html Arseny Roginsky, Russian Human Rights Leader, Is Dead at 71]". The New York Times. nytimes.com. Retrieved 25 December 2017. was a Soviet dissident{{cite news|author=Buckley, Neil|title=Stalin's horrors still throw Russia into turmoil|url=http://app.ft.com/cms/s/fc22ef7e-701b-11e0-bea7-00144feabdc0.html|work=Financial Times|date=26 April 2011}} and Russian historian. He was one of the founders of the International Historical and Civil Rights Society Memorial,{{cite news|author=Glasser, Susan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4855-2004May31.html|title=Putin talk worries independent groups|date=1 June 2004|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=22 December 2011}} and its head since 1998.{{cite book|author=Shevtsova, Lilia|title=Lonely power: why Russia has failed to become the West and the West is weary of Russia|date=2010|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|isbn=978-0870032981|page=301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejatb7aL6o8C&pg=PA301}}{{cite news|author=Parfitt, Tom|title=Proportion of Russians who respect Stalin is growing, poll suggests|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11506970/Proportion-of-Russians-who-respect-Stalin-is-growing-poll-suggests.html|work=The Telegraph|date=31 March 2015}}

Biography

Arseny Roginsky was born into a Jewish family{{Cite magazine|date=2017-12-19|title=How Arseny Roginsky Confronted the Politics of Memory in Russia|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-arseny-roginsky-confronted-the-politics-of-memory-in-russia|access-date=2022-01-26|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US}} in the town of Velsk (Arkhangelsk Region, Northwest Russia) to which, under Stalin, his father Boris had been exiled from Leningrad (today Saint Petersburg).

In 1968, he graduated from the History and Philology Faculty of the University of Tartu in Estonia, where he studied under the cultural historian Juri Lotman.Remnick, David (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dyzuvbUwX-sC&pg=PA107 Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire]. New York: Vintage Books. {{ISBN|0679751254}}. p. 107. "Roginsky took his university degree in Tartu .... The most influential teacher there – and Roginsky's mentor – was the cultural historian Yuri Lotman." (Roginsky's first publication was co-edited with the future dissident Gabriel Superfin.){{Cite web|url=https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2021/04/10/the-case-of-gabriel-superfin-32-3/|title=The Case of Gabriel Superfin, 1973-1974 (32.3)|date=April 10, 2021|publisher=Chronicle of Current Events}}

From 1968 to 1981, Roginsky lived in Leningrad and worked as a bibliographer at the Saltykov-Shchedrin Public Library, then as a teacher of Russian language and literature in evening schools. Meanwhile he studied the twentieth-century history of Russia, particularly the 1920s and the history of the destruction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and subsequent political repression in the Soviet Union.

=А dissident historian=

From 1975 to 1981, Roginsky was editor of a samizdat series of historical documents and studies called {{Not translated|Pamjat(series)|lt=Pamyat (Memory)|ru|Память (сборник)}}. After 1978, it was also issued abroad. (In the early 1980s, by chance or deliberate choice, the name "Pamyat" was adopted by a far-right anti-Semitic grouping, openly active under Gorbachev. This forced Roginsky and others to adopt the title "Memorial" for the organisation to which he would devote the last 27 years of his life.)

On 4 February 1977, a search was conducted in Roginsky’s apartment.{{Cite web|url=https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2021/03/31/the-ginzburg-orlov-case-45-4/|title=The Ginzburg-Orlov Case, Feb-May 1977 (45.4)|date=March 31, 2021|publisher=Chronicle of Current Events}} On 16 June 1977, he was warned to give up his "politically harmful" activities (in accordance with the unpublished 25 December 1972 decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet).{{Cite web|url=https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/02/16-november-1972-pb-67xviii/|title=16 November 1972* (Pb 67/XVIII) Warnings|date=July 2, 2016}} After another search on 6 March 1979, he was fired from the school where he worked at the request of the KGB. To avoid charges of "parasitism", Arseny Roginsky was registered from 1979 to 1981 as a literary secretary to the writer Natalia Dolinina and Professor Jacob Lurie.

In April 1981, Roginsky was urged to emigrate from the Soviet Union, but would not comply. On 12 August 1981, Roginsky was arrested under Article 196 ("the forgery and the production and sale of forged documents") of the RSFSR Criminal Code, and accused of transferring materials abroad to "anti-Soviet publications" such as Pamyat.{{cite book|author=Adler, Nanci|title=The Gulag survivor: beyond the Soviet system|date=2004|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0765805850|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gQpy7dyjGQC&pg=PA226}} As his final statement in the court, he gave a speech about "The situation of a historian in the Soviet Union" (published by the émigré newspaper Russkaya Mysl in Paris and the samizdat periodical A Chronicle of Current Events in Moscow).

Roginsky was found guilty on all counts and sentenced to four years imprisonment in an ordinary-regime camp.{{Cite web|url=https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2019/03/23/no-63-31-december-1981/|title=No 63 : 31 December 1981|date=March 23, 2019|publisher=Chronicle of Current Events}}

=After release=

Roginsky served his sentence in full and was released in 1985. He was fully rehabilitated in 1992.{{cite web|title=Арсений Борисович Рогинский|trans-title=Arseny Borisovich Roginsky|url=http://www.hro.org/node/5665|publisher=Права человека в России|access-date=15 November 2015|language=Russian}}

In 1988–1989, Roginsky was one of the founders of Memorial, the "Historical and Educational, Human Rights and Humanitarian Society" (to give its full title), which became a national movement during the perestroika years{{Cite web|url=https://bukovsky-archive.com/2020/12/26/6-november-1988-1979-k/|title=16 November 1988* (1979-K) Memorial|date=December 26, 2020}} and spread across Russia and into parts of the former Soviet Union.

In 1998 Roginsky was made board chairman of Memorial and was a major influence on its development. (After his death he was succeeded by another Memorial veteran Jan Raczyinski.)

As well as his organisational and administrative activities as a board member, Roginsky continued his work as a historical researcher. He was compiler of the 1989 book, Memories of Peasant Tolstoyans, the 1910–1930s{{cite book|editor1=Roginsky, Arseny |editor2=Gromova, Tamara |script-title=ru:Воспоминания крестьян-толстовцев, 1910–1930-е годы|trans-title=Memories of peasant Tolstoyans, the 1910–1930s|date=1989|publisher=Kniga|location=Moscow|language=Russian}} translated into English in 1993.{{cite book|editor1=Roginsky, Arseny |editor2=Edgerton, William |title=Memoirs of peasant Tolstoyans in Soviet Russia|date=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253319111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2ZgAAAAMAAJ}}

His skills as a historian were applied in the research that lay behind the Books of Remembrance (see below) issued by Memorial between 1995 and 2005 for places in and around Moscow where victims of political repression were buried and, latterly, executed as well: Donskoi Monastery,{{Cite web|url=https://en.mapofmemory.org/77-09|title=MOSCOW Donskoe graveyard [C]* Burials & Cremations|date=August 19, 2014|website=Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag}} the Butovo firing range{{Cite web|url=https://en.mapofmemory.org/50-03|title=Butovo [C]* Mass burial of the executed|date=August 19, 2014|website=mapofmemory.org}} and Kommunarka.{{Cite web|url=https://en.mapofmemory.org/77-14|title=MOSCOW Kommunarka [C]* Burials of the Executed|date=September 10, 2014|website=mapofmemory.org}} He also wrote about the targeting of Poles during the Great Terror and the citizens of other nations (Germans and Austrians) during Stalin's last years.

=Assessing the Soviet past=

In 2012, addressing a round-table discussion in Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Arseny Roginsky touched on the diplomatic aspect of his work as a historian and leading figure in the Memorial Society. While the historian should work independently, in accordance with universally established methods and principles, problems might arise when presenting the results of that research to the public.[http://old.memo.ru/d/124360.html "Arseny Roginsky on the Silence of the Historian", Memorial. Points of View, 25 May 2012] (in Russian).

By 1994, as he told participants at the discussion of "The Historian between Reality and Memory" in Dnipropetrovsk, Roginsky had assembled and studied a vast number of reports from all over the country, about political terror in the USSR and arrests by the Soviet security services (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD and KGB). When he looked at his figures, he was concerned about their impact on people whose opinion he respected – members of the traditional intelligentsia and former prisoners of the Gulag who then still survived in large numbers. “They estimated the victims of political terror throughout Soviet history in tens of millions, quite unthinkable numbers," said Roginsky. "My calculations from surviving documents indicated that the security services across the country arrested a total of 7,100,000 people between 1918 and 1987”. The detainees were not only accused of "political" crimes, moreover, but of belonging to criminal gangs, smuggling, counterfeiting the currency and many other offences under the Criminal Code. “I put my calculations to one side. For many years. Later it would be possible to publish them. But not yet.”

The names of those arrested and shot or imprisoned by the Soviet security services would form the basis of numerous regional Books of Remembrance published in the 1990s and 2000s and, ultimately, of Memorial's own online database of "The Victims of Political Terror in the USSR"{{Cite web|url=https://base.memo.ru/|title=Списки жертв|website=base.memo.ru}} of which Roginsky was director of research. With the addition of dekulakized peasant families and other deportees the total numbers of identified and listed individuals exceeded three million.

=Last years=

A first attempt was made by the authorities to shut down Memorial in 2014. If Memorial was closed, commented Roginsky at the time, then the organisation's many branches would have to re-register and thereafter restore contacts across the country.{{cite web|title=Russian Justice Ministry asks to close Memorial Rights Group|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-closing-of-memorial-rights-group-/26631357.html|publisher=Radio Liberty|date=10 October 2014}} Over the next two years five branches of Memorial were designated "foreign agents". On 4 October 2016 the label was applied to International Memorial headed by Roginsky.{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/russia-government-against-rights-groups-battle-chronicle|title=Russia: Government vs. Rights Groups|date=2017-06-28|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2017-07-02|language=en}} A year later on 18 December 2017 Roginsky died in Tel Aviv, Israel aged 71.

Bibliography

{{cite book|author1=Roginsky, Arseny |author2=Superfin, Gabriel |title=Русская и славянская филология. Сборник материалов XXII научной студенческой конференции|trans-title=Russian and Slavic philology. A collection of materials of the 17th student research conference|date=1967|location=Tartu|language=Russian}}
{{cite journal|author1=Roginskij, Arsenij |author2=Feigelson, Kristian |title=Ma dernière déclaration|trans-title=My final declaration|journal=Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique|date=January–March 1982|volume=23|issue=1|pages=123–134|jstor=20169949|language=French}}
{{cite book|editor1=Roginsky, Arseny |editor2=Gromova, Tamara |script-title=ru:Воспоминания крестьян-толстовцев, 1910–1930-е годы|trans-title=Memories of peasant Tolstoyans, the 1910–1930s|date=1989|publisher=Kniga|location=Moscow|language=Russian}}
{{cite book|editor1=Roginsky, Arseny |editor2=Edgerton, William |title=Memoirs of peasant Tolstoyans in Soviet Russia|date=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253319111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2ZgAAAAMAAJ}}
{{cite book|editor1=Borisov, Vadim |editor2=Roginsky, Arseny |script-title=ru:О Достоевском. Творчество Достоевского в русской мысли 1881–1931 годов|trans-title=On Dostoevsky. Dostoyevsky's writings in Russian thought 1881–1931|date=1990|publisher=Kniga|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5212004091|language=Russian}}
{{cite journal|author1=Roginsky, Arseniy |author2=Daniel, Alexander |name-list-style=amp |script-title=ru:Нужна сеть, а не иерархия|trans-title=A network, not a hierarchy, is needed|journal=Правозащитник|date=2001|issue=30|pages=105–109|language=Russian}}

The Great Terror (1937-1938)

{{cite book|author1=Petrov, Nikita |author2=Roginsky, Arseny |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Польская операция НКВД 1937–1938 гг.|trans-chapter=The Polish operation of the NKVD, 1937–1938|chapter-url=http://www.memo.ru/history/POLAcy/00485ART.htm|editor=Guryanov, Alexander [Александр Гурьянов]|title=Репрессии против поляков и польских граждан|trans-title=Repression against the Poles and Polish citizens|date=1997|publisher=Звенья|location=Moscow|pages=22|isbn=9785787000122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmhKAAAAMAAJ|language=Russian}}
{{cite book|author1=Petrov, Nikita |author2=Roginskii, Arsenii |chapter=The "Polish operation" of the NKVD, 1937–8|editor1=McLoughlin, Barry |editor2=McDermott, Kevin |title=Stalin's terror. High politics and mass repression in the Soviet Union|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinsterrorhig00mclo |url-access=registration |date=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-1403901194|pages=[https://archive.org/details/stalinsterrorhig00mclo/page/n171 153]–172|doi=10.1057/9780230523937_7 }}
{{cite book|author1=Eremina, Larisa |author2=Roginsky, Arseny |name-list-style=amp |script-title=ru:Расстрельные списки: Москва, 1937–1941: "Коммунарка", Бутово: книга памяти жертв политических репрессий|trans-title=Lists of those shot in Moscow, 1937–1941: Kommunarka, Butovo: a Book in Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repression|date=2002|publisher=Memorial|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5787000597|language=Russian}}
{{cite book|author1=Eremina, Larisa |author2=Roginsky, Arseny |name-list-style=amp |script-title=ru:Расстрельные списки: Москва, 1935–1953: Донское кладбище (Донской крематорий): книга памяти жертв политических репрессий|trans-title=Lists of those shot in Moscow, 1935–1953: the Donskoye cemetery (the Donskoy crematorium): a Book in Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repression|date=2005|publisher=Memorial|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5787000818|language=Russian}}

Last victims, 1950-1953

{{cite book|author1=Roginskij, Arsenij |author2=Rudolph, Jörg |author3=Drauschke, Frank |author4=Kaminsky, Anne |title=Erschossen in Moskau...: Die deutschen Opfer des Stalinismus auf dem Moskauer Friedhof Donskoje 1950–1953|trans-title=Shot in Moscow...: German victims of Stalinism at the Donskoje Moscow cemetery 1950–1953|date=2008|publisher=Metropol-Verlag; Auflage|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3938690147|language=German}}
{{cite book|author=Roginskij, Arsenij|chapter=Nach der Verurteilung|trans-chapter=After conviction|editor=Karner, Stefan|title=Stalins letzte Opfer: verschleppte und erschossene Österreicher in Moskau, 1950–1953|trans-title=Stalin's last victims: Austrians abducted and shot in Moscow, 1950–1953|date=2009|publisher=Böhlau Verlag|location=Wien|isbn=978-3205782810|pages=97–140|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn_mur_2FPkC&pg=PA97|language=German}}

Stalinism

{{cite journal|author=Roginsky, Arseny|title=Чем Сталин жив?|trans-title=Why is Stalin still alive?|journal=Kontinent|date=2008|issue=138|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/continent/2008/138/ro12.html|language=Russian}}
{{cite journal|author=Roginskij, Arsenij|title=Fragmentierte Erinnerung : Stalin und der Stalinismus im heutigen Russland|trans-title=Fragmented memories: Stalin and Stalinism in present-day Russia|journal=Osteuropa|date=2009|volume=59|issue=1|pages=37–44|url=http://www.osteuropa.dgo-online.org/site/assets/files/2632/oe090103.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403052822/http://www.osteuropa.dgo-online.org/site/assets/files/2632/oe090103.pdf|archivedate=3 April 2016|url-status=live|language=German}}
{{cite journal|author=Roginskij, Arsenij|title=Erinnerung und Freiheit : Die Stalinismus-Diskussion in der UdSSR und Russland|trans-title=Remembrance and freedom: discussion about Stalinism in the USSR and Russia|journal=Osteuropa|date=2011|volume=61|issue=4|pages=55–70|language=German}}

Awards

2002: Class II Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Estonia, for investigating crimes against humanity {{Cite web|url=https://www.president.ee/et/vabariik/teenetemargid/kavaler/320/*|title=Vabariigi President|website=www.president.ee|access-date=2019-06-06}}
2005: Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland for his efforts in uncovering truth about repressions against Polish people{{Cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050430594|title=Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 24 marca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderów i odznaczeń|website=prawo.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=2019-06-06}}
2010: Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland for his exceptional efforts in research in and the uncovering of the truth about the Katyn massacre{{Cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20100400581|title=Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 6 kwietnia 2010 r. o nadaniu orderów|website=prawo.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=2019-06-06}}
2010: Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for his lengthy struggle for the truth, unprejudiced information and memory, courageous commitment to freedom and human rights as well as his strong commitment to concerns of civil society [http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/news/memorial-vorsitzender_roginski_erhaelt_verdienstkreuz_26325.html Memorial-Vorsitzender Roginski erhält Verdienstkreuz]: "In der Laudatio wird Roginskis „langjähriger Kampf für Wahrheit, vorurteilsfreie Aufklärung und Erinnerung, sein mutiger Einsatz für Freiheit und Menschenrechte sowie sein engagiertes Eintreten für die Belange der Zivilgesellschaft als Mitglied des Petersburger Dialogs“ hervorgehoben"

References

External links

{{Commons category-inline}}
{{IMDb name|7004393|Roginsky in the 2014 French documentary L'ombre de Staline (Stalin's Shadow)}}
{{cite web|author=Roman Osharov|title=Arseny Roginsky: 'The regime is raising the people within the framework of Soviet totalitarian stereotypes'trans-title=|url=http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/arseny-roginsky-on-russia/1562921.html|publisher=Voice of America (in Russian).|date=11 December 2012}}
[https://base.memo.ru/ The Victims of Political Terror in the Soviet Union, 1917-1991: an online database]. 5th edition, 3,100,000 entries (in Russian).

Videos

[http://therighttomemoryfilm.com The Right to Memory (Право на Память), 2018, in Russian; English, German, Polish and Ukrainian subtitles available, 96 min., Arseny Roginsky's account of his life.]
{{YouTube|iupMBTJNFCI|Arseny Roginsky's appearance on Soviet terror in Khimki, October 2014, in English, 92 min}}

Category:1946 births

Category:2017 deaths

Category:Russian Jews

Category:People from Velsk

Category:University of Tartu alumni

Category:20th-century Russian historians

Category:Historians of Russia

Category:Stalinism-era scholars and writers

Category:21st-century Russian historians

Category:Soviet dissidents

Category:Soviet prisoners and detainees

Category:Russian human rights activists