Artemis I

{{See also|Orion (spacecraft)|Space Launch System}}

Artemis I was launched on the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The Block 1 vehicle consisted of a core stage, two five-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs) and an upper stage. The core stage used four RS-25D engines, all of which had previously flown on Space Shuttle missions.Units E2045, E2056, E2058, and E2060. {{Cite web |last=Dvorsky |first=George |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Artemis 1's RS-25 Engines Have Gone to Space Many Times Before |url=https://gizmodo.com/nasa-artemis-1-sls-rs-25-engines-space-shuttle-1849490202 |access-date=June 15, 2023 |website=Gizmodo}} The core and boosters together produced {{cvt|39000|kN}}, or about 4,000 metric tons of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), was based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage and was powered by a single RL10B-2 engine on the Artemis I mission.{{Cite web |last=Harbaugh |first=Jennifer |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Space Launch System |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/fs/sls.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108200317/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/fs/sls.html |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=November 9, 2022 |publisher=NASA}}

Once in orbit, the ICPS fired its engine to perform a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, which placed the Orion spacecraft and 10 CubeSats on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion then separated from the ICPS and continued its coast into lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter deployed ten CubeSats for conducting scientific research and performing technology demonstrations.{{Cite web |last=Harbaugh |first=Jennifer |date=October 4, 2021 |title=All Artemis I Secondary Payloads Installed in Rocket's Orion Stage Adapter |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/10/04/all-artemis-i-secondary-payloads-installed-in-rockets-orion-stage-adapter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715195933/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/10/04/all-artemis-i-secondary-payloads-installed-in-rockets-orion-stage-adapter/ |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}

The Orion spacecraft spent approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) around the Moon.{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2015 |title=The Ins and Outs of NASA's First Launch of SLS and Orion |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-ins-and-outs-of-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-and-orion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222201819/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-ins-and-outs-of-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-and-orion |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2016 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}} It came within approximately {{cvt|80|mi|km|order=flip}} of the lunar surface (closest approach) and achieved a maximum distance from Earth of {{Cvt|268,563|mi|km|order=flip}}.{{Cite web |title=Artemis 1 Press Kit |url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/img/Artemis%20I_Press%20Kit.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115205721/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/img/Artemis%20I_Press%20Kit.pdf |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |access-date=November 16, 2022}}{{Cite web |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 28, 2022 |title=Artemis I — Flight Day 13: Orion Goes the (Max) Distance |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116232517/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov}}

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File:Artist Concept - Space Launch System in Flight.jpg

Artemis I was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, at which point it was set to launch in 2017{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=February 29, 2012 |title=Exploration Mission 1: SLS and Orion mission to the Moon outlined |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/exploration-mission-1-sls-orion-debut-mission-moon-outlined/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824104014/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/exploration-mission-1-sls-orion-debut-mission-moon-outlined/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |publisher=NASASpaceFlight}}{{refn|group=note|The Space Launch System was originally mandated by Congress in the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 to be ready for flight before the end of 2016.{{Cite web |last=Rockefeller |first=Jay |date=August 5, 2010 |title=S.3729 – 111th Congress (2009–2010): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 |url=http://www.congress.gov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529051531/https://www.congress.gov/ |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=Congress.gov |publisher=Library of Congress}}}} as the first planned flight of the Space Launch System (SLS) and the second uncrewed test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. The initial plans for EM-1 called for a circumlunar trajectory during a seven-day mission.{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=March 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |access-date=July 21, 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}} {{PD-notice}}{{Cite web |last=Singer |first=Jody |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Status of NASA's Space Launch System |url=http://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/telecon/Singer_4-25-12/Singer_4-25-12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218151106/http://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/telecon/Singer_4-25-12/Singer_4-25-12.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2013 |access-date=August 5, 2012 |publisher=University of Texas}}

In January 2013, it was announced that the Orion spacecraft's service module was to be built by the European Space Agency and named the European Service Module.{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2013 |title=NASA Signs Agreement for a European-Provided Orion Service Module |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_feature_011613.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328093836/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_feature_011613.html |archive-date=March 28, 2014 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |publisher=NASA |language=en}} In mid-November 2014, construction of the SLS core stage began at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF).{{Cite web |title=SLS Engine Section Barrel Hot off the Vertical Weld Center at Michoud |url=http://www.nasa.gov/sls/14-171.html#.VGfrNb4_ypc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119072126/http://www.nasa.gov/sls/14-171.html#.VGfrNb4_ypc |archive-date=November 19, 2014 |access-date=November 16, 2014 |publisher=NASA}} In January 2015, NASA and Lockheed Martin announced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis I would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (EFT-1). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number of welds from 19 to 7{{Cite news |last=Barrett |first=Josh |date=January 13, 2015 |title=Orion program manager talks EFT-1 in Huntsville |url=http://www.waaytv.com/space_alabama/orion-program-manager-talks-eft--in-huntsville/article_17894640-9b43-11e4-b731-1feb498f3882.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121313/http://www.waaytv.com/space_alabama/orion-program-manager-talks-eft--in-huntsville/article_17894640-9b43-11e4-b731-1feb498f3882.html |archive-date=January 18, 2015 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=WAAY}} and saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis I, the Orion spacecraft was to be outfitted with a complete life support system and crew seats but would be left uncrewed.{{Cite news |date=January 13, 2015 |title=Engineers resolve Orion will 'lose weight' in 2015 |url=http://www.waff.com/story/27841631/engineers-resolve-orion-will-lose-weight-in-2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808125121/http://www.waff.com/story/27841631/engineers-resolve-orion-will-lose-weight-in-2015 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=WAFF}}

In February 2017, NASA began investigating the feasibility of a crewed launch as the first SLS flight.{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2017 |title=NASA to Study Adding Crew to First Flight of SLS and Orion |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-study-adding-crew-to-first-flight-of-sls-and-orion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422125018/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-study-adding-crew-to-first-flight-of-sls-and-orion/ |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}} It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2017 |title=NASA Kicks Off Study to Add Crew to First Flight of Orion, SLS |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-kicks-off-study-to-add-crew-to-first-flight-of-orion-sls-as-progress-continues-to-send |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228081214/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-kicks-off-study-to-add-crew-to-first-flight-of-orion-sls-as-progress-continues-to-send/ |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2017 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}} However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal, citing cost as the primary issue, and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.{{Cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=May 12, 2017 |title=NASA will not put a crew on EM-1, cites cost – not safety – as main reason |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/05/nasa-em-1-uncrewed-costs-main-reason/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703151036/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/05/nasa-em-1-uncrewed-costs-main-reason/ |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}

In March 2019, then-NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule.{{Cite web |last=King |first=Ledyard |date=May 14, 2019 |title=NASA names new moon landing mission 'Artemis' as Trump administration asks for US$1.6 billion |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/14/nasas-artemis-program-eyes-initial-1-6-billion-2024-moon-landing/1195849001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803205803/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/14/nasas-artemis-program-eyes-initial-1-6-billion-2024-moon-landing/1195849001/ |archive-date=August 3, 2019 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |newspaper=USA Today}}{{Cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=July 18, 2019 |title=NASA's daunting to-do list for sending people back to the Moon |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/18/18629403/nasa-artemis-moon-program-funds-hardware-apollo-11-anniversary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207085513/https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/18/18629403/nasa-artemis-moon-program-funds-hardware-apollo-11-anniversary |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |newspaper=The Verge}} The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit, and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 13, 2019 |title=NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-considering-flying-orion-on-commercial-launch-vehicles/ |access-date=March 13, 2019 |publisher=SpaceNews}} The idea was eventually scrapped.{{Cite news |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=April 19, 2019 |title=NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1 |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164345/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/ |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}} One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion is not planned to carry a docking mechanism until Artemis III.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 13, 2019 |title=NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-considering-flying-orion-on-commercial-launch-vehicles/ |access-date=March 13, 2019 |publisher=SpaceNews}} The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.{{Cite news |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=April 19, 2019 |title=NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1 |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164345/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/ |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}

File:Green Run test of the SLS at Stennis Space Center on Saturday, January 16, 2021 36.jpg

The core stage for Artemis I, built at Michoud Assembly Facility in Louisiana by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2019 |title=All Four Engines Are Attached to the SLS Core Stage for Artemis I Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/multimedia/four-engines-attached-to-sls-core-stage-for-artemis-I-mission.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112214328/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/multimedia/four-engines-attached-to-sls-core-stage-for-artemis-I-mission.html |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |access-date=November 12, 2019 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}} and was declared finished one month later.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=December 10, 2019 |title=SLS Core Stage Declared Ready for Launch in 2021 |url=https://spacenews.com/sls-core-stage-declared-ready-for-launch-in-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191216023100/https://spacenews.com/sls%2Dcore%2Dstage%2Ddeclared%2Dready%2Dfor%2Dlaunch%2Din%2D2021/ |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=SpaceNews}} The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at Stennis Space Center, consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:{{Cite web |last=Harbaugh |first=Jennifer |date=May 20, 2020 |title=NASA's SLS Core Stage Green Run Tests Critical Systems For Artemis I |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-sls-green-run-tests-core-stage-for-artemis-i |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426222555/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-sls-green-run-tests-core-stage-for-artemis-i/ |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} {{Source-attribution}}

1. Modal testing (vibration tests)
2. Avionics (electronic systems)
3. Fail-safe systems
4. Propulsion (without firing of the engines)
5. Thrust vector control system (moving and rotating engines)
6. Launch countdown simulation
7. Wet dress rehearsal, with propellant
8. Static fire of the engines for eight minutes

The first test was performed in January 2020,{{Cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=January 9, 2020 |title=Nasa Moon rocket core leaves for testing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51048986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109151551/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51048986 |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2020 |publisher=BBC News}} and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On January 16, 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engines shut down after running for one minute.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=January 16, 2021 |title=Green Run hotfire test ends early |url=https://spacenews.com/green-run-hotfire-test-ends-early/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=SpaceNews}} This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below the limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.{{Cite web |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=January 20, 2021 |title=SLS: NASA finds cause of 'megarocket' test shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55727686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041016/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55727686 |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |publisher=BBC News}} The static fire test was performed again on March 18, 2021, this time achieving a full-duration eight-minute burn.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 18, 2021 |title=NASA performs full-duration SLS Green Run static-fire test |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-performs-full-duration-sls-green-run-static-fire-test/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=SpaceNews}} The core subsequently departed the Stennis Space Center on April 24, 2021, en route to the Kennedy Space Center.{{Cite web |last=Dunbar |first=Brian |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Space Launch System Core Stage Arrives at the Kennedy Space Center |url=http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/space-launch-system-core-stage-arrives-at-the-kennedy-space-center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507205846/http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/space-launch-system-core-stage-arrives-at-the-kennedy-space-center/ |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}

File:Block 1 70t Crew Expanded View.jpg

File:Artemis I stack after complete platform retraction.jpg in the Vehicle Assembly Building, March 2022]]

SLS/Orion is assembled by stacking its major sub-assemblies atop a mobile launcher platform inside the NASA Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). First, the seven components of each of the two boosters are stacked. The core stage is then stacked and is supported by the boosters. The interstage and upper stage are stacked atop the core, and the Orion spacecraft is then stacked onto the upper stage.

The Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage was the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2017 |title=SLS Upper Stage set to take up residence in the former home of ISS modules |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/sls-upper-stage-residency-former-home-iss-modules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807132155/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/sls-upper-stage-residency-former-home-iss-modules/ |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2020}} Three years later, all of the SLS's solid rocket booster segments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on June 12, 2020,{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=June 19, 2020 |title=EGS begins Artemis 1 launch processing of SLS Booster hardware |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/artemis-1-launch-processing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329080713/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/artemis-1-launch-processing/ |archive-date=March 29, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}} and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered by barge one month later on July 29.{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=August 5, 2020 |title=LVSA arrives at KSC, NASA EGS readies final pre-stacking preparations for Artemis 1 |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/lvsa-arrives-ksc-for-artemis-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519095605/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/lvsa-arrives-ksc-for-artemis-1/ |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}} The assembly of the SLS took place at the Vehicle Assembly Building's High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments onto Mobile Launcher-1 on November 23.{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=November 27, 2020 |title=EGS, Jacobs begin vehicle integration for Artemis 1 launch |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/egs-jacobs-vehicle-integration-artemis-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220170208/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/egs-jacobs-vehicle-integration-artemis-1/ |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}} Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on January 7, 2021,{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=December 4, 2020 |title=New Artemis 1 schedule uncertainty as NASA EGS ready to continue SLS Booster stacking |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/artemis-1-schedule-uncertainty-sls-booster-stacking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104004/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/artemis-1-schedule-uncertainty-sls-booster-stacking/ |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}} and the boosters' stacking was completed by March 2.{{Cite web |last=Sempsrott |first=Danielle |date=March 9, 2021 |title=Mammoth Artemis I Rocket Boosters Stacked on Mobile Launcher |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/03/09/mammoth-artemis-i-rocket-boosters-stacked-on-mobile-launcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825202418/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/03/09/mammoth-artemis-i-rocket-boosters-stacked-on-mobile-launcher/ |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=NASA's blog |publisher=NASA |language=en-US}}

The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on the Pegasus barge on April 27, 2021, after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on April 29.{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=May 6, 2021 |title=NASA EGS, Jacobs preparing SLS Core Stage for Artemis 1 stacking |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/nasa-egs-jacobs-sls-artemis-1-stacking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611234956/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/nasa-egs-jacobs-sls-artemis-1-stacking/ |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}} The stage was then stacked with its boosters on June 12. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on June 22. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on July 6. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on October 8.{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=October 12, 2021 |title=Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022041055/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}} This marked the first time a super-heavy-lift vehicle has been stacked inside NASA's VAB since the final Saturn V in 1973.

The Artemis I Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility on January 16, 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=March 27, 2021 |title=EGS synchronizing Artemis 1 Orion, SLS Booster preps with Core Stage schedule |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/egs-aligns-artemis-1-schedule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520153617/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/egs-aligns-artemis-1-schedule/ |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=March 29, 2021 |title=Following troubled childhood, Orion trio preparing for flight |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/troubled-childhood-orion-trio-preparing-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402034525/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/troubled-childhood-orion-trio-preparing-flight/ |archive-date=April 2, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}} On October 20, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis I vehicle in High Bay 3.{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Artemis 1 Orion joins SLS to complete vehicle stack |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/artemis-1-stack-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230171116/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/artemis-1-stack-complete/ |archive-date=December 30, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}} During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts, one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2021 |title=EGS, Jacobs begin Artemis 1 pre-launch testing and checkout push |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/egs-artemis-1-testing-checkout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111742/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/egs-artemis-1-testing-checkout/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2021 |title=Engine controller replacement details behind Artemis 1 launch delay |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/engine-controller-artemis-1-delay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111742/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/engine-controller-artemis-1-delay/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}

File:Artemis 1 SLS Rollout (cropped).jpg

On March 17, 2022, Artemis I rolled out of High Bay 3 from the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on April 3, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Scrub – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/03/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-scrub/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111826/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/03/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-scrub/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}} A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on April 4, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=NASA Prepares for Next Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Attempt – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/05/nasa-prepares-for-next-artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-attempt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111828/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/05/nasa-prepares-for-next-artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-attempt/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}

During preparations for a third attempt, a helium check valve on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fueling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Update – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/09/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-update/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111744/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/09/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-update/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Artemis I Rocket, Spacecraft Prepare for Return to Launch Pad to Finish Test – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/05/06/artemis-i-rocket-spacecraft-prepare-for-return-to-launch-pad-to-finish-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111831/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/05/06/artemis-i-rocket-spacecraft-prepare-for-return-to-launch-pad-to-finish-test/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}} The third attempt to finish the test did not include fueling the upper stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Artemis I WDR Update: Third Test Attempt Concluded – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-wdr-update-third-test-attempt-concluded/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111744/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-wdr-update-third-test-attempt-concluded/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2022 |title=NASA calls off modified Artemis 1 Wet Dress Rehearsal for hydrogen leak |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/sls-wdr-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111741/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/sls-wdr-2/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}

NASA rolled the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS helium check valve while upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis I was rolled back to the VAB on April 26.{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Artemis I Update: Teams Extending Current Hold, Gaseous Nitrogen Supply Reestablished – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-update-teams-extending-current-hold-gaseous-nitrogen-supply-reestablished/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610230727/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-update-teams-extending-current-hold-gaseous-nitrogen-supply-reestablished/ |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 vehicle heads back to VAB while NASA discusses what to do next |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/artemis-1-vab-nasa-discusses-what-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623193413/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/artemis-1-vab-nasa-discusses-what-next/ |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2022 |title=Artemis I Moon Rocket Arrives at Vehicle Assembly Building – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/26/artemis-i-moon-rocket-arrives-at-vehicle-assembly-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624221030/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/26/artemis-i-moon-rocket-arrives-at-vehicle-assembly-building/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}} After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis I vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on June 6 to complete the test.{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=June 6, 2022 |title=NASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket returns to launch pad for crucial tests |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-moon-rocket-returns-launch-pad-testing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610214719/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-moon-rocket-returns-launch-pad-testing |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=Space.com}}

During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on June 20, the rocket was fully loaded with propellant on both stages. Still, due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T−9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T−29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2022 |title=NASA declares SLS countdown rehearsal complete |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-declares-sls-countdown-rehearsal-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20220705083957/https://spacenews.com/nasa%2Ddeclares%2Dsls%2Dcountdown%2Drehearsal%2Dcomplete/ |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}

On July 2, the Artemis I stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: August 29 and September 5.{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=June 22, 2022 |title=NASA not planning another Artemis 1 countdown dress rehearsal |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703054811/https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Spaceflight Now}}{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2022 |title=SLS rolled back to VAB for final launch preparations |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/sls-rolled-back-final-launch-preps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111742/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/sls-rolled-back-final-launch-preps/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}} The SLS passed flight readiness review on August 23, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 23, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 passes flight readiness review |url=https://spacenews.com/artemis-1-passes-flight-readiness-review/ |access-date=August 29, 2022 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}

{{LaunchAttempt

| date1 = 2022-08-29 8:33

| result1 = Scrubbed

| reason1 = Technical

| decision_date1 = 2022-08-29 10:33

| notes1 = High temperature in engine 3, hydrogen leak, and communication problems.

| date2 = 2022-09-03 14:17

| result2 = Scrubbed

| reason2 = Technical

| decision_date2 = 2022-09-03 11:17

| notes2 = Hydrogen leak in service arm.

| date3 = 2022-11-16 01:47:44

| result3 = Success

}}

Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on August 29, 2022, but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13 am EDT. Before the planned launch at 8:33 am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines was observed to be above the maximum allowable temperature limit for launch.{{Cite news |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |date=August 29, 2022 |title=Today's Artemis I launch has been scrubbed after engine issue |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/29/world/nasa-artemis-1-launch-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829140305/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/29/world/nasa-artemis-1-launch-scn/index.html |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |work=CNN}}{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Marcia |date=September 1, 2022 |title=NASA Ready to Try Artemis I Again on Saturday and See What the Day Brings |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-ready-to-try-artemis-i-again-on-saturday-and-see-what-the-day-brings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903145954/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-ready-to-try-artemis-i-again-on-saturday-and-see-what-the-day-brings/ |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=spacepolicyonline.com}} Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.{{Cite news |last=Speck |first=Emilee |date=August 23, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 countdown resumes for Saturday launch; weather forecast improves |url=https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/artemis-1-launch-forecast-nasa-historic-moon-rocket-launch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828191854/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/artemis-1-launch-forecast-nasa-historic-moon-rocket-launch |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |work=Fox Weather}}{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Tariq |date=August 29, 2022 |title=NASA calls off Artemis 1 moon rocket launch over engine cooling issue |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-moon-rocket-launch-scrub |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829133215/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-moon-rocket-launch-scrub |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |work=Space.com}} NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hour launch window expired.{{Cite news |last=Cuthbertson |first=Anthony |last2=Sankaran |first2=Vishwam |last3=Chisholm |first3=Johanna |last4=Kelvey |first4=Jon |date=August 29, 2022 |title=Artemis launch – live: Nasa won't commit to new launch date lift-off was scrubbed |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829160436/https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |work=The Independent}} An investigation revealed that a sensor not used to determine launch readiness was faulty, and displayed an erroneously high temperature for Engine 3.

Following the first attempt, a second launch attempt was scheduled for the afternoon of September 3.{{Cite news |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Artemis I launch team is ready for another 'try' on Saturday |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/01/world/nasa-artemis-1-saturday-launch-update-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903145954/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/01/world/nasa-artemis-1-saturday-launch-update-scn/index.html |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |work=CNN}} The launch window would have opened at 2:17 pm EDT (18:17 UTC), and lasted for two hours.{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Next Artemis 1 launch attempt set for Sept. 3 |url=https://spacenews.com/next-artemis-1-launch-attempt-set-for-sept-3/ |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=SpaceNews}} The launch was scrubbed at 11:17 am EDT due to a fuel supply line leak in a service arm connecting to the engine section.{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel |date=September 3, 2022 |title=Artemis I Launch Attempt Scrubbed |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/03/artemis-i-launch-attempt-scrubbed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228161944/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/03/artemis-i-launch-attempt-scrubbed/ |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=NASA blog |publisher=NASA}} The cause of the leak was uncertain. Mission operators investigated whether an overpressurization of the liquid hydrogen line of the quick-disconnect interface during the launch attempt may have damaged a seal, allowing hydrogen to escape.{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=September 8, 2022 |title=NASA officials evaluating late September launch dates for Artemis 1 moon mission |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/09/08/nasa-officials-evaluating-late-september-launch-dates-for-artemis-1-moon-mission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909052214/https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/09/08/nasa-officials-evaluating-late-september-launch-dates-for-artemis-1-moon-mission/ |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=September 9, 2022 |website=Spaceflight Now}}

Launch operators decided on the date for the next launch attempt; the earliest possible opportunity was September 19{{Cite news |last=Davenport |first=Christian |date=September 3, 2022 |title=Artemis I mission faces weeks of delay after launch is scrubbed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/03/artemis-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905153556/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/03/artemis-launch/ |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=The Washington Post}}{{Cite news |last=Greenfieldboyce |first=Nell |last2=Hernandez |first2=Joe |date=September 3, 2022 |title=NASA won't try to launch the Artemis 1 moon mission again for at least a few weeks |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/03/1120742884/nasa-artemis-1-launch-saturday-time-moon-mission-rocket-orion-sls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906000529/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/03/1120742884/nasa-artemis-1-launch-saturday-time-moon-mission-rocket-orion-sls |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=NPR}}{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Artemis I Mission Availability |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-i-mission-availability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211214325/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-i-mission-availability/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} until mission managers declared that September 27, and then September 30, would be the absolute earliest date, NASA having successfully repaired the leak.{{Cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=September 8, 2022 |title=NASA discusses path to SLS repairs as launch uncertainty looms for September, October |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/artemis-i-update-sept8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908171739/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/artemis-i-update-sept8/ |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |access-date=September 8, 2022 |website=NASASpaceflight}}{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2022 |title=NASA Adjusts Dates for Artemis I Cryogenic Demonstration Test and Launch; Progress at Pad Continues |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/12/nasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912224450/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/12/nasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues/ |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=September 13, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} A launch in September would have required that the Eastern Range of the United States Space Force agree to an extension on certification of the rocket's flight termination system, which destroys the rocket should it move off-course and towards a populated area; this was carried out on September 22.{{Cite news |last=Zizo |first=Christie |date=September 22, 2022 |title=NASA moves ahead with Artemis launch attempt next week with eye on weather |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/space-news/2022/09/22/nasa-expected-to-announce-whether-artemis-i-can-launch-without-vab-rollback/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923193308/https://www.clickorlando.com/news/space-news/2022/09/22/nasa-expected-to-announce-whether-artemis-i-can-launch-without-vab-rollback/ |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 24, 2022 |work=WKMG}} However, unfavorable forecasts of the trajectory of then-Tropical Storm Ian led launch managers to call off the September 27 launch attempt and begin preparations for the stack's rollback to the VAB.{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel |date=September 24, 2022 |title=Artemis I Managers Wave Off Sept. 27 Launch, Preparing for Rollback – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/24/artemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135858/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/24/artemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback/ |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=NASA Blogs |publisher=NASA}} On the morning of September 26, the decision was made to roll back later that evening.{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2022 |title=NASA to Roll Artemis I Rocket and Spacecraft Back to VAB Tonight – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/26/nasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926142032/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/26/nasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight/ |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=September 26, 2022 |title=SLS to roll back to VAB as hurricane approaches Florida |url=https://spacenews.com/sls-to-roll-back-to-vab-as-hurricane-approaches-florida/ |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=SpaceNews}}

On November 12, following another delay due to Hurricane Nicole, NASA launch managers requested launch opportunities for November 16 and 19. They initially requested an opportunity for the 14th but were prevented by then-Tropical Storm Nicole.{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231240/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/ |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=NASA}} As the storm approached, NASA decided to leave the rocket at the launch pad, citing a low probability that wind speeds would exceed the rocket's design limits.{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231240/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/ |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} Wind speeds were expected to reach {{cvt|29|mph|km/h}}, with gusts up to {{cvt|46|mph|km/h}}. Nicole made landfall as a category one hurricane on November 9, with sustained wind speeds at Kennedy Space Center reaching {{cvt|85|mph|km/h}}, and gusts up to {{cvt|100|mph|km/h}}. After the storm cleared, NASA inspected the rocket for physical damage and conducted electronic health checks.{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Teams Conduct Check-outs, Preparations Ahead of Next Artemis I Launch Attempt – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/11/teams-conduct-check-outs-preparations-ahead-of-next-artemis-i-launch-attempt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111233413/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/11/teams-conduct-check-outs-preparations-ahead-of-next-artemis-i-launch-attempt/ |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |access-date=November 12, 2022 |website=NASA Blogs |publisher=NASA}}{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Kristin |last2=Wattles |first2=Jackie |date=November 10, 2022 |title=NASA still targets Artemis I launch next week despite minor hurricane damage |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/10/world/artemis-1-rocket-hurricane-nicole-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004958/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/10/world/artemis-1-rocket-hurricane-nicole-scn/index.html |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |work=CNN}}{{Cite news |last=Tribou |first=Richard |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Artemis I endures 100 mph gust on launch pad during Nicole landfall |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/space/artemis/os-bz-nasa-artemis-i-launch-pad-tower-records-100-mph-gust-hurricane-nicole-20221110-chmzzpybo5dnto3st4huufeple-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111034143/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/space/artemis/os-bz-nasa-artemis-i-launch-pad-tower-records-100-mph-gust-hurricane-nicole-20221110-chmzzpybo5dnto3st4huufeple-story.html |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |work=Orlando Sentinel}} On November 15, the mission management team gave a "go" to begin fully preparing for launch, and the main tanking procedures began at 3:30 pm EST (20:30 UTC).{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel |date=November 14, 2022 |title=Managers Give "Go" to Proceed Toward Launch, Countdown Progressing – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/14/managers-give-go-to-proceed-toward-launch-countdown-progressing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211214852/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/14/managers-give-go-to-proceed-toward-launch-countdown-progressing/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=NASA Blogs |publisher=NASA}}

File:Artemis I SLS with Full Moon (KSC-20220614-PH-JBS01 0332).jpeg|SLS on standby, ready for launch

File:Artemis I Launch (NHQ202211160203).jpeg|SLS just after engine ignition

File:Inside Orion with Callisto (art001e000192).jpg|Inside Orion with mannequin Callisto

File:Orion and Earth (art001e000095).jpg|Orion on the first day of the mission

File:Artemis 1 at maximum distance from Earth.jpg|Orion, the Moon and Earth on day 13

File:Mission control on flight day 14.jpg|Mission control on day 14

File:The lunar surface (art001e002162).jpeg|Details of the lunar surface, day 19

File:Moon by Artemis 1.jpg|The Moon after return flyby, day 19

File:Artemis 1 sees Earth before reentry.jpg|Artemis 1 before reentry, day 25

File:Orion descending down to the Pacific Ocean.jpg|Orion descending to the Pacific Ocean

File:Orion off the coast of Baja California.jpg|Orion shortly after splashdown

File:Artemis I Launch (NHQ202211160017).jpg launches from Kennedy Space Center's LC-39B]]

At 6:47:44 UTC (1:47:44 am EST) on November 16, 2022, Artemis I successfully launched from Launch Complex 39B (LC-39B) at the Kennedy Space Center.{{Cite news |last=Roulette |first=Joey |last2=Gorman |first2=Steve |date=November 16, 2022 |title=NASA's next-generation Artemis mission heads to moon on debut test flight |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-artemis-moon-rocket-begins-fueling-debut-launch-2022-11-15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116115602/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-artemis-moon-rocket-begins-fueling-debut-launch-2022-11-15/ |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |publisher=Reuters}} Artemis I was the first launch from LC-39B since Ares I-X. The Orion spacecraft and ICPS were both placed into a nominal orbit after separating from the Space Launch System, achieving orbit approximately {{frac|8|1|2}} minutes after launch.{{Citation |title=Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) – Nov. 16, 2022 |date=November 16, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMLD0Lp0JBg |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116093027/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMLD0Lp0JBg |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}

Eighty-nine minutes after liftoff, the ICPS fired for approximately eighteen minutes in a trans-lunar injection (TLI) maneuver. Orion then separated from the expended stage and fired its auxiliary thrusters to move safely away as it started its journey to the Moon.{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Orion on Its Way to the Moon – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/16/orion-on-its-way-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117190603/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/16/orion-on-its-way-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov}} The 10 CubeSat secondary payloads were then deployed from the Orion Stage Adapter, attached to the ICPS.{{Cite web |last=Davenport |first=Justin |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Artemis I releases 10 cubesats, including a Moon lander, for technology and research |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-cubesats/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118003523/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-cubesats/ |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com}} The ICPS conducted a final maneuver at three and a half hours after launch to dispose itself into a heliocentric orbit.{{Cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |last2=Burghardt |first2=Thomas |date=November 16, 2022 |title=SLS makes successful debut flight, sending Artemis I to the Moon |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-launch-nov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115195836/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-launch-nov/ |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com}}

On November 20 at 19:09 UTC, the Orion spacecraft entered the lunar sphere of influence, where the influence of the Moon's gravity on the spacecraft is greater than that of Earth.{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2022 |title=Artemis I – Flight Day Five: Orion Enters Lunar Sphere of Influence Ahead of Lunar Flyby – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/20/artemis-i-flight-day-five-orion-enters-lunar-sphere-of-influence-ahead-of-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205170831/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/20/artemis-i-flight-day-five-orion-enters-lunar-sphere-of-influence-ahead-of-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov}}

On November 21, Orion experienced a planned loss of communication with NASA from 12:25 through 12:59 UTC as it passed behind the moon and no longer had line-of-sight to Earth. There, during an automatically controlled maneuver, the first of several trajectory-altering burns, called an "outbound powered flyby burn", to transition Orion to a distant retrograde orbit began at 12:44 UTC. The orbital maneuvering system engine fired for two minutes and thirty seconds. While operating autonomously, Orion made its closest lunar approach of approximately {{cvt|81|mi|km|order=flip}} above the surface at 12:57 UTC.{{Cite web |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Artemis I – Flight Day Four: Testing WiFi Signals, Radiator System, GO for Outbound Powered Flyby |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/19/artemis-i-flight-day-four-testing-wifi-signals-radiator-system-go-for-outbound-powered-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120000233/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/19/artemis-i-flight-day-four-testing-wifi-signals-radiator-system-go-for-outbound-powered-flyby/ |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |website=nasa.gov}}{{Cite web |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Orion Successfully Completes Lunar Flyby, Re-acquires Signal with Earth |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/21/orion-successfully-completes-lunar-flyby-re-acquires-signal-with-earth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121134847/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/21/orion-successfully-completes-lunar-flyby-re-acquires-signal-with-earth/ |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=nasa.gov}} The spacecraft performed another burn on November 25, firing the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) for one minute and twenty-eight seconds, changing Orion's velocity by {{cvt|363|ft/s|km/h}} finally entering orbit.{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Flight Day 10: Orion Enters Distant Retrograde Orbit – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/25/flight-day-10-orion-enters-distant-retrograde-orbit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224942/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/25/flight-day-10-orion-enters-distant-retrograde-orbit/ |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |access-date=November 26, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov}} On November 26, at 13:42 UTC, Orion broke the record for the farthest distance from Earth traveled by an Earth-returning human-rated spacecraft. The record was formerly held by the Apollo 13 mission at {{cvt|248,655|miles|order=flip}}.{{Cite web |last=Dodson |first=Gerelle |date=November 25, 2022 |title=NASA to Share Artemis I Update with Orion at Farthest Point from Earth |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-share-artemis-i-update-with-orion-at-farthest-point-from-earth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000211/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-share-artemis-i-update-with-orion-at-farthest-point-from-earth/ |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=November 26, 2022 |website=NASA}}{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2022 |title=Artemis I – Flight Day 11: Orion Surpasses Apollo 13 Record Distance from Earth – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/26/artemis-i-flight-day-11-orion-surpasses-apollo-13-record-distance-from-earth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127005036/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/26/artemis-i-flight-day-11-orion-surpasses-apollo-13-record-distance-from-earth/ |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}

On November 28, Orion reached a distance of {{cvt|268563|mi|order=flip}} from Earth, the maximum distance achieved during the mission.{{Cite web |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 28, 2022 |title=Artemis I — Flight Day 13: Orion Goes the (Max) Distance |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201180657/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2022 |website=NASA}} On November 30, the Orion spacecraft performed a maintenance burn to maintain its trajectory and decrease its velocity for a planned burn on December 1, at 21:53 UTC, to depart its distant retrograde orbit around the Moon, beginning its journey back to Earth.{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2022 |title=Artemis I Flight Day 15 – Team Polls "Go" For Distant Retrograde Orbit Departure – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/30/artemis-i-flight-day-15-team-polls-go-for-distant-retrograde-orbit-departure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201050217/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/30/artemis-i-flight-day-15-team-polls-go-for-distant-retrograde-orbit-departure/ |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}

On December 5 at 16:43 UTC the spacecraft reached {{cvt|128|km}} from the lunar surface at its closest approach right before an earthbound burn, the "powered return flyby burn", to leave the zone of lunar gravitational influence. The spacecraft once again passed behind the Moon, losing communications with mission control for about half an hour.{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=December 5, 2022 |title=NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft completes crucial moon flyby maneuver for trip home |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-moon-flyby-burn-december-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205230516/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-moon-flyby-burn-december-5 |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Space.com |language=en}} Shortly before the flyby, Orion experienced an electrical anomaly, which was soon resolved.{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft suffered power blip hours before its close lunar flyby |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-power-blip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205234536/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-power-blip |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Space.com |language=en}}

On December 6 at 7:29 UTC, Orion exited the lunar sphere of influence. It then conducted a minor course correction burn and an inspection of the crew module's thermal protection system and the ESM.{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2022 |title=Artemis I – Flight Day 21: Orion Leaves Lunar Sphere of Influence, Heads for Home – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/06/artemis-i-flight-day-21-orion-leaves-lunar-sphere-of-influence-heads-for-home/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211083318/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/06/artemis-i-flight-day-21-orion-leaves-lunar-sphere-of-influence-heads-for-home/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}} Over the next few days the mission control team continued to conduct system checks and prepared for reentry and splashdown. On December 10, mission planners announced that the final landing site would be near Guadalupe Island off the Baja peninsula in Mexico.{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2022 |title=Artemis I Flight Day 24: Orion Heads Home – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/09/artemis-i-flight-day-24-orion-heads-home/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211160617/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/09/artemis-i-flight-day-24-orion-heads-home/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}} The final trajectory correction burn of six total trajectory burns throughout the mission took place the next day five hours before reentry.{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2022 |title=Artemis I – Flight Day 25: Orion in Home Stretch of Journey – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/10/artemis-i-flight-day-25-orion-in-home-stretch-of-journey/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211165123/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/10/artemis-i-flight-day-25-orion-in-home-stretch-of-journey/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}

The spacecraft separated from its service module at around 17:00 UTC on December 11 and then reentered Earth's atmosphere at 17:20 UTC travelling near {{cvt|40000|km/h|mi/h}}.{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Howell |date=December 10, 2022 |title=Here's how NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft will splash down to end its moon mission in 8 not-so-easy steps |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-landing-sequence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211122353/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-landing-sequence |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=Space.com |language=en}} It was the first United States use of a "skip entry", a form of non-ballistic atmospheric entry into the atmosphere, pioneered by Zond 7, in which two phases of deceleration would expose human occupants to relatively less intense G-forces than would be experienced during an Apollo-style reentry.{{Cite web |last=Roulette |first=Joey |last2=Gorman |first2=Steve |date=December 11, 2022 |title=NASA's Orion capsule heads for splashdown after Artemis I flight around moon |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-orion-capsule-heads-splashdown-after-artemis-i-flight-around-moon-2022-12-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211095422/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-orion-capsule-heads-splashdown-after-artemis-i-flight-around-moon-2022-12-11/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=Reuters}} The Orion capsule splashed down at 17:40 UTC (9:40 am PST) west of Baja California near Guadalupe Island.{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2022 |title=NASA's Artemis I moon mission ends as Orion capsule splashes down in Pacific Ocean |url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/trending/nasas-artemis-i-mission-ends-orion-capsule-splashes-down-pacific-ocean/LUITMXEH7RF55H5ZLPTQJB6RTA/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211174628/https://www.boston25news.com/news/trending/nasas-artemis-i-mission-ends-orion-capsule-splashes-down-pacific-ocean/LUITMXEH7RF55H5ZLPTQJB6RTA/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=Boston 25 News |language=en}} Following splashdown, NASA personnel and the crew of {{USS|Portland|LPD-27|6}} recovered the spacecraft after planned ocean testing of the capsule.{{Cite news |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Nasa's Orion capsule on target for splashdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63907649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211155550/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63907649 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} The recovery team spent about two hours performing tests in open water and imaging the craft, namely to investigate signs of atmospheric re-entry, then used a winch and several tending lines to pull the craft into a securing assembly in the well dock of the USS Portland. The recovery team included personnel from the US Navy, Space Force, Kennedy Space Center, Johnson Space Center, and Lockheed Martin Space.{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Artemis I Update: Orion Secured Inside USS Portland Ahead of Return to Shore – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/11/artemis-i-update-orion-secured-inside-uss-portland-ahead-of-return-to-shore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215050925/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/11/artemis-i-update-orion-secured-inside-uss-portland-ahead-of-return-to-shore/ |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}} On December 13, the Orion capsule arrived at the Port of San Diego.{{Cite web |last=Bravo |first=Christina |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Welcome to San Diego, Orion: NASA's Space Capsule Arrives to Port by Navy Ship |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/welcome-to-san-diego-orion-nasas-space-capsule-arrives-to-port-by-navy-ship/3120260/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214020920/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/welcome-to-san-diego-orion-nasas-space-capsule-arrives-to-port-by-navy-ship/3120260/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=NBC 7 San Diego |language=en-US}}

File:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg

After the capsule was recovered, inspection showed unexpected loss of material from the heat shield. NASA undertook an exhaustive and complex analysis of the loss, and was finally able to report on it and announce recommendations after two years, on December 5, 2024. The conclusion was that the damage was initiated by spalling caused when gas trapped within the shield heated and expanded, blowing pieces out of the shield. This occurred during the reentry "skip" maneuver, which had a different heating and cooling profile than simpler direct-entry profiles.{{YouTube|mAP-ywsh_HI|NASA Artemis Campaign Leadership News Conference}}

The Orion spacecraft carried three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.{{Cite news |last=Pasztor |first=Andy |date=April 17, 2018 |title=U.S., Israeli Space Agencies Join Forces to Protect Astronauts From Radiation |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-israeli-space-agencies-join-forces-to-protect-astronauts-from-radiation-1523969713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829041818/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-israeli-space-agencies-join-forces-to-protect-astronauts-from-radiation-1523969713 |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2018 |work=The Wall Street Journal}} The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named after Arturo Campos, a NASA engineer during the Apollo program),{{Cite web |title=Artemis I launch guide: What to expect |url=https://www.planetary.org/articles/artemis-i-launch-guide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809143738/https://www.planetary.org/articles/artemis-i-launch-guide |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |access-date=August 9, 2022 |website=The Planetary Society}} occupied the commander's seat inside Orion and was equipped with two radiation sensors in its Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. The commander's seat also had sensors to record acceleration and vibration data during the mission.{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Purposeful Passengers Hitch a Ride on NASA's Artemis I Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/purposeful-passengers-hitch-a-ride-on-nasa-s-artemis-i-mission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815163346/https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/purposeful-passengers-hitch-a-ride-on-nasa-s-artemis-i-mission/ |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |publisher=NASA}}

File:AstroRad NASA.jpg vest on the International Space Station|right]]

Alongside Moonikin were two phantom torsos, "Helga" and "Zohar" (named by the German Aerospace Center and the Israel Space Agency respectively{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Public Names 'Moonikin' Flying Around Moon on NASA's Artemis I Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/public-names-moonikin-flying-around-moon-on-nasas-artemis-i-mission/ |access-date=February 12, 2024 |website=NASA}}), who took part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with the German Aerospace Center and the Israel Space Agency, measured the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar was shielded with the Astrorad radiation vest and equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga did not wear a vest. The phantoms measured the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and active dosimeters distributed at sensitive and high stem cell-concentration tissues.{{Cite conference |last=Berger |first=Thomas |date=October 11–12, 2017 |title=Exploration Missions and Radiation |url=https://ispcs.com/wp-content/uploads/Thomas-Berger-ISPCS-2017-FINAL-1.compressed.pdf |conference=International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight |location=Las Cruces, New Mexico |publisher=ISPCS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622073114/https://ispcs.com/wp-content/uploads/Thomas-Berger-ISPCS-2017-FINAL-1.compressed.pdf |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=June 22, 2018 |url-status=dead}} The test provided data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2020 |title=Orion "Passengers" on Artemis I to Test Radiation Vest for Deep Space Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-passengers-on-artemis-i-to-test-radiation-vest-for-deep-space-missions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719041636/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-passengers-on-artemis-i-to-test-radiation-vest-for-deep-space-missions/ |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} In addition to the three mannequins, Orion carried a plush doll of NASA's Snoopy as zero-g indicator{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Cheryl |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Snoopy to Fly on NASA's Artemis I Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/snoopy-to-fly-on-nasas-artemis-i-moon-mission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810023235/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/snoopy-to-fly-on-nasas-artemis-i-moon-mission/ |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |access-date=August 9, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} and a Shaun the Sheep toy{{Cite web |title=Shaun the Sheep to fly on Artemis I lunar mission |url=https://www.aardman.com/latest-news/shaun-the-sheep-esa-artemis-i |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808102630/https://www.aardman.com/latest-news/shaun-the-sheep-esa-artemis-i |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2022 |website=aardman.com}} representing the ESA's European Service Module contribution to the mission.

Besides these functional payloads, Artemis I also carried commemorative stickers, patches, seeds, and flags from contractors and space agencies worldwide.{{Cite web |title=Artemis I Official Flight Kit |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/artemis_i_official_flight_kit.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817105322/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/artemis_i_official_flight_kit.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=August 27, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} A technology demonstration called Callisto, named after the mythical figure associated with Artemis, developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with Amazon and Cisco, was also aboard. Callisto used video conferencing software to transmit audio and video from mission control and used the Amazon Alexa virtual assistant to respond to the audio messages. In addition, the public could submit messages to be displayed on Callisto during the mission.{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2022 |title=How to send a message into space aboard Artemis I |url=https://www.9news.com/article/tech/science/nasa-artemis-launch-callisto-space-project/73-393296a7-bd81-400e-9da3-c79c8f19a9f9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220902182857/https://www.9news.com/article/tech/science/nasa-artemis-launch-callisto-space-project/73-393296a7-bd81-400e-9da3-c79c8f19a9f9 |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=KUSA.com |language=en-US}}{{update after|2022|11|26}}

File:Orion Stage Adapter (OSA) Secondary Payload Cubesat (KSC-20210805-PH-CSH01 0009).jpg

Ten low-cost CubeSats, all in six-unit configurations,{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=NASA seeking proposals for cubesats on second SLS launch |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-seeking-proposals-for-cubesats-on-second-sls-launch/ |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=SpaceNews |quote=Unlike Artemis 1, which will fly six-unit cubesats only...}} flew as secondary payloads. They were carried within the Stage Adapter above the second stage. Two were selected through NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.{{Cite journal |last=Latifiyan |first=Pouya |date=August 2022 |title=Artemis 1 and space communications |journal=Qoqnoos Scientific Magazine |page=3}} These CubeSats were:{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=October 12, 2021 |title=Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012150642/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Spaceflight Now}}

• ArgoMoon, designed by Argotec and coordinated by the Italian Space Agency, was designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage.
• BioSentinel contains yeast cards that are rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the effects of deep space radiation. In August 2023, NASA extended BioSentinel's mission into November 2024.{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2023 |title=NASA Extends BioSentinel's Mission to Measure Deep Space Radiation |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ames/nasa-extends-biosentinels-mission-to-measure-deep-space-radiation |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=nasa.gov}}
• CubeSat for Solar Particles, designed by the Southwest Research Institute, was to orbit the Sun in interplanetary space and study its particle and magnetic activity. Contact was lost soon after launch and never recovered.
• EQUULEUS, designed by Japan's JAXA and the University of Tokyo, was to image the Earth's plasmasphere, impact craters on the Moon's far side, and conduct small trajectory maneuvers near the Moon. EQUULEUS filmed the Green Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) in February 2023.{{Cite web |last=Pultarova |first=Tereza |date=February 21, 2023 |title=Green comet seen from space by Artemis 1 moon mission cubesat (video) |url=https://www.space.com/japanaese-moon-cubesat-sees-green-comet-C2022E3-video |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Space.com}}
• Lunar IceCube, a lunar orbiter designed by Morehead State University, was to use its infrared spectrometer to detect water and organic compounds in the lunar surface and exosphere. Contact was lost soon after launch.
• Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper ("LunaH-Map"), selected by the NASA SIMPLEx program,NASA, [https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=478898/solicitationId=%7B1DDABD1B-6261-1D15-874A-67BB42357C3A%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/SIMPLEx14%20Selections_Abstracts.pdf Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration Program Abstracts of selected proposals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117165532/https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=478898/solicitationId=%7B1DDABD1B-6261-1D15-874A-67BB42357C3A%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/SIMPLEx14%20Selections_Abstracts.pdf |date=November 17, 2022 }}, August 8, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2022. a lunar orbiter designed by Arizona State University, was to search for evidence of lunar water ice inside permanently shadowed craters using its neutron detector. The engines failed to ignite and after months of unsuccessful recovery attempts the satellite was declared lost.{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=August 8, 2023 |title=Artemis 1 cubesat finishes mission after detecting water and ice on the moon |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-cubesat-ice-hunting-mission-ends |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Space.com}}
• Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, designed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was a solar sail that would have flown by a near-Earth asteroid. Communications with the spacecraft were not successful and after many efforts, NEA Scout was considered lost.
• OMOTENASHI, designed by JAXA, a lunar probe which would have attempted to land using solid rocket motors, but failed to function properly and the landing sequence was never started.
• LunIR, designed by Lockheed Martin, performed a flyby of the Moon to collect its surface thermography. An "unexpected issue with the radio signal" kept the spacecraft from conducting any observations during the flyby.
• Team Miles, designed by Fluid and Reason LLC, was planned to demonstrate low-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space. Team Miles was deployed but contact was not established with the spacecraft.{{Cite web |title=Team Miles |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=TEAMMILES |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=NASA Space Science Coordinated Archive}}

Three other CubeSats were originally planned to launch on Artemis I but missed the integration deadline, and will have to find alternative flights to the Moon. The stage adapter contained thirteen CubeSat deployers in total.{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gina |last2=Porter |first2=Molly |date=June 8, 2017 |title=Three DIY CubeSats Score Rides on NASA's First Flight of Orion, Space Launch System |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/three-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806051921/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/three-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system/ |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |access-date=June 10, 2017 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}

• Cislunar Explorers would demonstrate the viability of water electrolysis propulsion and interplanetary optical navigation to orbit the Moon. It was designed by Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.{{Cite web |last=Ohana |first=Lavie |date=October 3, 2021 |title=Four Artemis I CubeSats miss their ride |url=https://www.spacescout.info/2021/10/four-artemis-i-cubesats-miss-their-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417061728/https://www.spacescout.info/2021/10/four-artemis-i-cubesats-miss-their-ride/ |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |publisher=Space Scout}}
• Lunar Flashlight was a lunar orbiter that would seek exposed water ice and map its concentration at the {{cvt|1|-|2|km}} scale within the permanently shadowed regions of the lunar south pole.{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Lunar Flashlight |url=http://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/lunar-flashlight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913141407/http://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/lunar-flashlight/ |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=May 23, 2015 |website=Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}{{Cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=October 9, 2014 |title=NASA Is Studying How to Mine the Moon for Water |url=http://www.space.com/27388-nasa-moon-mining-missions-water.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111013713/http://www.space.com/27388-nasa-moon-mining-missions-water.html |archive-date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=May 23, 2015 |publisher=Space.com}} Lunar Flashlight was remanifested to launch as a rideshare with the Hakuto-R Mission 1 on a Falcon 9 Block 5. The launch took place on December 11, 2022.{{Cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=December 11, 2022 |title=SpaceX launches Falcon 9 carrying private Japanese moon lander |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/12/hakuto-r-m1/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight}}{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2022 |title=NASA's Lunar Flashlight Ready to Search for the Moon's Water Ice |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-lunar-flashlight-ready-to-search-for-the-moon-s-water-ice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028190822/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-lunar-flashlight-ready-to-search-for-the-moon-s-water-ice/ |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |access-date=October 29, 2022 |website=NASA}} A failure of the craft's propulsion system resulted in Lunar Flashlight being unable to enter orbit around the Moon and NASA terminated the mission on May 12, 2023.{{Cite web |last=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title=NASA Calls End to Lunar Flashlight After Some Tech Successes |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-calls-end-to-lunar-flashlight-after-some-tech-successes |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) |language=en-US}}
• Earth Escape Explorer would demonstrate long-distance communications while in heliocentric orbit. It was designed by the University of Colorado Boulder.

File:Artemis 1 Boarding-pass.jpg

The Artemis I mission patch was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft and Exploration Ground Systems teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the center, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis I was launched. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis I.{{Cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=January 16, 2018 |title=Artemis 1 Identifier |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-1-identifier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805172711/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-1-identifier/ |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |publisher=NASA}}

The Artemis I flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2022 |title=How NASA's Artemis program plans to return astronauts to the moon |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-nasas-artemis-program-plans-to-return-astronauts-to-the-moon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824113854/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-nasas-artemis-program-plans-to-return-astronauts-to-the-moon |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Science}}{{Cite web |last=Northon |first=Karen |date=September 26, 2018 |title=NASA Unveils Sustainable Campaign to Return to Moon, on to Mars |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-unveils-sustainable-campaign-to-return-to-moon-on-to-mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707064351/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-unveils-sustainable-campaign-to-return-to-moon-on-to-mars/ |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |publisher=NASA}} though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.{{Cite web |last=Kelvey |first=Jon |date=September 3, 2022 |title=Nasa's Artemis moon mission explained |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-1-moon-mission-nasa-explained-b2151469.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104847/https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-1-moon-mission-nasa-explained-b2151469.html |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=The Independent}} To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted were written to a flash drive stored inside the Orion spacecraft.{{Cite web |last=Marples |first=Megan |date=March 11, 2022 |title=NASA will send your name around the moon. Here's how to sign up |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/11/world/nasa-name-submission-artemis-i-mission-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824125217/https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/11/world/nasa-name-submission-artemis-i-mission-scn/index.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |publisher=CNN}}{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Your name can fly around the moon on NASA's Artemis 1 mission |url=https://www.space.com/fly-name-around-moon-nasa-artemis-1-mission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824125216/https://www.space.com/fly-name-around-moon-nasa-artemis-1-mission |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=Space.com}} Also aboard the capsule is a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.{{Cite web |title=Future Engineers: Moon Pod Essay Contest |url=https://www.futureengineers.org/artemismoonpodessay |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326131113/https://www.futureengineers.org/artemismoonpodessay/ |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |access-date=March 24, 2021}}

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• List of Artemis missions
• List of missions to the Moon

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{{Commons}}

• {{Official website}}
• {{YouTube|OZvDAAI_JM0|Simulation of Artemis 1 Launch and CubeSat Deployment}}
• [https://www.nasa.gov/specials/trackartemis/ Artemis Real-time Orbit Website], NASA
• [https://www.nasa.gov/artemislive/ Live Video Stream from the Artemis I Orion Spacecraft]

{{Artemis program}}

{{Orion program}}

{{Moon spacecraft}}

{{Orbital launches in 2022}}

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