Ataegina

The deity's name is variously attested as Ataegina, Ataecina, Adaecina and Adaegina,Lopes, Cristina Maria Grilo. "[http://hdl.handle.net/10451/12344 Ataegina uma divindade Paleohispânica]". In: Revista Santuários. Lisboa, 2014. Vol. 1, n.1 (Jan./Jun. 2014), p. 97. among other spellings.Martínez, Eugenio Ramón Luján. "[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6361 La diosa Ataecina y el nombre de la noche en antiguo irlandés]". In: Emerita: Revista de lingüística y filología clásica Vol. 66, Nº 2, 1998, pp. 293-294. {{ISSN|0013-6662}}.{{cite book|first=José María |last=Vallejo |chapter=Divinidades y dedicatorias religiosas en Hispania occidental: lo que la lingüística (y otras ciencias) pueden decir sobre funciones teonímicas |title=Des mots pour les dieux: Dédicaces cultuelles dans les langues indigènes de la Méditerranée occidentale |editor1-last=Estarán Tolosa |editor1-first=María José |editor2-last=Dupraz |editor2-first=Emmanuel |editor3-last=Aberson |editor3-first=Michel |date=2021 |location=Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien |lang=ES |publisher=Peter Lang |page=286 |doi=10.3726/b17152 |hdl=20.500.12657/56961 |isbn=978-3-0343-4028-1 |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/56961}} Her name appears in conjunction to a place named Turibriga or Turobriga (see below).{{Cite journal |last=Guerra |first=Amílcar |title=Omnibus Numinibus et Lapitearum: algumas reflexões sobre a nomenclatura teonímica do Ocidente peninsular |url=https://www.academia.edu/447205 |journal=Revista portuguesa de arqueologia |issn=0874-2782 |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2002 |pages=151–154}}.

The name Ataegina is most commonly derived from a Celtic source: according to Cristina Maria Grilo Lopes and Juan Olivares Pedreño, French scholar D'Arbois de Jubainville and Portuguese scholar José Leite de Vasconcelos interpreted her name as a compound from *ate- 'repetition, re-' *-genos '(to be) born'. Thus, her name would mean 'The Reborn One' ("renascida", in the original).Vasconcellos, José Leite de. [https://archive.org/details/religiesdalusit01vascgoog/page/n195/mode/1up?q=ataegina Religiões da Lusitania na parte que principalmente se refere a Portugal]. Lisboa: Imprensa nacional, 1897. pp. 161-162.Lopes, Cristina Maria Grilo. "[http://hdl.handle.net/10451/12344 Ataegina uma divindade Paleohispânica]". In: Revista Santuários. Lisboa, 2014. Vol. 1, n.1 (Jan./Jun. 2014), p. 98.Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos. [https://archive.org/details/olivares-juan-c.-los-dioses-de-la-hispania-celtica-2002/page/247/mode/1up?q=ataecina Los dioses de la hispania céltica]. Universitat d´Alacant / Universidad de Alicante, Servicio de Publicaciones: Real Academia de la Historia. 2002. p. 247. {{ISBN|84-95983-00-1}}.

Others propose a connection to the domain of nocturnal or underworld deities: {{ill|Gabriel Sopeña|es|Gabriel Sopeña}} tentatively saw a connection with Irish adaig 'night', which may indicate a relation to the underworld.{{cite journal |last1=Sopeña |first1=Gabriel |title=Celtiberian Ideologies and Religion |journal=E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies |date=2005 |volume=6 |page=348 |url=https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/7/ |accessdate=11 September 2020}} Similarly, in a 1998 article, Eugenio Luján, based on the epigraphic evidence available until then, supposed that Adaecina is the original spelling of her name, and related it to Irish adaig,{{efn|Other Celtic cognates include Irish athach, later athaig,Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de. Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2011 [1999]. p. 80. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110931556 and Welsh adeg."Book Reviews". In: Folia Linguistica Historica 46, no. Historica-vol-33 (2012): 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1515/flih.2012.008}} and both deriving from a Proto-Celtic *adakī. This form would account for both words, but Luján refrained from offering a definitive etymology.Martínez, Eugenio Ramón Luján. "[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6361 La diosa Ataecina y el nombre de la noche en antiguo irlandés]". In: Emerita: Revista de lingüística y filología clásica Vol. 66, Nº 2, 1998, pp. 301-302. {{ISSN|0013-6662}}. Wolfgang Meid raises the possibility that Old Irish adaig may be a borrowing of Welsh adeg "time, occasion, period, season", whose native Irish cognate is athach "interval, space (of time)", derived from Proto-Celtic *atikā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-i-keh₂, from *h₂et- (“to go”), making a connection between these words and Ataegina unlikely. Meid, Wolfgang, Die Romanze von Froech und Findabair, Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 2009, p. 106Thomas, R. J., Bevan, G. A., Donovan, P. J., Hawke, A. et al., editors (1950–present), “adeg”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic StudiesHamp, Eric P. (1977) “Some Italic and Celtic Correspondences”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, volume 91, number 2, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 240.

Italian linguist Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel argues for a Celtic etymology, from *atakī ('night'), from an earlier *at-ak-ī ('interval'). Thus, de Bernardo proposes, her name means "the one of the night".Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de; Hainzmann, Manfred, and Mathieu, Nicolas. “Celtic and Other Indigenous Divine Names Found in the Italian Peninsula.” In: Théonymie Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio - Keltische Theonymie, Kulte, Interpretatio. Edited by Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel and Andreas Hofeneder, 1st ed. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. p. 80. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8mdn28.8. In a later article, she describes Ataecina as "the goddess of the nighttime", and derives her name from *Atakī-nā 'the divine (night)time'."... keltische Göttin der nächtlichen Zeit Ataecina..." Stempel, Patrizia de Bernardo. "Keltische Äquivalente klassischer Epitheta und andere sprachliche und nicht-sprachliche Phänomene im Rahmen der sogenannten ‚interpretatio Romana‘". In: Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 61, no. 1 (2014): 34 and footnote nr. 109. https://doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2014.003

That said, her presence in decidedly non-Indo-European Iberian regions suggest that she may have an older, indigenous origin, in which case her name's etymology is more likely Iberian, Aquitanian or Tartessian.Lopes, Cristina Maria Grilo. "[http://hdl.handle.net/10451/12344 Ataegina uma divindade Paleohispânica]". In: Revista Santuários. Lisboa, 2014. Vol. 1, n.1 (Jan./Jun. 2014), pp. 97-103.

In his late 19th-century study, José Leite de Vasconcelos, while proposing a Celtic reading of her name, also supposed her origins as a Celticized indigenous deity.Vasconcellos, José Leite de. [https://archive.org/details/religiesdalusit01vascgoog/page/n207/mode/1up?q=ataegina Religiões da Lusitania na parte que principalmente se refere a Portugal]. Lisboa: Imprensa nacional, 1897. p. 173. Spanish historian {{ill|José María Blázquez Martínez|es|José María Blázquez Martínez}} supported the idea of Ataegina's indigenous character, while remarking that a Celtic interpretation of her name as 'reborn' is "inviable", and that her connection to Irish 'night' is "difficult".Blázquez, José Mª. Arte Y Religión En El Mediterráneo Antiguo. Ediciones Cátedra, 2008. pp. 141-142.

Ataegina was worshipped in Lusitania and Betica; there were also sanctuaries dedicated to Ataegina in Elvas (Portugal), and Mérida and Cáceres in Spain, along with other places, especially near the Guadiana river. She was one of the goddesses worshipped in Myrtilis (today's Mértola, Portugal), Pax Julia (Beja, Portugal). A bronze plaque from Malpartida de Cáceres suggests associations with the goat as a sacred animal.Diáz, Alonso Rodríguez; Navascués, Juan Javier Enríquez. Extremadura tartésica: arqueología de un proceso periférico. Barcelona: Bellaterra, 2001. p. 259. {{ISBN|84-7290-174-2}}.

Her name appears with adjective Turobrigensis, which seems to indicate a place called Turibriga or Turobriga."Histoire et archéologie de la Péninsule ibérique antique, chronique VI: 1993-1997". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 102, 2000, n°1-2. pp. 186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.2000.4794; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2000_num_102_1_4794Frías, Manuel Salinas de; Cortés, Juana Rodríguez. "Ciudad y Cultos en Lusitania durante la época Antonina". In: Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Historia Antigua: la Hispania de los Antoninos (98-180). Valladolid, Spain: Universidad de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial, 2005. p. 356. Similar epigraphic attestations read Turibrige, [T]urubricae and Turibri, which led professor Amílcar Guerra to indicate a form *Turibris.{{Cite journal |last=Guerra |first=Amílcar |title=Omnibus Numinibus et Lapitearum: algumas reflexões sobre a nomenclatura teonímica do Ocidente peninsular |url=https://www.academia.edu/447205 |journal=Revista portuguesa de arqueologia |issn=0874-2782 |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2002 |pages=155–157}}.{{Cite journal |last=Guerra |first=Amílcar |title=Povos, cultura e língua no Ocidente Peninsular: uma perspectiva, a partir da toponomástica |journal=Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua (Actas del IX coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas (Barcelona, 20-24 de octubre de 2004) |issn=1578-5386 |volume=5 |date=2005 |issue=5 |page=795 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2089244 |doi=10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i5|hdl=10045/131902 |hdl-access=free }}.

This place is interpreted by scholarship to mean the main center of her cult,Vasconcellos, José Leite de. [https://archive.org/details/religiesdalusit01vascgoog/page/n192/mode/1up?q=ataegina Religiões da Lusitania na parte que principalmente se refere a Portugal]. Lisboa: Imprensa nacional, 1897. pp. 158-159.{{Cite journal |last=Marco Simón |first=Francisco |title=Divinidades indígenas en la Hispania indoeuropea |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10810/35975 |journal=Veleia |volume=16 |page=40 |date=1999|hdl=10810/35975 }}{{Cite journal |last=Olivares Pedreño |first=Juan Carlos |title=Reflexiones sobre las ofrendas votivas a dioses indígenas en Hispania: ámbitos de culto y movimiento de población |url=https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/36793 |journal=Veleia |volume=20 |date=2003 |pages=306 |doi=10.1387/veleia.5399 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |hdl=10810/36793 |quote=Con respecto a la diosa de Turobriga, sabemos presumir que el núcleo de su culto era la citada localidad, a partir de la cual se difundió hacia los lugares de los alrededores donde se han descubierto los testimonios.}}. but its precise location is unknown. Classical author Pliny indicated it belonged to Celtic Beturia.

Epigraphs from the Badajoz region associate the goddess with the Roman Proserpina (analogous to Greek Persephone),Ehmig, Ulrike. “Proserpina: Wandlerin Zwischen Den Welten”. In: Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 200 (2016): 307–308. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26603891. which would make her a goddess presiding over spring and seasonality, echoing the "reborn" derivation of the name,Juan Manuel Abascal, Las inscripciones latinas de Santa Lucía del Trampal (Alcuéscar, Cáceres) y el culto de Ataecina en Hispania, Archivo Español de Arqueología 68: 31-105 (1995) or connect her to the Underworld.Martínez, Eugenio Ramón Luján. "[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6361 La diosa Ataecina y el nombre de la noche en antiguo irlandés]". In: Emerita: Revista de lingüística y filología clásica Vol. 66, Nº 2, 1998, p. 292. {{ISSN|0013-6662}}. In that regard, a dedication etched in marble was found in Augusta Emérita: the propitiator prays to Dea Ataecina Turibrig(ensis) Proserpina for her to avenge the theft of some pieces of clothing.Tomlin, Roger. "Cursing A Thief In Iberia And Britain". In: Magical Practice in the Latin West. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2013. pp. 247-249. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004179042.i-676.55

• Ataecina (dwarf planet)

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• Frías, Manuel Salinas de; Cortés, Juana Rodríguez. "Corrientes religiosas y vías de comunicación en Lusitania durante el Imperio Romano". In: V Mesa Redonda Internacional sobre Lusitania Romana: las comunicaciones. Cáceres, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, 7, 8 y 9 de noviembre de 2002. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, Secretaría General Técnica, Subdirección General de Información y Publicaciones, 2004. pp. 286–292.
• {{Cite journal |last=Guerra |first=Amílcar |title=Omnibus Numinibus et Lapitearum: algumas reflexões sobre a nomenclatura teonímica do Ocidente peninsular |url=https://www.academia.edu/447205 |journal=Revista portuguesa de arqueologia |issn=0874-2782 |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2002 |pages=147–159}}.
• {{Cite journal |last=Lopes |first=Cristina Maria Grilo |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10451/12344 |title=Ataegina uma divindade Paleohispânica |journal=Revista Santuários |place=Lisboa |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2014 |pages=97–103|hdl=10451/12344 }}.
• {{Cite journal |last=Martínez |first=Eugenio Ramón Luján |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6361 |title=La diosa Ataecina y el nombre de la noche en antiguo irlandés |journal=Emerita: Revista de lingüística y filología clásica |volume=66 |issue=2 |date=1998 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.3989/emerita.1998.v66.i2.259 |issn=0013-6662|doi-access=free }}.
• Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos. [https://archive.org/details/olivares-juan-c.-los-dioses-de-la-hispania-celtica-2002/page/247/mode/1up?q=ataecina Los dioses de la hispania céltica]. Universitat d´Alacant / Universidad de Alicante, Servicio de Publicaciones: Real Academia de la Historia. 2002. pp. 247–249. {{ISBN|84-95983-00-1}}.
• Vasconcellos, José Leite de. [https://archive.org/details/religiesdalusit01vascgoog/page/n178/mode/1up?q=ataegina Religiões da Lusitania na parte que principalmente se refere a Portugal]. Lisboa: Imprensa nacional, 1897. pp. 146–173.

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• Abascal Palazón, Juan Manuel. "[https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcv69s8 Ataecina]". In: Luís Raposo (coord.). Religiões da Lusitania. Loquuntur saxa. Lisboa, Museu Nacional de Arqueologia: Ministério da Cultura, Instituto Português de Museus, 2002. pp. 53–60.
• {{Cite journal |last=Almagro-Gorbea |first=Martin |url=https://www.academia.edu/49508850 |title=Las cabritas de bronce de la diosa Ataecina |journal=Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras |volume=24 |place=Oeiras, Câmara Municipal |date=2018 |pages=397–436 |issn=0872-6086}}.
• {{Cite journal |last=Gutiérrez |first=Mª Rocío Rojas |url=https://www.academia.edu/27338488 |title=Ataecina, un análisis de la continuidad de los cultos locales o indígenas en la hispania romana |journal=Ligustinus: Revista Digital de Andalucía de Arqueología Occidental |volume=5 |date=2016 |pages=8–25 |issn=2340-5821}}.
• Hernando, Domingo Portela. "El culto a Ataecina en la Península Ibérica". In: Homenaje de Talavera y sus tierras a Don Fernando Jiménez de Gregorio: Talavera, 1998. Coord. por César Pacheco Jiménez, 1998, pp. 121–130. {{ISBN|84-88439-58-X}}.
• Jordan, Michael. Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002.
• {{Cite book |last=Lopes |first=Cristina |url=https://www.academia.edu/35317701 |chapter=Ataegina Uma Divindade Peninsular |title=Arqueologia em Portugal. 2017 - Estado da Questão |place=Lisboa |publisher=Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses |date=2017 |pages=1185–1191 |isbn=978-972-9451-71-3}}.
• {{Cite journal |last=Simón |first=Francisco Marco |title="Duagena, Ataecina": dos divinidades mencionadas en contextos mágicos del Occidente hispano |journal=MHNH: Revista internacional de investigación sobre magia y astrología antiguas |volume=11 |date=2011 |pages=45–58 |issn=1578-4517}}.

;Epigraphy:

• Abascal Palazón, Juan Manuel. “[http://hdl.handle.net/10045/112745 La dea domina sancta Turibrigensis Ataecina y las nuevas evidencias epigráficas de Alcuéscar (Cáceres)]”. En: Cardim Ribeiro, José (ed.). Diis · Deabusque. Actas do II Colóquio Internacional de Epigrafia «Culto e Sociedade». (Sintria III-IV, 1995-2007). Sintra: Museu Arqueológico de São Miguel de Odrinhas, 2011, pp. 15–36. {{ISSN|0871-8148}}.
• {{Cite journal |last=Fernández Corral |first=Marta |title=Nueva árula a Ataecina en Oña (Burgos) |journal=Zephyrus |volume=78 |date=2016 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.14201/zephyrus201678203209 |hdl=10810/19965 |issn=0514-7336|doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}.
• González-Conde Puente, María Pilar (2010 [1988]). «Bassus Turobrigensis Y La inscripción De Ataecina En Caleruela (Toledo)». In: Studia Historica: Historia Antigua 6 (febrero): pp. 131–132. https://revistas.usal.es/index.php/0213-2052/article/view/6231.
• {{Cite journal |last=Grande |first=Guadalupe Méndez Grande |url=https://www.academia.edu/4194732 |title=Hallazgo de dos nuevas piezas de mármol con dedicaciones a "Ataecina / Proserpina" en "Augusta Emerita" |journal=Mérida, excavaciones arqueológicas |volume=11 |date=2005 |pages=447–463 |issn=1577-2853}}.
• {{Cite journal |last=Martínez |first=Dionisio Urbina |url=https://www.academia.edu/9318473 |title=Ataecina y Urilouco: dos divinidades indígenas en Talavera de la Reina |journal=Minius: Revista do Departamento de Historia, Arte e Xeografía |volume=2-3 |date=1993–1994 |pages=29–41 (about Ataecina) |issn=1131-5989}}.

;On the location of Turibriga

• {{Cite journal |last=ABASCAL PALAZÓN |first=Juan Manuel |title=De nuevo sobre Ataecina y Turobriga: exploraciones del año 1900 en Las Torrecillas (Alcuéscar, Cáceres) |journal=Archivo Español de Arqueología |volume=69 |issue=173–174 |date=1996 |pages=275–280 |doi=10.3989/aespa.1996.v69.245 |hdl=10045/16072 |issn=0066-6742|doi-access=free }}.
• {{Cite journal |last=González |first=Rafael Sabio |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8307339 |title=Turibriga. La ciudad perdida de Ataecina |journal=Revista de estudios extremeños (Ejemplar dedicado a: Homenaje a MARCELINO CARDALLIAGUET QUIRANT) |volume=77 |issue=1 |date=2021 |pages=21–51 |issn=0210-2854}}.

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Category:Life-death-rebirth goddesses

Category:Spring (season)

Category:Lusitanian goddesses

Category:Basque goddesses

Category:Haumea (dwarf planet)

Category:Celtic goddesses