Atoms for Peace

{{Eisenhower series}}

The speech was part of a carefully orchestrated media campaign, called "Operation Candor", to enlighten the American public on the risks and hopes of a nuclear future. It was designed to shift public focus away from the military, a strategy that Eisenhower referred to as "psychological warfare."{{Cite journal |last=Krige |first=John |date=January 2006 |title=Atoms for Peace, Scientific Internationalism, and Scientific Intelligence |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/507140 |journal=Osiris |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=161–181 |doi=10.1086/507140 |issn=0369-7827|url-access=subscription }} Both Operation Candor and Atoms for Peace were influenced by the January 1953 report of the State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament, which urged that the United States government practice less secrecy and more honesty toward the American people about the realities of the nuclear balance and the dangers of nuclear warfare,{{cite journal | title=Crossing the Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-Bomb? | author-first=Barton J. | author-last=Bernstein | journal=International Security | volume=14 | issue=2 | date=Fall 1987 | jstor=2538857 | page=156| doi=10.2307/2538857 | s2cid=154778522 }} which triggered in Eisenhower a desire to seek a new and different approach to the threat of nuclear war in international relations.{{cite book | author-last = Hewlett | author-first = Richard G. | author2-last = Holl | author2-first = Jack M. | title = Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission |url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/HewlettandHollAtomsforPeaceandWarComplete.pdf | series = A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission | volume= 3 | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley, California | date = 1989 | page=212 |isbn=978-0-520-06018-0 }}

"Atoms for Peace" was a propaganda component of the Cold War strategy of containment.{{sfn|Chernus|2002|p={{pn|date=May 2024}}}} Eisenhower's speech opened a media campaign that would last for years and that aimed at "emotion management",{{sfn|Chernus|2002|p=51}} balancing fears of continuing nuclear armament with promises of peaceful use of uranium in future nuclear reactors.{{sfn|Cooke|2009|pp=106–132}} The speech was a tipping point for international focus on peaceful uses of atomic energy, even during the early stages of the Cold War. Eisenhower, with some influence from J. Robert Oppenheimer, may have been attempting to convey a spirit of comfort to a terrified world after the horror of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and of the nuclear tests of the early 1950s.{{sfn|Chernus|2002|pp=53–65}}

It presented an ostensible antithesis to brinkmanship, the international intrigue that subsequently kept the world at the edge of war.

File:Atoms For Peace symbol.png

However, recent historians{{Who|date=February 2018}} have tended to see the speech as a Cold War maneuver directed primarily at U.S. allies in Europe. Eisenhower wanted to make sure that the European allies would go along with the shift in NATO strategy from an emphasis on conventional weapons to cheaper nuclear weapons. Western Europeans wanted reassurance that the U.S. did not intend to provoke a nuclear war in Europe, and the speech was designed primarily to create that sense of reassurance. Eisenhower later said that he knew the Soviets would reject the specific proposal he offered in the speech. {{Citation needed|reason=Original Research, need citations for three separate claims|date=March 2024}}

Eisenhower's invoking of "those same great concepts of universal peace and human dignity which are so clearly etched in" the UN Charter placed new emphasis upon the U.S. responsibility for its nuclear actions—past, present, and future. This address laid down the rules of engagement for the new kind of warfare: the Cold War.

Two quotations from the speech follow:

{{Quote|text=It is with the book of history, and not with isolated pages, that the United States will ever wish to be identified. My country wants to be constructive, not destructive. It wants agreement, not wars, among nations. It wants itself to live in freedom, and in the confidence that the people of every other nation enjoy equally the right of choosing their own way of life.|sign=Dwight D. Eisenhower|source=}}{{Quote|text=To the making of these fateful decisions, the United States pledges before you—and therefore before the world its determination to help solve the fearful atomic dilemma—to devote its entire heart and mind to find the way by which the miraculous inventiveness of man shall not be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life.|sign=Dwight D. Eisenhower|source=}}

File:"ATOMS FOR PEACE" 3 cent stamp art detail with President Eisenhower in 1955 and quotation of "THE... INVENTIVENESS OF MAN SHALL" from- HD.3C.032 (10692189783) (cropped).jpg

Prior to Eisenhower's speech, the state of atomic development in the world was under strict secrecy. The information and expertise needed for atomic development was bound by the secret Quebec Agreement of 1943 and thus not devoted to peaceful processes, but instead as a weapon to defend against other countries which were developing and using the same weaponry.{{cite web|url=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/ManhattanProject/Quebec.shtml|title=Quebec Agreement|work=atomicarchive.com}} With atomic development thus far under wraps, there were no safety protocols and no standards developed.

Eisenhower's speech was an important moment in political history as it brought the atomic issue which had been kept quiet for "national security" into the public eye, asking the world to support his solution. Eisenhower was determined to solve "the fearful atomic dilemma" by finding some way by which "the miraculous inventiveness of man would not be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life." However, Eisenhower was not completely effective in his repurposing; Eisenhower himself approved the National Security Council (NSC) document which stated that only a massive atomic weapon base would deter violence from the Soviet Union. The belief that to avoid a nuclear war, the United States must stay on the offensive, ready to strike at any time, is the same reason that the Soviet Union would not give up its atomic weapons either. During Eisenhower's time in office the nuclear holdings of the US rose from 1,005 to 20,000 weapons.{{sfn|Pilat|Pendley|Ebinger|2019|p={{pn|date=May 2024}}}}

The "Atoms for Peace" program opened up nuclear research to civilians and countries that had not previously possessed nuclear technology. Eisenhower argued for a nonproliferation agreement throughout the world and argued for a stop of the spread of military use of nuclear weapons. Although the nations that already had atomic weapons kept their weapons and grew their supplies, very few other countries have developed similar weapons—in this sense, it has been very much contained. The "Atoms for Peace" program also created regulations for the use of nuclear power and through these regulations stopped other countries from developing weapons while allowing the technology to be used for positive means.{{sfn|Pilat|Pendley|Ebinger|2019|p={{pn|date=May 2024}}}}

File:Atoms for Peace (01280005) (7254400848).jpg

File:1356th BOG Special Session (01611244) (9406686883).jpg

{{Expand section|date=February 2014}}

Atoms for Peace created the ideological background for the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, but also gave political cover for the U.S. nuclear weapons build-up, and the backdrop to the Cold War arms race. Under Atoms for Peace related programmes the U.S. exported over 25 tons of highly enriched uranium (HEU) to 30 countries, mostly to fuel research reactors, which is now regarded as a proliferation and terrorism risk. Under a similar program, the Soviet Union exported over 11 tons of HEU.{{cite news |url=http://www.neimagazine.com/features/feature60-years-of-atoms-for-peace-4164653/ |title=60 Years of Atoms for Peace |author=Jessica C. Varnum |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=23 January 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014}}{{cite report |url=https://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/Civil_Stocks_of_HEU_Worldwide_October_7_2015_Final.pdf |title=Civil HEU Watch: Tracking Inventories of Civil Highly Enriched Uranium |author1=David Albright |author2=Serena Kelleher-Vergantini |publisher=Institute for Science and International Security |date=7 October 2015 |access-date=29 June 2020}}

Research by Matthew Fuhrmann has linked civilian nuclear cooperation to nuclear weapons programs, as the technology, know-how and materials used and generated by civilian nuclear use reduced the costs of pursuing a nuclear weapons program.{{sfn|Fuhrmann|2012|p={{pn|date=May 2024}}}}{{cite journal |last1=Fuhrmann |first1=Matthew |title=Spreading Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements |journal=International Security |date=July 2009 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=7–41 |doi=10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.7 |ssrn=1356091 |s2cid=54182294 }}

• Atomic gardening
• Atoms for Peace Award
• Atoms for Peace Galaxy
• Baruch Plan
• Gammator
• {{Ship|NS|Savannah}}
• NS Otto Hahn
• Nuclear fuel bank
• Nuclear power plant
• Operation Plowshare
• Pro-nuclear movement
• Science diplomacy
• Shippingport Reactor
• Swords to ploughshares
• World Nuclear Association
• World Nuclear University

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Chernus |first1=Ira |title=Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace |date=2002 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-58544-220-1 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Cooke |first1=Stephanie |title=In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age |date=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-59691-617-3 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Fuhrmann |first1=Matthew |title=Atomic Assistance: How 'Atoms for Peace' Programs Cause Nuclear Insecurity |date=2012 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5090-7 |jstor=10.7591/j.cttn34vg }}
• {{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780429038327 |title=Atoms For Peace: An Analysis After Thirty Years |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-03832-7 |editor-last1=Pilat |editor-last2=Pendley |editor-last3=Ebinger |editor-first1=Joseph F. |editor-first2=Robert E. |editor-first3=Charles K. |oclc=1090001300 }}

• Lavoy, Peter R. (2003). [http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_12/Lavoy The enduring effects of Atoms for Peace]. Arms Control Association
• {{cite report |last1=Schock |first1=R |title=Atoms for Peace After 50 Years: The New Challenges and Opportunities |date=December 2003 |doi=10.2172/15009747 |osti=15009747 }}

• [https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/atoms-peace Documents regarding President Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace speech, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
• 18px [https://web.archive.org/web/20110330222020/http://www.world-nuclear-university.org/about.aspx?id=8674&terms=atoms%20for%20peace Full transcript and original recording]
• {{cite web |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/file/atoms_Binder13.pdf |title=Atoms for Peace (speech) Dwight David Eisenhower – December 8, 1953}}
• [https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/atoms-for-peace/atoms-for-peace-draft.pdf Original annotated draft of speech]

{{Dwight D. Eisenhower}}

Category:Cold War speeches

Category:1953 in American politics

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Category:1953 speeches

Category:Speeches by Dwight D. Eisenhower

Category:Nuclear history of the United States

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