Attack therapy

Attack therapy can be particularly problematic when the group members are captive, and not allowed to leave during the sessions.{{cite book |first=Claude M. |last=Steiner |author-link=Claude Steiner |date=1990 |title=Scripts People Live: Transactional Analysis of Life Scripts |location=New York City |publisher=Grove Press |page=256 |isbn=0-8021-3210-3}} In Group Psychotherapy with Addicted Populations, Flores notes that attack therapy can take place when individuals are psychologically intimidated in a confrontational atmosphere.{{cite book |first=Philip J. |last=Flores |date=1997 |title=Group Psychotherapy with Addicted Populations |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Haworth Press |page=355 |isbn=0-7890-6000-0}} In her book Help at Any Cost: How the Troubled-teen Industry Cons Parents And Hurts Kids, Maia Szalavitz writes that attack therapy can include the tactics of isolation, and rigid imposition of rules, which later leads to a restoration of limited permissive freedom, and an acknowledgement of those that did comply with the strict rules.{{cite book |first=Maia |last=Szalavitz |author-link=Maia Szalavitz |date=2006 |title=Help at Any Cost: How the Troubled-teen Industry Cons Parents And Hurts Kids |location=New York City |publisher=Riverhead |pages=7, 65 |isbn=1-59448-910-6}} Psychologist Donald Eisner writes in The Death of Psychotherapy that attack therapy "attempts to tear down the patient's defenses by extreme verbal or

physical measures".{{cite book |first=Donald A. |last=Eisner |date=2000 |title=The Death of Psychotherapy |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Praeger/Greenwood |page=45 |isbn=0-275-96413-2}} Tudor describes attack therapy in Group Counselling, writing that the individual is ridiculed in front of others, and cross-examined and questioned about their personal behavior patterns.{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Tudor |date=1999 |title=Group Counselling |location=London, UK |publisher=Sage Publications Inc |page=16 |isbn=0-8039-7620-8}} According to Maran's book Dirty, attack therapy can take place in "all-night encounter groups and daily interactions".{{cite book |first=Meredith |last=Maran |author-link=Meredith Maran |date=2004 |title=Dirty: A Search for Answers Inside America's Teenage Drug Epidemic |location=New York City |publisher=HarperCollins |page=93 |isbn=0-06-073061-7}} Monti, Colby, and O'Leary write in Adolescents, Alcohol, and Substance Abuse that in attack therapy, there was a movement to: "tear them down in order to build them up", referring to a methodology of tearing down the individual ego in order to then educate the individual in the inherent thought-patterns of the group and the group leader.{{cite book |first1=Peter M. |last1=Monti |first2=Suzanne M. |last2=Colby |first3=Tracy A. |last3=O'Leary |name-list-style=amp |date=2004 |title=Adolescents, Alcohol, and Substance Abuse |location=New York City |publisher=Guilford Press |page=x |isbn=1-59385-090-5}}

In Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, Corsini and Auerbach note that attack therapy puts an emphasis on the expression of anger by each individual.{{cite book |first1=Raymond J. |last1=Corsini |first2=Alan J. |last2=Auerbach |name-list-style=amp |date=1998 |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology |location=New York City |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=114 |isbn=0-471-19282-1}} One Nation Under Therapy by Satel and Sommers characterized attack therapy as among the "more bizarre expressive therapies", and put it in the same category as The Primal Scream, Nude Encounter, and Rolfing.{{cite book |first1=Christina Hoff |last1=Sommers |first2=Sally |last2=Satel |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=One Nation Under Therapy |location=New York City |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |page=75 |isbn=0-312-30444-7}} In Social Problems, Coleman and Cressey write that in attack therapy, one individual is criticized and "torn down" by the rest of the larger group.{{cite book |first1=James William |last1=Coleman |first2=Donald Ray |last2=Cressey |name-list-style=amp |date=1984 |title=Social Problems |location=New York City |publisher=Harper & Row |page=351 |isbn=0-06-041327-1}}

In their textbook Helping People Change, Kanfer and Goldstein note that the controversial group Synanon used a form of attack therapy.{{cite book |first1=Frederick H. |last1=Kanfer |first2=Arnold P. |last2=Goldstein |name-list-style=amp |date=1980 |title=Helping People Change: A Textbook of Methods |location=New York City |publisher=Pergamon Press |page=508 |isbn=0-08-025097-1}} A publication by the National Association for Mental Health wrote that the Synanon form of attack therapy was also called the "Synanon confrontation game".The Magazine of the National Association for Mental Health, v.56 no.3-4, 1972 + v.57, 1973, p.50. The Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology also described the Synanon method of attack therapy, noting that it even differed from other models that could be seen as using a similar approach. Balgooyen compared "Synanon game verbal attack therapy" to standard group therapy, in a study published in the Journal of Community Psychology.{{cite journal |first=Theodore J. |last=Balgooyen |date=January 1974 |title=A Comparison of the Synanon game verbal attack therapy and standard group therapy practice on hospitalized chronic alcoholics |journal=Journal of Community Psychology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=54–58 |doi=10.1002/1520-6629(197401)2:1<54::AID-JCOP2290020120>3.0.CO;2-I}} In Dictionary of American Penology, Williams writes that attack therapy was actually first developed in the Synanon group.{{cite book |first=Vergil L. |last=Williams |date=1996 |title=Dictionary of American Penology |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=28 |isbn=0-313-26689-1}} In Therapeutic Communities for the Treatment of Drug Users, it is noted that in Synanon, attack therapy was referred to within the group by members simply as "The Game".{{cite book |first1=Rowdy |last1=Yates |first2=Barbara |last2=Rawlings |name-list-style=amp |date=2001 |title=Therapeutic Communities for the Treatment of Drug Users |location=London, UK |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |page=39 |isbn=1-85302-817-7}} Similarly, the attack therapy techniques used in Synanon have been described in the Therapeutic Community by a former participant as "brutal and bordering upon sadism".{{cite book |first=Fernando B. |last=Perfas |date=2004 |title=Therapeutic Community: Social Systems Perspective |location=Lincoln, NE |publisher=iUniverse |page=30 |isbn=0-595-32131-3}} In addition to comparisons to Synanon, Miller and Rolnick also compare the methods of attack therapy to Scared Straight!, and "therapeutic" boot camps, in their book Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. They note that the supporters of attack therapy believe that: "...people don't change because they haven't suffered enough".{{cite book |first1=William Ross |last1=Miller |first2=Stephen |last2=Rollnick |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |title=Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change |location=New York City |publisher=Guilford Press |page=12 |isbn=1-57230-563-0}} In her book Help at Any Cost: How the Troubled-teen Industry Cons Parents And Hurts Kids,Szalavitz (2006), pp.22-23. Maia Szalavitz describes the abusive attack therapy techniques by Straight, Inc. This method of therapy was also used at the now defunct Élan School.{{cite magazine |last1=DeRogatis |first1=Jim |title=Screeching Halt |magazine=Spin |date=March 2001 |publisher=SPIN Media LLC |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzBMbiDVcKoC&q=Synanon+elan&pg=PA124 |accessdate=1 September 2014}} Part of the reason for Élan being closed was due to pressure from activists who saw the usage of this form of therapy as wrong and humiliating.{{cite news |url=http://bangordailynews.com/2011/03/24/news/controversial-elan-school-closing-due-to-low-numbers-negative-web-campaign/ |title=Controversial Elan School closing due to low numbers, negative Web campaign

|last1=Meyer |first1=June |date=2011-03-24 |newspaper=Bangor Daily News |accessdate=1 September 2014}} Rumors of the use of attack therapy also surround the John Dewey Academy, as many ex-residents have written online about the brutal three-hour, thrice a week "confrontation groups" that make up the treatment program at the school.{{Cite web |url=http://tales-from-the-black-school.blogspot.com/2015/09/student-testimony-about-john-dewey.html |title=Student testimony about the John Dewey Academy |website=Tales from the Black School |date=September 6, 2015}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/troubledteens/comments/e8j0kd/experiences_from_the_john_dewey_academy_jda/ |title=Experiences from the John Dewey Academy (JDA) |work=Reddit|date=10 December 2019 }}

The WWASP schools used a modified version of attack therapy, along with various other types of therapy, in the different seminars their students were required to attend in order to graduate. Some schools under the WWASP umbrella used it more often than others; for instance, attack therapy was pretty much part of the daily routine at Tranquillity Bay and Cross Creek.

A study of group therapy in over 200 normal college students conducted by Yalom and Lieberman found that 9.1% of the students who completed over half of a series of "encounter groups" using attack therapy had psychological damage lasting at least six months. The most dangerous groups were the Synanon-style groups with a harsh, authoritarian leader.{{cite book |first1=Morton A. |last1=Lieberman |first2=Irvin D. |last2=Yalom |first3=Matthew B. |last3=Miles |name-list-style=amp |date=1973 |title=Encounter Groups: First Facts |location=New York City |publisher=Basic Books |pages=170–174 |isbn=978-0-46501-968-7}}

William Miller and colleagues found that the more confrontational a counselor was, the more his or her clients with alcohol problems drank.{{cite journal |first1=W.R. |last1=Miller |first2=R.G. |last2=Benefield |first3=J.S. |last3=Tonigan |name-list-style=amp |date=June 1993 |title=Enhancing motivation for change in problem drinking: A controlled comparison of two therapist styles |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=61 |number=3 |pages=455–461 |doi=10.1037/0022-006x.61.3.455|pmid=8326047 }}

A 1979 study cited in Broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems: report of a study by a committee of the Institute of Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine (1990) found that attack therapy applied to a "heterogeneous correctional population" did not result in a net benefit to the treatment group. The study noted that approximately half the individuals had benefited, while the other half had not been helped, or seemed in fact to have been harmed. The people who had been helped by the therapy were those who—according to the psychometric assessment carried out at the beginning of the study—had a positive self-image. The participants who had a negative self-image did not benefit from attack therapy. The report suggested that there should be a pre-treatment assessment of potential participants' self-image, and that treatment assignment should be guided by the results of such assessment.{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine (U.S.) |title=Broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems: report of a study by a committee of the Institute of Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine |publisher=National Academies |date=1990 |pages=247–248 |isbn=978-0-30904-038-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5MrAAAAYAAJ&q=%22attack+therapy%22&pg=PA247}}

• Struggle session; a similar method of using group-based personal attacks for the purposes of reinforcing political (as opposed to psychological) orthodoxy.

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |title=Crazy Therapies : What Are They? Do They Work? |last1=Singer |first1=Margaret Thaler |author-link1=Margaret Singer |last2=Lalich |first2=Janja |author-link2=Janja Lalich |year=1996 |publisher=Jossey-Bass Publishers |location=San Francisco}}
• {{cite magazine |url=http://www.counselormagazine.com/content/view/608/63/ |title=Confrontation in Addiction Treatment |magazine=Counselor: The Magazine for Addiction Professionals |accessdate=2008-04-16 |date=October 4, 2007 |last1=Miller |first1=William R. |last2=White |first2=William |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430083101/http://www.counselormagazine.com/content/view/608/63/ |archivedate=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attack Therapy}}

Category:Group psychotherapy

Category:Human Potential Movement

Category:Medical controversies

Category:Therapy