Austrian Americans

{{short description|Americans of Austrian birth or descent}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}

{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}

{{Infobox ethnic group

| group = Austrian Americans
Österreichamerikaner

| image =

| population = 646,438 (2019){{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B04006&t=Ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=false|title=2019 American Community Survey - 1-Year Estimates - Table B04006|access-date=14 March 2021|website=data.census.gov}}

| popplace = New York, California, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Florida, Illinois, Wisconsin, New Jersey, Connecticut, Kansas

| langs = Austrian German, American English

| rels = Roman Catholic, Protestant; Jewish and other minorities

| related = Dutch Americans
German Americans
Swiss Americans
German diasporas

| native_name =

| native_name_lang =

}}

Austrian Americans ({{Langx|de|Österreichamerikaner}}, {{IPA|de-AT|ˈøːstɐraɪçameriˌkaːnɐ|pron}}) are Americans of Austrian descent, chiefly German-speaking Catholics and Jews. According to the 2000 U.S. census, there were 735,128 Americans of full or partial Austrian descent, accounting for 0.3% of the population. The states with the largest Austrian American populations are New York (93,083), California (84,959), Pennsylvania (58,002) (most of them in the Lehigh Valley), Florida (54,214), New Jersey (45,154), and Ohio (27,017).[https://archive.today/20200212212423/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_110S_QTP13&prodType=table American Fact Finder]

This may be an undercount since many German Americans, Czech Americans, Polish Americans, Slovak Americans, Slovenian Americans, Croatian Americans, and Ukrainian Americans, and other Americans with Central European ancestry can trace their roots from the Habsburg territories of Austria, the Austrian Empire, or Cisleithania in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regions which were major sources of immigrants to the United States before World War I, and whose inhabitants often assimilated into larger immigrant and ethnic communities throughout the United States.Jones (2014)Spaulding, (1968)

Migration history

= Early migrations =

Austrian migration to the U.S. probably started in 1734, when a group of 50 families from the city of Salzburg migrated to the newly founded Province of Georgia. Having a Protestant background, they migrated because of Catholic repression in their country.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|page=306|isbn=978-1-4522-7626-7 |last1=Cortés |first1=Carlos E. |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications }}

= World War II and post-war migrations =

In the late 1930s, large numbers of Austrians migrated to the United States, most of whom were Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution that started with the annexation of Austria in 1938. By 1941, some 29,000 Jewish Austrians had emigrated to the United States. Most of them were doctors, lawyers, architects and artists, including composers, writers and stage and film directors).{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&dq=multicultural+america+%22austrians%22&pg=PA307|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|page=307|isbn=978-1-4522-7626-7 |last1=Cortés |first1=Carlos E. |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications }} After WW II ended, some further 40,000 Austrians emigrated to the United States (1945-1960).

= Present day =

Since the 1960s, Austrian immigration has been very limited, owing to Austria's high levels of development and political freedom. According to the 1990 U.S. census, 948,558 people identified their origins in Austria.[http://www.everyculture.com/multi/A-Br/Austrian-Americans.html Everyculture:Austrian-Americans]. Posted by Syd Jones. Retrieved in December 08, 2011, to 13:05 pm. Most of the present-day immigrants who currently live in the United States who were born in Austria identify themselves as being of Austrian ancestry, but the percentage who identify themselves as being of German ancestry is larger than the one expected on the basis of the opinion polls in Austria. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 26,603 individuals living in the U.S. born in Austria who identified themselves as being of Austrian ancestry.{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Austrian&tid=ACSDT5YSPT2015.B05006 | title=Explore Census Data }} By contrast, in the same year, there were 6,200 individuals living in the U.S. born in Austria who identified themselves as being of German ancestry.{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=German&tid=ACSDT5YSPT2015.B05006 | title=Explore Census Data }} Most of the immigrants from South Tyrol in Italy to the United States identify themselves as being of German rather than Austrian ancestry. According to the Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 365 individuals living in the U.S. born in Italy who identified themselves as being of Austrian ancestry. By contrast, in the same year, there were 1,040 individuals living in the U.S. born in Italy who identified themselves as being of German ancestry.

Assimilation

Austrian immigrants adapted quickly to American society because the Austro-Hungarian Empire had also been a melting pot of many cultures and languages. On the other hand, despite the rejection that Austrians feel toward the behavior of the Germans, regarded by Austrians as less tolerants and cosmopolitans, they have suffered the same damages and discrimination that German immigrants have faced in the United States. They were considered by Americans to be the same because of their language and both world wars.

Religion

The emigration of other religious groups from Austria to the United States, especially the Jews from Vienna after 1938, has also contributed to strengthen religious variety in the United States.Melissa Jane Taylor, "Family matters: the emigration of elderly Jews from Vienna to the United States, 1938-1941." Journal of Social History 45.1 (2011): 238-260. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41678825 online] Isidor Bush (1822–98) emigrated from Vienna in 1849 and became a leading Jewish citizen of the city of St. Louis and the state of Missouri through his business ventures, religious work, and political activities. His vineyards were famous and profitable.Siegmar Muehl, "Isidor Bush and the Bushberg Vineyards of Jefferson County," Missouri Historical Review (1999) 94#1 pp 42-58.

Austrian-American communities in the United States

The U.S. communities with the highest percentage of self-professed Austrian Americans are:{{cite web |title=Ancestry Map of Austrian Communities |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Austrian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708222904/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Austrian.html |archive-date=8 July 2008 |access-date=2008-08-13 |publisher=Epodunk.com}}

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"

|+Top U.S. communities by Austrian American Population

!

!Percentage

!Community

!State

1

|12.10%

|Waterville

|Wisconsin

2

|10.60%

|Coplay

|Pennsylvania

3

|9.20%

|Durand

|Wisconsin

4

|5.20%

|Rock Creek

|Wisconsin

4

|5.20%

|Northampton

|Pennsylvania

5

|4.50%

|Allen Township

|Pennsylvania

6

|4.40%

|Drammen

|Wisconsin

7

|4.30%

|Palenville

|New York

8

|4.20%

|Great Neck Plaza

|New York

8

|4.20%

|Upper Nazareth Township

|Pennsylvania

8

|4.20%

|Schuylkill Township

|Pennsylvania

9

|4.10%

|Noble Township

|Indiana

10

|4.00%

|Highland Beach

|Florida

10

|4.00%

|Mondovi

|Wisconsin

11

|3.90%

|North Catasauqua

|Pennsylvania

11

|3.80%

|Russell Gardens

|New York

12

|3.70%

|Washington Township

|Kansas

13

|3.60%

|Whitehall Township

|Pennsylvania

13

|3.60%

|Arma

|Kansas

13

|3.60%

|Tuscarawas

|Ohio

14

|3.30%

|Hewlett Harbor

|New York

14

|3.30%

|East Union Township

|Pennsylvania

14

|3.30%

|Indian Hills

|Colorado

15

|3.20%

|Ellis

|Kansas

15

|3.20%

|Harbor Isle

|New York

=U.S. communities with the most residents born in Austria=

The U.S. communities where born Austrians make up more than 1% of the total population are:{{cite web |title=Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Austria (population 500+) |url=http://www.city-data.com/top2/h47.html |access-date=2008-08-13 |publisher=city-data.com}}

  1. Hillside Lake, New York 1.4%
  2. Redway, California 1.3%
  3. Black Diamond, Florida 1.2%
  4. Smallwood, New York 1.2%
  5. Highland Beach, Florida 1.2%
  6. Cordova, Maryland 1.2%
  7. Keystone, Colorado 1.2%
  8. North Lynbrook, New York 1.1%
  9. Cedar Glen Lakes, New Jersey 1.1%
  10. Center City, Minnesota 1.1%
  11. Scotts Corners, New York 1.0%
  12. Killington, Vermont 1.0%
  13. Lexington, New York 1.0%
  14. Tuxedo Park, New York 1.0%

Notable people

= Entertainment =

  • Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg) – actor, director, screenwriter, comedian, author, playwright, and musician{{cite book| author-link=John Baxter (author)|last=Baxter|first=John|year=1998|title=Woody Allen: A Biography|location= New York|publisher= Carroll & Graf|page=11|isbn=978-0786708079}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QV8YAQAAIAAJ&q=%22was+the+son+of+Martin+Konigsberg+and+Netty+Cherrie,+the+American-born+%22 |title=Encyclopedia of American Jewish history – Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack – Google Books |access-date=July 24, 2013|isbn=9781851096381 |last1=Norwood |first1=Stephen Harlan |last2=Pollack |first2=Eunice G. |year=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}
  • Gabrielle Anwar – actress{{Cite news|title=It's a Jungle Out There|publisher=The State|date=6 October 1990|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CS&s_site=thestate&p_multi=CS&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB580BD3A1D8D15&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=22 October 2010}}
  • Bea Arthur (born Bernice Franke), actress, comedienne, and singer
  • Adele Astaire (born Adele Austerlitz) – dancer, actress, sister of Fred Astaire
  • Fred Astaire (born Frederick Austerlitz) – dancer, actor[https://archive.today/20120715212123/http://btobsearch.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?z=y&btob=Y&pwb=1&ean=9780743225397] "Fritz Austerlitz, the Austrian American who went to Hollywood and emerged as Fred Astaire."
  • Sean Astin – actor
  • Roseanne Barr, actress, comedian, writer, and producer
  • Roger Bart, actor and singer.
  • David Benioff (born David Friedman), writer and producer.
  • Bibi Besch – actress[http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Bibi+Besch&offset=0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060728135057/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Bibi+Besch&offset=0|date=2006-07-28}} "Bibi Besch was an Austrian actress."
  • Theodore Bikel – actor, singer, musician
  • Peter Bogdanovich – director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian
  • Abigail Breslin, actress
  • Spencer Breslin, actor and songwriter.
  • Albert Brooks (born Albert Lawrence Einstein), actor, director, and screenwriter
  • Pauline Chalamet, American-French actress and producer
  • Timothée Hal Chalamet, French-American actor and film producer
  • Hans Conried – actor
  • Ricardo Cortez (born Jacob Krantz) – silent film actor, of Austrian Jewish descent[http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=15158] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201062516/http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=15158|date=February 1, 2016}} "Though his professional name was suggestive of a Latin Lover type, actor Ricardo Cortez was actually an Austrian Jew, born Jacob Krantz. He arrived in Hollywood in 1922, at a time when the Rudolph Valentino craze was at its height."
  • Stanley Cortez (born Stanislaus Kranz) – cinematographer
  • Bryan Cranston, actor.
  • Billy Crystal – actor, comedian, and filmmaker
  • Robert von Dassanowsky – academic, writer and film producer[http://www.uccs.edu/~ur/media/mediawatch/view_article.php?y=mediawatch_articles&article_id=15278] regarding an Austrian decoration: "I have focused on Austrian studies most of my academic life. As an Austrian-American, it makes me especially proud."
  • Alden Ehrenreich, actor
  • Norman Fell (born Norman Feld), actor of film and television
  • Max Fleischer – animator
  • Richard Fleischer – director, son of Max Fleischer
  • Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-American socialite and actress
  • Teri Garr – actress, comedian, dancer and voice artistSpeedbumps: Flooring It Through Hollywood By Teri Garr, Henriette Mantel
  • Jeff Goldblum – actor and musician
  • Alex Hafner – actor
  • Colin Hanks, actor and filmmaker.
  • Mark Harmon – actor
  • Kurt Kasznar (born Kurt Servischer) – Austrian-born American actor
  • Larry King (born Lawrence Zeiger), author, radio host and television host
  • Stanley Kubrick – director, producer, screenwriter, and photographer
  • Hedy Lamarr (born Hedwig Kiesler) – actress, inventor, and producer; from an Austrian Jewish family[http://britneyspears.ac/physics/intro/hedy.htm] "Austrian born film star, Hedy Lamarr, of the 1930 and 40s was also a gifted electrical engineer."

{{cite web |title=The Hedy Lamarr Story: Part 1 |url=http://www.hedylamarr.at/story4e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228023913/http://www.hedylamarr.at/story4e.html |archive-date=2005-02-28 |access-date=2006-04-13}} "Hedy Lamarr had been an American citizen since 1953."

  • Martin Landau, actor.
  • Elissa Landi – actress[http://elissa.org/landi.shtml] "Elissa Landi Austrian/Italian leading lady."
  • Fritz Lang – director
  • Jennifer Jason Leigh, actress
  • Lotte Lenya (born Karoline Blamauer) – actress, singer and diseuse
  • Peter Lorre (born László Löwenstein) – actor
  • Joe Manganiello – actor, grandmother was of Austrian descent
  • Julianna Margulies, actress
  • Samantha Mathis – actress, daughter of Bibi Besch
  • T.J. Miller, stand-up comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter
  • Zero Mostel, actor, comedian, and singer
  • Paul Muni (born Frederich Meier Weisenfreund) – actor
  • Arthur Murray (born Moses Teichman) – dancer, entrepreneur
  • Suzanne Pleshette, actress
  • Natalie Portman (born Natalie Hershlag) – actress, born to a Jewish family, some of whom came from Austria
  • Otto Preminger – director
  • Carl Reiner, actor, author, comedian, director and screenwriter
  • Leah Remini – actress, mother has Austrian Jewish descent{{cite news |last=Brady |first=James |date=October 26, 2003 |title=Leah Remini (TV and film actress) |newspaper=Parade |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2003/edition_10-26-2003/in_step_with_0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000030/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2003/edition_10-26-2003/in_step_with_0 |archive-date=March 23, 2010}}{{cite book |last1=Remini |first1=Leah |title=Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology |title-link=Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology |last2=Paley |first2=Rebecca |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-2500-9693-7 |page=4}}
  • Don Rickles – actor and comedian, of Jewish descent
  • Tanya Roberts (born Victoria Blum), actress
  • Eli Roth, film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor
  • Lionel Royce (born Leon Moriz Reiss), actor of stage and screen
  • Fritzi Scheff – actress
  • Joseph Schildkraut – actor
  • Arnold Schwarzenegger – actor and 38th Governor of California[http://www.schwarzenegger.it/mro/schwarzenegger.html] "Arnold Schwarzenegger, "The Austrian Oak", was a bodybuilding prodigy who won the{{nbsp}}..." [http://www.thespiannet.com/actors/S/schwarzenegger_arnold/index.shtml] "Arnold was the embodiment of the American (a naturalized citizen since 1983) dream{{nbsp}}..."
  • Patrick Schwarzenegger – actor, son of Arnold, brother of Katherine Schwarzenegger
  • Amanda Setton, actress.
  • Harry Shearer – actor
  • Lilia Skala (born Lilia Sofer) – actress[https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800046364/bio] "Galvanizing, stern-featured Viennese character actress with extensive Broadway experience{{nbsp}}..."
  • Walter Slezak – actor[http://www.members.tripod.com/erika_slezak/ESFC/losttouch.htm] "That's Erika Slezak, daughter of the famous Austrian-American actor Walter Slezak{{nbsp}}..."
  • Howard Stern, broadcaster and media personality.
  • Eric Stonestreet – actor, original family name before World War I was Steingassner
  • Edgar G. Ulmer – director
  • Erich von Stroheim – director
  • Josef von Sternberg – director
  • Tessa Gräfin von Walderdorff – American socialite, writer, and actress who is a member of the Austrian noble family Walderdorff
  • Johnny Weissmuller, Johann Peter Weißmüller (Johnny Weissmüller) - actor ("Tarzan")
  • Billy Wilder (born Samuel Wilder) – director, of Jewish descent[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/apr2002/wild-a03.shtml] "Wilder, Austrian-born, but in the US since 1934, directed his last film in 1981."
  • Shelley Winters (born Shirley Schrift) – actress, of Jewish descent
  • Elijah Wood – actor
  • Ian Ziering, actor
  • Fred Zinnemann – director

= Music =

= Arts & literature =

  • Maria Altmann – art collector
  • Gustav Bergmann – philosopher
  • Bela Borsodi – photographer
  • Art Buchwald, humorist
  • Eric de Kolb – painter and designer
  • Felix de Weldon – sculptor, best known for the Marine Corps War Memorial
  • Victor Gruen – architect and designer of shopping malls
  • Raul Hillberg – author, political scientist and historian, who is widely considered to be one of the world's preeminent scholars of the Holocaust
  • Jerry Iger – famed American cartoonist, founder of Eisner & Iger, an industry trailblazer during the Golden Age of Comics; born to an Austrian-Jewish family in New York City and Bob Iger's paternal great-uncle
  • Otto Kallir (born Otto Nirenstein), art historian, author, publisher, and gallerist.
  • David Karfunkle – painter, muralist
  • Greta Kempton – artist{{cite web |title=Insight on the News: Painting for Posterity - comments on the portraits of former presidents - Brief Article |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_13_15/ai_54359965 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109001625/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_13_15/ai_54359965 |archive-date=2004-11-09 |access-date=2006-05-17}} "sat for Austrian native Greta Kempton five times in 1947{{nbsp}}..."
  • Joseph Keppler – cartoonist, best known for the illustrated magazine Puck{{cite web |title=Joseph Keppler |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTkeppler.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122133700/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTkeppler.htm |archive-date=2008-01-22 |access-date=2008-01-24}} "Joseph Keppler was born in Vienna, Austria, on 1st February, 1838."
  • Jack Kirby – cartoon artist
  • Vivian Maierstreet photographer{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Kerri |date=2016 |title=A Peek Into Vivian Maier's Family Album |url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/13/a-peek-into-vivian-maiers-family-album/ |access-date=April 6, 2018 |website=Lens Blog |language=en-US}}
  • Eric Kandel – neuroscientist
  • Gerda Lerner (née Kronstein) , historian and woman's history author
  • Richard Neutra – architect{{cite web |title=National Building Museum: Windshield: Richard Neutra's House for the John Nicholas Brown Family |url=http://www.nbm.org/Exhibits/current/Neutra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424054657/http://www.nbm.org/Exhibits/current/Neutra.html |archive-date=2006-04-24 |access-date=2006-05-17}} "Austrian-American modernist architect Richard Neutra."
  • Frederick Burr Opper – cartoonist
  • Sylvia Plath – poet, mother of Austrian descent
  • Katherine Schwarzenegger – author, daughter of Arnold Schwarzenegger, sister of Patrick Schwarzenegger
  • Franz Werfel, novelist, playwright, and poet

= Journalism =

= Science and medicine =

==Economics==

==Medicine==

==Physics==

  • Heinz von Foerster – scientist combining physics and philosophy, originator of Second-order cybernetics
  • Wolfgang Pauli – theoretical physicist and pioneer of quantum physics, received the Nobel Prize in Physics.[http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/wolfgang_pauli.html Wolfgang Pauli]: "… in 1946 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Following World War II he returned to Zurich."
  • Victor Frederick Weisskopf – physicist of Jewish descent. During World War II, he worked at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear weapons; medal received in 1979[http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/vweisskopf.html] "Growing up in Vienna in a well-to-do Jewish family{{nbsp}}..." [http://education.guardian.co.uk/obituary/story/0,12212,750171,00.html] "One of the most brilliant Jewish scientists to be driven from Germany by Nazi persecution{{nbsp}}..."

==Psychology==

  • Bruno Bettelheimchild psychologist, psychoanalyst and concentration camp survivor
  • Ernest Dichter, psychologist and marketing expert known as the "father of motivational research".
  • Heinz Kohut, psychoanalyst best known for his development of self psychology
  • Walter Mischel – psychologist specializing in personality theory and social psychology; professor at Columbia University
  • Wilhelm Reich – psychiatrist[http://www.orgonelab.org/wrhistory.htm] "Wilhelm Reich, an Austrian-Ukrainian of Jewish background."
  • Paul Watzlawick – psychologist, communications theorist, and philosopher{{Cite journal |last=Wendel |first=Ray A. |year=2007 |title=In Honor Of Paul Watzlawick |journal=Journal of Marital & Family Therapy |volume=33.3 (2007) |pages=293–294}}

==Sociology==

  • Peter L. Berger – sociologist
  • Peter Blau, sociologist and theorist.
  • Paul Lazarsfeld, sociologist and mathematician; founder of Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research
  • Alfred Schütz – philosopher/sociologist[http://rss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/short/16/1/45 Alfred schutz, Austrian Economists and the Knowledge Problem - Knudsen 16 (1): 45 - Rationality and Society]

==Other==

  • Carl Djerassichemist, novelist, and playwright
  • Irene Fischer, mathematician and geodesist.
  • Kurt Gödel – logician, mathematician, philosopher
  • Hans Holzer – paranormal researcher and author[https://books.google.com/books?id=L25ycEzuXxIC&dq=Martha+Stransky+Leo+Holzer&pg=PA942 Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature Vol 2, Volume 2]{{cite web |title=Hans Holzer |date=2009-06-17 |website=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427091210/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2009/jun/18/obituary-hans-holzer |archive-date=2023-04-27 |url-status=live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2009/jun/18/obituary-hans-holzer}}

= Law =

  • Felix Frankfurter – U.S. Supreme Court Justice
  • Ruth Bader Ginsburg – U.S. Supreme Court Justice
  • Fred F. Herzog – only Jewish judge in Austria between the world wars, he fled to America and became Dean of two different law schools
  • Hans Kelsen – jurist[https://archive.today/20130118111253/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9045034] "Austrian-American legal philosopher, teacher, jurist, and writer on international law{{nbsp}}..."
  • Richard Posner, legal scholar and judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

=Politics =

= Business and technology =

= Sports =

==American football==

==Baseball==

==Swimming==

==Other==

See also

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

  • Jones, J. Sydney. "Austrian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 189–202. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300025/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=7a381230 online]
  • Pochmann, Henry A. German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600–1900 (1957). 890pp; comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century. [https://archive.org/details/germancultureina00poch online]
  • Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 (2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations.
  • Spaulding, E. Wilder. The Quiet Invaders: The Story of the Austrian Impact upon America (Vienna: Österreichische Bundesverlag, 1968).
  • Thernstrom, Stephen, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) pp 164–170. [https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther Online free to borrow]