Büyük Menderes River

{{Hatnote|For the Greek god who was patron deity of this river, see Meander (mythology)}}

{{Infobox river

| name = Büyük Menderes River

| native_name ={{native name|tr|Büyük Menderes Irmağı}}

| name_other = Maeander, Meander, Μαίανδρος

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| image = File:Vue_sur_la_plaine_alluviale_du_Méandre.JPG

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| subdivision_type1 = Country

| subdivision_name1 = Turkey

| subdivision_type2 =

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| subdivision_type5 = Cities

| subdivision_name5 = Nazilli, Aydın, Söke

| length_km = 548

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| source1_location = Dinar, Afyonkarahisar Province

| source1_coordinates= {{coord|38|04|15|N|30|10|37|E|display=inline}}

| source1_elevation = {{convert|880|m|abbr=on}}

| mouth = Aegean Sea

| mouth_location = Aydin Province

| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|37|32|24|N|27|10|08|E|display=inline,title}}

| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}

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| basin_size_km2 = 25000

| tributaries_left = Çürüksu River, Akçay River, Çine River

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The Büyük Menderes River ("Great Meander", historically the Maeander or Meander, from Ancient Greek: Μαίανδρος, Maíandros; {{langx|tr|Büyük Menderes Irmağı}}), is a river in southwestern Turkey. It rises in west central Turkey near Dinar before flowing west through the Büyük Menderes graben until reaching the Aegean Sea in the proximity of the ancient Ionian city Miletus. The river was well known for its sinuous, curving pattern, and gives its name to the common term, (meander), used to describe these characteristic bends in rivers.

Modern geography

The river rises in a spring near Dinar and flows to Lake Işıklı. After passing the Adıgüzel Dam and the Cindere Dam, the river flows past Nazilli, Aydın and Söke before it drains into the Aegean Sea.

Ancient geography

The Maeander was a celebrated river of Caria in Asia Minor. It appears earliest in the Catalog of Trojans of Homer's Iliad along with Miletus and Mycale.

=Sources=

The river has its sources not far from Celaenae in Phrygia (now Dinar),Herodotus, Histories, Book 7 section 26. where it gushed forth in a park of Cyrus.Xenophon, Anabasis, Book 1 Chapter 2. According to someStrabo xii. p. 578; Maximus of Tyre viii. 38. its sources were the same as those of the river Marsyas; but this is irreconcilable with Xenophon, according to whom the sources of the two rivers were only near each other, the Marsyas rising in a royal palace.Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.8. OthersPliny (v. 31), Solinus (40. § 7), and Martianus Capella (6. p. 221). state that the Maeander flowed out of a lake on Mount Aulocrene. William Martin Leake Asia Minor, p. 158, &c. reconciles all these apparently different statements by the remark that both the Maeander and the Marsyas have their origin in the lake on Mount Aulocrene, above Celaenae, but that the issue at different parts of the mountain below the lake.

=Course=

File:Miletus Bay silting evolution map-en.svg Bay during Antiquity.]]

The Maeander was so celebrated in antiquity for its numerous windings, that its classical name "Maeander" became, and still is, proverbial.Hesiod, Theogony, line 339; Strabo, Geography, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D15 Book 12, Chapter 8, Section 15]; Pausanias viii. 41. § 3; Ovid Met. viii. 162, &c.; Livy xxxviii. 13; Seneca Herc. Fur. 683, &c., Phoen. 605. Its whole course has a southwesterly direction on the south of the range of Mount Messogis. South of Tripolis it receives the waters of the Lycus, whereby it becomes a river of some importance. Near Carura it passes from Phrygia into Caria, where it flows in its tortuous course through the Maeandrian plain,comp. Strabo xiv. p. 648, xv. p. 691 and finally discharges itself in the Gulf of Icaros (an arm of the Aegean Sea), between the ancient Greek cities Priene and Myus, opposite to the Ionian city of Miletus, from which its mouth is only 10 stadia distant.Pliny l. c.; Pausanias ii. 5. § 2.

=Tributaries=

The tributaries of the Maeander include the Orgyas, Marsyas, Cludrus, Lethaeus, and Gaeson, in the north; and the Obrimas, Lycus, Harpasus, and a second Marsyas in the south.

=Physical description=

The Maeander is a deep river,Niketas Choniates, p. 125; Livy l. c. but not very broad. In many parts its depth equals its breadth and, so, it is navigable only by small craft.Strabo xii. p. 579, xiv. p. 636. It frequently overflows its banks and, as a result of the quantity of mud it deposits at its mouth, the coast has been pushed about 20 or 30 stadia (about 4 to 6 kilometers in modern units) further into the sea and several small islands off the coast have become united with the mainland.Pausanias viii. 24. § 5; Thucydides viii. 17.)

=Mythology=

The associated river god was also called Meander, one of the sons of Oceanus and Tethys.Hesiod, Theogony, 334 [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodTheogony.html]

There was a legend about a subterranean connection between the Maeander and the Alpheus River in Elis.Pausanias il. 5. § 2.

Notes

References

{{cite wikisource |title=History of Herodotus |author=Herodotus |author-link=Herodotus |translator=George Rawlinson |year=1910}}
{{cite wikisource |title=Theogony |author=Hesiod |author-link=Hesiod |year=1914 |translator=Hugh Gerard Evelyn-White}}.
{{cite web|author=Strabo|author-link=Strabo |editor=H.C. Hamilton |editor2=W. Falconer |title=Geography|publisher=Tufts University: The Perseus Digital Library|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239}}
{{cite wikisource |title=Anabasis |author=Xenophon |author-link=Xenophon |translator=Henry Graham Dakyns}}.
Xenophon, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Xen.+Anab.+1.1.1 Anabasis], Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts; William Heinemann, Ltd., London. 1980. OCLC 10290977. {{ISBN|0-674-99100-1}}.
Thonemann, P., The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium (Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series)