BM-21 Grad#Projectiles

File:ЗРК Град парад.jpg

The M-21 field rocket system with a BM-21 launch vehicle (122 mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) system) entered service with the Soviet Army in 1963 to replace the aging 140 mm BM-14 system. The launch vehicle consists of a Ural-375D 6x6 truck chassis fitted with a bank of 40 launch tubes arranged in a rectangular shape that can be turned away from the unprotected cab.

The vehicle is powered by a water-cooled V8 180 hp gasoline engine, has a maximum road speed of {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, a road range of up to {{convert|750|km|mi|sp=us}}, and can cross fords up to {{convert|1.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} deep. The original vehicle together with supporting equipment (including the resupply truck 9T254 with 60 rockets) is referred to by the GRAU index "9K51". The launcher itself has the industrial index of "2B5". In 1976, the BM-21 was mounted on the newer Ural-4320 6x6 army truck.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The three-member crew can emplace the system and have it ready to fire in three minutes. The crew can fire the rockets from the cab or from a trigger at the end of a {{convert|64|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} cable. All 40 rockets can be away in as little as 20 seconds, and can be fired individually or in small groups in several-second intervals. A PG-1M panoramic telescope with a K-1 collimator can be used for sighting.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Each {{convert|2.87|m|ftin|adj=on|sp=us}} rocket is slowly spun by rifling in its tube as it exits, which along with its primary fin stabilization keeps it on course. Rockets armed with high explosive-fragmentation, incendiary, or chemical warheads can be fired {{convert|20|km|mi|sp=us}}. Newer high explosive and cargo rockets (used to deliver anti-personnel or antitank mines) have a range of {{convert|30|km|mi|sp=us}} and more. Warheads weigh around {{convert|20|kg|lb}}, depending on the type.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The number of rockets that each vehicle is able to quickly bring to bear on an enemy target makes it effective, especially at shorter ranges. One battalion of eighteen launchers is able to deliver 720 rockets in a single volley. The system has lower precision than gun artillery and cannot be used in situations that call for pinpoint accuracy. It relies on a large number of shells impacting over an area for a certain hit rate on specific targets. Because of the short warning time for the impact of the whole volley, the BM-21 is still considered an effective weapon.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The Grad saw its first combat use in March 1969 during the Sino-Soviet border conflict.

Their use, in conjunction with the M-46, during Operation Savannah halted the advance of South African troops in 1975. The Valkiri was brought into service in 1977 to counter the Grad.

File:Rocket launcher BM-21 "Grad" on Ural-375D chassis.jpg

File:9P138.jpg

File:Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2012_0153.jpg variant.]]

{{anchor |BM-21-1|2B17}}

• BM-21: Original version known as the BM-21 launch vehicle. The launcher unit was mounted on a modified Ural-375D truck chassis.
• BM-21-1: Launch vehicles are mounted on a family of Ural-4320 truck chassis.
• 2B17 or also BM-21-1: This upgrade was presented for the first time in 2003 and was developed by Motovilikha Plants from Perm. The system is fitted with a satellite navigation system NAP SNS, automated fire control system ASUNO, APP laying system and can fire a new generation of rockets with a range of {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The truck is the Ural-43201.

{{anchor |9P138 |9P138 Grad-1|9K55|BM-21b|M1976}}

• 9P138 "Grad-1": lighter 36-round version, mounted on a 6x6 ZIL-131 chassis. The vehicle with supporting equipment (rockets, transporter 9T450 and resupply truck 9F380) is referred to as complex 9K55. The 9P138 can only use "short-range" rockets with a range of {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It used to be known in the West as BM-21b or M1976.

{{anchor |BM-21V|BM-21V Grad-V|M1975|9P125}}

• BM-21V "Grad-V" (Vozdushnodesantniy – 'airborne') (NATO designation M1975): Developed for Soviet Airborne Forces in 1969. A GAZ-66B 4x4 truck chassis is fitted with a 12-round 122 mm rocket launcher. The vehicle is sturdy enough to be airdropped. Parts of the vehicle such as the canvas cab roof can be taken off or folded down to reduce its size during transit. Like the BM-21, the BM-21V has stabilizing jacks on the rear of the vehicle for support when firing. The launch vehicle has the industrial index of 9P125.

{{anchor |9А51|9А51 Prima|9M53F|9K59}}

• 9А51 "Prima": 50-round launcher on a Ural-4320 5t chassis. The vehicle together with fire control equipment, the ammunition transporter TZM 9T232M and the new rocket 9M53F is referred to as complex 9K59. Apparently only a small number was produced.

File:Grad-P-batey-haosef-2.jpg

{{anchor|GradP|9M22M}}

• "Grad-P Light portable rocket system": The complete system comprises a {{Interlanguage link|9P132|vi|DKB|vertical-align=sup}} single-round man-portable launcher (it can be reloaded and used again), a 9M22M 122 mm high-explosive fragmentation rocket and a fire control panel. The system was developed in the middle of the 1960s for Soviet special units and was used by Vietnamese forces at war with the US, under the designation DKZ-B.{{cite web|title=122 mm DKZ-B Rocket Launcher and Stand: Viet Cong|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C153910|website=awm.gov.au|publisher=Australian War Memorial|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015223/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C153910|archive-date=7 February 2019|url-status = live}} It was not accepted for regular service with the Russian Army, but it was and is still popular with paramilitary and guerrilla forces. This version was occasionally employed by both sides in the Donbas War (2014–2022).{{Cite web |title=NSDC: Grad P portable missile launchers revealed in occupied Donbas with manuals in Arabic |url=https://www.unian.info/war/1249353-nsdc-grad-p-portable-missile-launchers-revealed-in-occupied-donbas-with-manuals-in-arabic.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.unian.info |date=28 January 2016 |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2021-03-05 |title=Donbass – Ukrainian Army Fires With Portable Grad Rocket Launcher On Northern Outskirts Of Donetsk |url=https://katehon.com/en/news/donbass-ukrainian-army-fires-portable-grad-rocket-launcher-northern-outskirts-donetsk |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Tsargrad Institute |language=en}}

{{anchor|BM-21PD|BM-21PD Damba| PRS-60}}

• BM-21PD "Damba" (Protivodiversionnyi): 40-round launcher mounted on Ural-375D or 43201 truck chassis. Developed for protection of naval bases against underwater infiltrations, uses special ammunition PRS-60 (Protivodiversionnyi Reaktivnyi Snaryad). The vehicle together with ammunition transporter is referred to as complex DP-62 "Damba".

{{anchor|A-215|A-215 Grad-M}}

• A-215 "Grad-M": 20-round naval version, entered service in 1978.

{{anchor|9K51M|9K51M Tornado-G}}

• 9K51M "Tornado-G": an advanced version of the original BM-21 vehicle with sophisticated fire control system, satellite navigation, and automatic target aiming.{{Cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tornado_g.htm|title=Tornado-G - Multiple launch rocket system |last=ARG|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040614if_/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tornado_g.htm|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status = usurped}}

Adaptations of the launcher were/are produced by several countries including China, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Poland and Romania.

File:BelGrad BM-21A.JPG

• BM-21A "BelGrad": This is a modernized version, based on a MAZ-631705 6×6 truck with 425 hp diesel engine TMZ-8424. Between the cab and the launcher there is another pack of 40 rockets. The system was evaluated from 1997 and entered service in 2001.

• Type 81 (rocket launcher): The People's Republic of China produces the Type 81, which was copied from Russian BM-21s captured in the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War. After reverse engineering, it entered service with the PLA in 1982 where its upgraded version nowadays known as PHZ81. Due to the fact that it is a direct copy, the Type 81 is extremely similar to its Russian predecessor. Its 40 tubes are mounted on a Shaanxi Automobile Works Yan'an SX2150 6x6 truck, which unlike the original Russian version, has a cab protected by blast shields.
• Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 83: This is a 24-round version, based on a Dong Feng truck. The launch tubes are arranged in three rows of 8. The launch vehicle has a total combat weight of {{convert|8700|kg|lb}} and can also be used as part of the mine-laying rocket system Type 84. Currently new rockets with ranges between {{convert|30|and|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} are being developed.
• Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 89: This is basically the 40-round launcher of the BM-21 or Type 81 mounted on a tracked chassis with 520 hp diesel engine. The same chassis is also used for the Type 83 152 mm self-propelled howitzer (PLZ83), the Type 89 120 mm tank destroyer (PTZ89) and several other specialised vehicles. The vehicle has a combat weight of {{convert|29.9|short ton|metric ton|lk=on}} and carries 40 spare rockets. Its current PLA designator is PHZ89.
• Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 90: The NORINCO (China North Industries Corporation) Type 90 40-round multiple rocket system is an indigenously designed and built system equipped with an automatic operating and laying system, an electric firing system and an automatically reloadable pack of 40 rockets. It is very similar to the M-77 Oganj but of 122 mm calibre. The chassis used is the Tiema SC2030 6×6 truck. A Type 90 MRL battalion consists of three batteries, each with 6 self-propelled rocket launchers, 6 ammunition resupply trucks Tiema XC2200 with 80 rockets and a battery command post on a DongFeng EQ-245 6×6 truck.
• Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 90A: Modernised version, based on a Tiema XC2200 6×6 truck chassis and fitted with a modern fire control system with GPS. The command post vehicle can lay and control a number of Type 90A systems by remote control for maximum firepower.
• Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 90B: Latest, digitalised version. The rocket launch vehicle is based on a Beifang Benchi 2629 series 6×6 truck (Mercedes-Benz copy) and has a longer cabin. Each set now also has three forward observer vehicles, based on the armoured WZ551.
• Type 81 (rocket launcher)#PR50 SPMRL: Development of Type 90B SPMRL with firepower increased by 25% (50 rounds compared to the original 40 rounds). Incorporate features of Weishi series self-propelled multiple rocket launchers (WS SPMRL) series so that the operating cost and overall life cycle cost for both when most components of PR50 is interchangeable with that of WS series. Also incorporated is a feature originated in Type 90B, which is the adoption of rockets of different ranges, so PR50 has a wide range of 20 km to 40 km.
• Weishi Rockets#WS-6: A lightweight and more compact derivative of unguided 122 mm PR50 SPMRL for rapid deployment, with number of tubes reduced by 60% to 40 * from the original 100 of PR50 MLS.

File:Bangladesh_Army_WS-22_MLRS._(33659597465).jpg.]]

• Weishi Rockets#WS-22: A guided version of 122 mm PR50 MLS with primitive cascade inertial terminal guidance, with standard range of 20 to 30 km
• CTL-181A MRL: A Dongfeng Mengshi variants fitted with 122 mm multiple rocket launcher and modular ammunition storage unit.{{cite web|url=https://m.sohu.com/a/583043771_120099892/?pvid=000115_3w_a|title=东部战区某旅列装猛士三122MM火箭炮，山地丘陵地区打击能力进一步强化|website=Sohu |date=7 September 2022|language=zh}}

• LRSV-122 M-96 "Tajfun" (samovozni višecijevni lanser raketa): Modified version of M-77 Oganj with 128 mm barrels replaced with 122 mm barrels due to lack of missiles in 128 mm caliber, in 4 rows of 8 launch tubes for use with Grad calibre rockets placed on unarmoured Tatra T813 truck instead of FAP trucks that were damaged beyond repair. About 4 of such conversions were done on Tatra chassis. Like the M-77 Oganj, the launcher and reloading pack are covered by a collapsible awning for protection and camouflage when travelling. Combat weight: 23.5 t. Only a very small number was built.

File:SVLR 122mm M96 Tajfun.jpg

• LRSV-122 M-92 "Vulkan" (samovozni višecijevni lanser raketa): Modified version of M-77 Oganj with 128 mm barrels replaced with 122 mm barrels due to lack of missiles in 128 mm caliber, in 4 rows of 8 launch tubes for use with Grad caliber.{{Cite web|url=https://www.morh.hr/postroj-topnistva/|title=Postroj topništva|date=1 August 2015|website=MORH}}

File:T813 army2.JPG

• RM-70 (122 mm RAKETOMET vz. 70): In 1972 the Czechoslovak Army introduced its own version of the BM-21 launch vehicle, designated the RM-70. The launcher unit comprises a bank of 40 launch tubes arranged in 4 rows of 10 and it is mounted on an 8x8 10-ton modified Tatra 813 truck. Unlike the BM-21, the RM-70 has an armoured cab and enough room behind it to allow for the storage of further 40 rockets. Those rockets can be automatically reloaded into launcher at the same time.
• RM-70/85: Modification of RM-70 launch vehicle on unarmored Tatra 815 truck.

• RM 70 Vampire: RM 70 modern version on Tatra 817 8x8 chassis with digital fire control system, introduced in 2015.
• BM-21 MT STRIGA: BM-21 launch vehicle on Tatra 817 4x4 chassis with digital fire control system, without spare rack for immediate reload, introduced in 2022.

The Egyptians domestically manufacture the rockets Sakr-18 and Sakr-36, with a respective range of {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and the latest Sakr-45 with a superior range of {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Rather than a standard HE-Frag round, the Egyptian military prefers a {{convert|23|kg|lb|adj=on}} cluster munition, which can be extremely effective against lightly armored equipment and troop concentrations. Both rockets, as well as the original Soviet models of course, are fired by locally manufactured rocket launchers like the RL-21 (copy of BM-11) and RC-21 (copy of BM-21, similar to the Hadid HM20). The Helwan Machine Tools Company also produces portable systems with one, three, four and eight launch tubes. Also the RAAD 200 which is a BM-21 on a new tracked vehicle.

The Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex produces the rockets while the Bishoftu Motorization Engineering Complex produces the launching tubes and has converted existing trucks to diesel engine. Bishoftu Motorization has also produced a six tube launcher to be mounted on light trucks.

Since 2006 Hamas has fired 122 mm Grad rockets, copies made in Iran, and Eastern-bloc versions modified to expand their range, into Israel. The rockets were believed to be brought into the Gaza Strip via tunnels from Egypt.[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40101.pdf Israel and Hamas: Conflict in Gaza 2008–2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308061308/http://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40101.pdf |date=8 March 2016 }}. Congressional Research Service. Some of the rockets were of a Chinese Grad variant.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/me_hamas0277_04_06.asp|title=Hamas turns to Chinese rockets over homemade: 'We need weapons that work'|work=. World tribune|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819185755/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/me_hamas0277_04_06.asp|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status = live}} Hamas sources said they were pleased by the performance of the Chinese variants of the BM-21 Grad rocket, which demonstrated a far greater range and blast impact than Palestinian-made rockets, as well as Russian-origin Grads or Katyushas.Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Terror%2Bin%2BGaza-%2BTwo%2Bmonths%2Bsince%2Bthe%2BHamas%2Btakeover%2B16-Aug-2007.htm Terror in Gaza: Twelve months since the Hamas takeover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122230832/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Terror+in+Gaza-+Two+months+since+the+Hamas+takeover+16-Aug-2007.htm |date=22 January 2009 }}", 16 June 2008.

Hamas have used small man-portable single-tube launchers for rockets in attacks against Israel, designated 122 mm 9P132/BM-21-P.Aviation Week, "Grad Rockets Hit Aqaba Port". 23 April 2010 The 122 mm Grad rockets used in Gaza have a range of about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and can reach the Israeli towns of Ashdod, Beer-Sheva, Ofakim, Gedera, Kiryat Gat, Ashqelon, Sderot, Rehovot, Kiryat Malachi and Gan Yavne.

They also published a clip claiming device mounted used as a multi-barrel rocket launcher on vehicle used for first time in Gaza.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4140894,00.html|title=Watch multi-barrel rocket launch from Gaza|work=ynet|date=29 October 2011|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903152754/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4140894,00.html|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status = live |last1=Levy |first1=Elior }} On 7 April 2011, the Iron Dome system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched from Gaza for the first time. The rockets were launched without their dedicated platforms and by untrained operators which causes very low accuracy. Over 50% of the rockets miss entire cities and over 10% end up hitting the sea.{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/iron-dome-successfully-intercepts-gaza-rocket-for-first-time-1.354696|title=Iron Dome successfully intercepts Gaza rocket for first time|date=7 April 2011|work=Haaretz|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513102751/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/iron-dome-successfully-intercepts-gaza-rocket-for-first-time-1.354696|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status = live}}

File:DRS-122 georgian MLRS (3).jpg

• RS-122 Magaria: In March 2012, the Republic of Georgia unveiled its own heavily modified self-propelled version of the BM-21 Grad. There are innovative improvements similar to that of its Polish counterpart. The crew cabin is armoured and well-protected in accordance with STANAG level 2 or higher. The 40-tube launcher is fitted with a pinpoint targeting system and has a maximum firing distance of 45 km depending on ammunition, guaranteeing much more precision at greater distances. There is enough room for an additional 40-tube pack. The launcher can be deployed and activated directly from inside the crew cab, greatly decreasing time between salvos. However, the traditional external setup is also available. An entire barrage can be fired in less than 20 seconds. The general purpose platform can also be used for more sophisticated rocket systems.[http://delta.gov.ge/en/product/rs-122/ Multiple Rocket Launcher System – RS-122] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629002005/http://delta.gov.ge/en/product/rs-122/ |date=29 June 2015 }}. Delta.gov.ge. Retrieved on 1 June 2017.[http://mod.gov.ge/index.php?page=77&lang=1&type=1&Id=1314 საქართველოს თავდაცვის სამინისტრო] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401065217/http://mod.gov.ge/index.php?page=77&lang=1&type=1&Id=1314 |date=1 April 2012 }}. Mod.gov.ge. Retrieved on 1 June 2017.

D.I.O. from Iran produces copies of the BM-11 and BM-21 systems that can fire the original Soviet rockets as well as the locally developed "Arash" with a range of {{convert|20.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}. There is also a rocket with a range of {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

• Heidar-44: A 40-tube version of the BM-21 based on KrAZ truck chassies.
• HM20: This is the Iranian version of the BM-21, mounted on a Mercedes-Benz 2624 6×6 truck. The launch pack however consists of 2 packs of 20 tubes. Reportedly there is also a version with an automatic reload-system, latest version is mounted on 6×6 MAN trucks.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
• HM23: Lighter 16-round version with two packs of 8 launch tubes.
• HM27: An 8-round version based on the Toyota Land Cruiser truck.
• Raad: Iranian version of the 24-round BM-11, based on a Mercedes-Benz LA 911B 4x4 truck. Some vehicles are equipped with a light hydraulic crane. Not to be confused with an ATGM or a self-propelled howitzer of the same name.

Various 122 mm-type rockets were deployed by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war, modified to deliver nerve agents to targets. This included the 40-inch long, domestically produced Grad MLRS-compatible "Borak" warhead designed to disperse sarin gas.{{cite web| last1 =Chivers| first1 =C.J. |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric| title =C.I.A. Is Said to Have Bought and Destroyed Iraqi Chemical Weapons| work =The New York Times| date =15 February 2015| url =http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/world/cia-is-said-to-have-bought-and-destroyed-iraqi-chemical-weapons.html | access-date =18 April 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091414/http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/world/cia-is-said-to-have-bought-and-destroyed-iraqi-chemical-weapons.html | archive-date =20 December 2016|url-status = live}}

Produced a limited number of FIROS 25 and 30 rocket launchers. They had the same configuration, exactly 40 rockets 122 mm caliber, compatible also with BM-21 launcher. Range about 25–32 km, sold to Libya, United Arab Emirates and probably other customers. About 150 produced in '80s-'90s.

• BM-11: North Korean 30-tube version. The tubes are arranged in 2 banks of 15; all rockets can be fired in as little as 15 seconds. The basis for the BM-11 system is an unlicensed copy of the Japanese-manufactured Isuzu HTS12G 2.5 ton truck chassis.
• MRL 122 mm M1977: U.S. DIA code for a system that appears to be a direct copy of the BM-21 "Grad".
• MRL 122 mm M1985: This is a more modern version, based on an Isuzu 6×6 truck and probably with a 40-round reload pack mounted between the cab and the launcher.

Pakistan first obtained these MRLS from China in few numbers (52+ Chinese Type-83) and then reverse engineered to develop these multiple rockets indigenously by KRL (Khan Research laboratories). The new missile system were developed with 16 modernization by Pakistani Engineers. A vertical stabilizer was added to the launcher that improved its accuracy. The new indigenously reverse engineered system were named KRL Ghadab. The range of the indigenously developed rockets were increased to 45 km with <1% CEP.

• KRL 122: Kahuta Research Laboratories from Pakistan have developed a rocket launcher based on the BM-21 Grad.{{Cite web|url=https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2021/05/03/the-rocket-artillery-of-azerbaijan-is-overwhelming/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503013118/https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2021/05/03/the-rocket-artillery-of-azerbaijan-is-overwhelming/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 May 2021|title=The Rocket Artillery Of Azerbaijan Is Overwhelming|date=3 May 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2017/05/04/pakistan-seeking-guided-multiple-launch-rocket-systems-mlrs/|title=Pakistan seeking guided multiple-launch rocket systems (MLRS)|first=Bilal|last=Khan|date=4 May 2017}} The KRL 122 was originally based on an Isuzu truck but later models use the Reo M35 truck. Some sources mention the designator Gadab. In addition to the original Soviet rockets, the system can launch the Yarmuk Rockets developed by Pakistan Ordnance Factories. The KRL 122 has achieved a maximum range of over 40 km due to the use of upgraded 122 mm rockets.{{cite news|title=POF, French company sign MoU on rocket technology|url=http://www.aaj.tv/2009/09/pof-french-company-sign-mou-on-rocket-technology/|date=9 September 2009|publisher=AAJ TV|access-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206010503/http://www.aaj.tv/2009/09/pof-french-company-sign-mou-on-rocket-technology/|archive-date=6 December 2013|url-status = live}} {{cite web|title=Refurbishment/Range Enhancement of 122 mm MBRL Ammunition|url=http://gids.com.pk/refurbishment-range-enhancement-of-122mm-MBRL-ammunition|publisher=GIDS|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723144119/http://gids.com.pk/refurbishment-range-enhancement-of-122mm-MBRL-ammunition|archive-date=23 July 2013|url-status = live}} {{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

File:WR-40 Langusta, MSPO 2007.JPG, displayed at the MSPO 2007.]]

• WR-40 "Langusta" (eng. spiny lobster) (wyrzutnia rakietowa means rocket launcher): This is a modern Polish version with a new fire control system (with ballistic computer BFC201 and navigation system Sigma 30) and a modified launcher based on the Jelcz P662D.35G-27 6×6 truck, produced by Jelcz Komponenty.{{cite web|url=http://www.jelcz-komponenty.xo.pl/|title=Jelcz-Komponenty|website=xo.pl|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403045142/http://www.jelcz-komponenty.xo.pl/|archive-date=3 April 2007}} The first vehicle entered service on 20 March 2007. Probably about half of all 227 Polish BM-21 launchers will be converted into WR-40 launchers. New, modern types of munition were also developed for the launcher: the range is approximately {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} for fragmentation-HE rockets "Fenix" and {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}} for cargo rockets. The Jelcz P662.D.35 truck with lightly armoured cab is also believed to be the base of a Polish multiple rocket launcher complex, which will possibly be developed in the future.

• {{vanchor |APR-21}} ({{lang|ro|aruncător de proiectile reactive}} – rocket launcher): Romanian 21-round launcher (3 rows of 7) mounted on a Bucegi SR-114 4x4 chassis. No longer used by the Romanian Army but some vehicles have been exported to Nigeria and Croatia. Morocco has the launch pack mounted on a Kaiser M35 truck.
• {{vanchor |APR-40}}: Initially this designator was used for the original BM-21 "Grad" in Romanian service, but Aerostar SA has developed an improved model, based on a DAC-665T 6x6 truck. A slightly improved model, called APRA-40 or 40 APRA 122 FMC is based on the DAC 15.215 DFAEG truck. Each launcher is normally accompanied by a resupply truck MITC with a 6t crane and a trailer RM13. The system is also used by Botswana, Bosnia, Cameroon, Croatia, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Nigeria and Ukraine.{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Ukrainian military now using Romanian APR-40 MLRS – video |url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukrainian-military-now-using-romanian-141100742.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}
• LAROM or LAROM 160: This is an upgraded version that was developed in cooperation with Israel. The launch vehicle is based on the truck chassis DAC 25.360 DFAEG, fitted with two launch packs with each 20 122 mm tubes or 13 160 mm tubes.[https://web.archive.org/web/20040310095524/http://www.aerostar.ro/Files/Galerie4.htm Galerie Foto]. aerostar.ro The LAROM 160 can fire rockets like the LAR Mk.IV with a range of {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The system entered service with the Romanian Land Forces in 2002.{{cite web|url=http://www.brigada8art.ro/en/larom.html |title=Brigada 8 LAROM |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222075857/http://www.brigada8art.ro/en/larom.html |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}

File:LRSVM Oganj 4.jpg

• LRSVM Morava: Universal modular MLRS with possibilities to use all models of Grad 122 mm rockets, both with M-77 Oganj and M-63 Plamen 128 mm rockets too.
• G-2000: Produced by EdePro, G-2000 122 mm missile is with range above 40 km.{{cite web|url=http://www.edepro.com/?page_id=51|title=R122 mm G-2000/G-M|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205081809/http://www.edepro.com/?page_id=51|archive-date=5 December 2013|url-status = live}}

File:Ukrainian BM-21 Grad Bastion-01 in Kyiv, Ukraine on 22 of August, 2014 IMG 7655 01.JPG chassis]]

• Valkiri: This is a South African design based on Grad 21a Unimog truck chassis by Denel using 127 mm rockets.
• Bateleur: A newer, more accurate version of the Valkiri. Based on the Withings (White Stallion) military recovery truck chassis. Also produced by Denel.

• DTI-2: The 122 mm multiple rocket launcher by Defense Technology Institute.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

File:Bastion MLRS, Kyiv 2021, 10.jpg

• BM-21K: A modernization based on a modified double-cab KrAZ-260 chassis with an improved fire control system.
• Bastion-1: A modernization based on the KrAZ-260 chassis.
• Bastion-2: A modernization based on the KrAZ-260 chassis with additional storage space for 40 missiles.
• BM-21 UM Berest
• Verba: A modernization based on a modified double-cab KrAZ-6322 chassis with a digital fire control system.

The original "Grad" rocket has a range of about {{convert|20|km|sp=us}}. The first modification called "G-M" increased the range to about {{convert|27.5|km|sp=us}}, while the second modification "G-2000" further increased the range to about {{convert|40|km|sp=us}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.edepro.com/files/R122_G2000_Cargo.pdf|title=MLRS "GRAD" AND IT'S MODIFICATIONS|publisher=EDePro|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020310/http://www.edepro.com/files/R122_G2000_Cargo.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}} The latest technology development has allowed new Grad rockets to have {{convert|52|km|sp=us}} range.{{cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/drustvo/aktuelno.290.html:650740-SAJAM-NAORUZANjA-IDEX-Srbija-ima-bespilotni-helikopter-VIDEO|title=SAJAM NAORUŽANjA IDEX: Srbija ima bespilotni helikopter (VIDEO)|website=www.novosti.rs|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229163107/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/drustvo/aktuelno.290.html:650740-SAJAM-NAORUZANjA-IDEX-Srbija-ima-bespilotni-helikopter-VIDEO|archive-date=29 December 2017|url-status = live}} The range may also vary due to the type of warhead.

The 9M22S munition (see below) was developed by NPO Splav during the Soviet era.

{{cite web

|url = https://www.defenceview.in/russia-used-9m22s-incendiary-munitions-on-azovstal-steel-plant/

|title = Russia used 9M22S incendiary munitions on Azovstal steel plant

|date = 15 May 2022

|publisher = Defence View

}}

{{cite web

|first=David |last=Hambling

|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2022/03/25/white-phosphorus-may-really-be-soviet-napalm-weapon/?sh=eeed69be6ae2

|title = 'White Phosphorus' Claimed To Be Used In Ukraine May Really Be Russian Napalm Weapon

|date = 25 March 2022

|work = Forbes

}} Instead of a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, the 9M22S rocket carries a warhead containing 180 separate 9N510 incendiary elements.{{cite web|url=https://cat-uxo.com/explosive-hazards/rockets/122mm-grad-9m22s-rocket|title=122mm Grad 9M22S Rocket|website=CAT-UXO}} Designed to ignite vegetation, storage facilities, or fuel, these incendiary elements consist of hexagonal prisms made from a magnesium alloy known to the Russian GOST as ML-5,{{cite book |script-title=ru:ГОСТ 2856-79 Сплавы магниевые литейные |trans-title=GOST 2856-79 Castable magnesium alloys |date = 1981}}{{cite web|url=https://cat-uxo.com/explosive-hazards/submunitions/9n510-ml-5-submunition|title=9N510 (ML-5) Submunition |website=CAT-UXO}} filled with a thermite mixture.{{cite news |last1=Salem |first1=Harriet |title='A Rain of Fire'... |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-rain-of-fire-ukrainian-forces-used-little-known-soviet-era-incendiary-weapons-to-attack-ilovaisk/ |publisher=VICE MEDIA |date=13 November 2014}} Each element has a nominal length of 40 mm and a width of 25 mm and a burning time of at least 2 minutes. The effect of these incendiary, as well as conventional lighting munitions (especially at night), outwardly resembles the use of phosphorus munitions.

Also Incendiary, Chemical, Illumination, Antipersonnel mines.

File:Map of BM-21 operators.svg

File:122 mm Projectile of MRL.JPG stuck in muddy land in Vakarai, Batticaloa during the Sri Lankan Civil War (2007).]]

File:Djiboutian rocket launcher.jpg Army Rocket Launcher.]]

File:Grad Armenian Army.jpg, Yerevan, Armenia]]

• {{flagcountry|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}: 104+ in service as of 2024.{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05115-3 |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}} |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
• {{flag|Algeria}}: 48 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Angola}}: 70 BM-21 Grad and 40 RM-70 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Armenia}}: Up to 50 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Azerbaijan}}: 54 BM-21 Grad, 24 BM-21V, 16 IMI Lynx, 18 RM-70 and 18 T-122 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Bangladesh}}: 36+ WS-22 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Belarus}}: 128 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}: 24 APRA-40 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Botswana}}: 20 APRA-40 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Bulgaria}}: 24 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Burkina Faso}}: 5 APR-40 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Burundi}}: 12 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Cambodia}}: 8 BM-21 Grad, 20 RM-70, approximately 20 PHL-81 and some PHL-90B in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Cameroon}}: 20 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Chad}}: 6 BM-21 Grad and 5 PHL-81 as of 2024.
• {{flag|China}}: 200 PHL-81/90, 350 PHL-11, 375 PHZ-89, 120 PHZ-11 and 50+ PHL-20/21/161 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Congo-Brazzaville}}: 10 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flaglist|Congo-Kinshasa}}: 24 BM-21 Grad and some RM-70 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}: 6 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Croatia}}: 21 BM-21 Grad and 6 M91 Vulkan in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Cuba}}: An uncertain number of BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Cyprus}}: 4 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Ecuador}}: 18 BM-21 Grad and 6 RM-70 as of 2024.
• {{flag|Egypt}}: 60 BM-21 Grad, 96 BM-11, 200 Sakr-10/18/36 and an uncertain number of ATS-59G in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Eritrea}}: 35 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Ethiopia}}: Estimated 50 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Finland}}: 34 RM-70 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Georgia}}: 13 BM-21 Grad, 6 GradLAR and 18 RM-70 in service as of 2024.
• {{Flag|Ghana}}: 3 PHL-81 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Greece}}: 108 RM-70 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|India}}: Estimated 150 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Iran}}: 100 BM-21 Grad, 7 BM-11 and 50 Arash/Hadid/Noor in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Iraq}}: An uncertain number of BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} Iraqi Kurdistan{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=491}}
• {{flag|Kazakhstan}}: 80 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Kyrgyzstan }}: 15 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Lebanon}}: 11 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Hezbollah}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=491}}
• {{flag|Mali}}: 30+ BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Mauritania}}: 6 PHL-81 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Mexico}}: 6 Italian Firos-25 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Moldova}}: Retired from service.
• {{flag|Transnistria}}: 20+ {{as of|2021|lc=yes}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=241}}
• {{flag|Mongolia}}: 130 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Morocco}}: 35 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Mozambique}}: 12 BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Myanmar}}: 230 9P138 "Grad-1" which are upgraded with MAM-01's turrets and rocket launchers, 20 Chinese Type-81 and 90 Type-90B in service.{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute}} Unknown number remaining in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Namibia}}: 5 BM-21 Grad and 3 PHL-81 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Nicaragua}}: 18 BM-21 Grad and 100 BM-21P single-tube rocket launchers as of 2024.
• {{flag|Nigeria}}: 9 BM-21 Grad, 25 APR-21 and 7 RM-70 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|North Korea}}: Unknown number of BM-11, BM-21 (M-1977), M-1985, M-1992, M-1993, and VTT-323 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|North Macedonia}}: 6 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Pakistan}}: 52 Chinese PHL-83 and 200 KRL-122 as of 2025.
• {{flag|Palestine}}: Hamas ,Palestinian Islamic Jihad and other militants (including Iranian made 20 km range and Chinese 40 km range Grad variants){{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=127179|title=Latest rockets manufactured in China|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com|date=23 May 2010 |access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021113300/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=127179|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status = live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-middle-east-11795966|title=BBC News – Israeli air strikes hit two Gaza towns|date=19 November 2010|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925181538/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-middle-east-11795966|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status = live}}
• {{flag|Peru}}: 22 BM-21 Grad and 27 Type-90B as of 2024.
• {{flag|Poland}}: 27 BM-21 Grad, 29 RM-70 and 75 WR-40 as of 2024.
• {{flag|Romania}}: 134 APRA-40 and 36 LAROM in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Russia}}: 454 BM-21 Grad and 160+ 9K51M Tornado-G in service with a further 1500 BM-21 Grad in storage as of 2024. At least 294 BM-21 Grad variants and 2 command vehicles have been lost in the War in Ukraine as of 22 December 2024.{{Cite web |last=Oryx |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Oryx}}
• {{Flag|Rwanda}}: 5 RM-70 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Senegal}}: 6 BM-21 Grad (Ukrainian Bastion-1) in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Slovakia}}: 4 RM-70 and 26 RM-70/85 as of 2024.
• {{flag|Somalia}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=466}}
• {{flag|Somaliland}}{{cite web |url=https://piracyreport.com/index.php/post/1299/Somalilands_Military_is_a_Shadow_of_the_Past_ |title=Somaliland's Military is a Shadow of the Past |publisher=Piracyreport.com |date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2021-12-11}}
• {{flag|South Sudan}}: Some BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Sri Lanka}}: 22 RM-70 and 6 KRL-122 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Sudan}}: An uncertain number of BM-21 Grad, Saqr and PHL-81 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Syria}}: An uncertain number of BM-21 Grad in service as of 2024. 17 BM-21 Grad and 1 9P138-1 captured by HTS rebel forces during the 2024 Syrian rebel offensive.
• People's Defense Units (YPG): 1{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=29 October 2021}}
• {{flag|Tajikistan}}: 14 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Tanzania}}: 58 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Thailand}}: 4 SR-4 as of 2024.
• {{flag|Togo}}: Some PHL-81 as of 2024.
• {{flag|Turkey}}: Estimated 36 T-122 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Turkmenistan}}: 70 BM-21 Grad and 18 9P138 as of 2024.
• {{flag|Ukraine}}: 100 BM-21 Grad/9K51M Tornado-G, 8 RM-70 and 4 APR-40 in service as of 2024. At least 54 BM-21 Grad variants have been visually confirmed lost in the Russo-Ukrainian War as of 22 December 2024.{{cite web |title=Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html |website=Oryxspioenkop |access-date=22 December 2024}}
• {{flagicon image|War Flag of Novorussia.svg}} Russian separatist forces in Donbas{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=491}}
• {{flag|Uganda}}: 6 RM-70 and some BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|UAE}}: Estimated 24 Firos-25 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Uzbekistan}}: 36 BM-21 Grad and 24 9P138 in service as of 2024.
• {{flag|Venezuela}}: 24 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Vietnam}}: 350 BM-21 Grad as of 2024.
• {{flag|Zambia}}: 30 BM-21 Grad (12 serviceable) as of 2024.
• {{flag|Zimbabwe}}: 60 RM-70 in service as of 2024.

• {{flag|East Germany}}: 72 units, passed on to the successor state.
• {{flag|Hungary}}: 40 in service in 1980.{{sfn|Military Balance 1981|p=16}}
• {{flaglist|Islamic State}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=492}}
• {{flaglist|Israel}}: 58 {{as of|2016|lc=yes}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=334}} No longer reported to be in service.
• {{flag|Laos}}: Paraded in January 2019.{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=Neil |last2=Fediushko |first2=Dmitry |title=Laotian military parades Russian- and Chinese-made equipment |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85876/laotian-military-parades-russian-and-chinese-made-equipment/ |website=Jane's 360 |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223848/https://www.janes.com/article/85876/laotian-military-parades-russian-and-chinese-made-equipment/ |archive-date=23 January 2019 |location=London, Moscow |date=22 January 2019 |url-status = live}}
• {{flag|Libya}}{{sfn|Military Balance 1981|p=45}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=342}}
• {{flag|North Yemen}}: 65+, supplied in 1979{{sfn|Military Balance 1981|p=105}}
• {{flag|South Yemen}}{{sfn|Military Balance 1981|p=50}}
• {{flag|Soviet Union}}: Passed on to successor states.
• {{flagicon image|Flag of the Tigray People's Liberation Front.svg}} Tigray Defense Forces{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Tigray Defence Forces - Documenting Its Heavy Weaponry |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/09/the-tigray-defence-forces-documenting.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=1 September 2021}} − Surrendered to the Ethiopian forces in the aftermath of the Tigray War.{{cite news |last1=Misikir |first1=Maya |title=Tigray Forces Start Handing Over Heavy Weapons as Part of Peace Deal |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/tigray-forces-start-handing-over-heavy-weapons-as-part-of-peace-deal-/6913979.html |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=Voice of America |date=11 January 2023 |language=en}}
• {{flag|Yugoslavia}}: Passed on to successor states.

• {{flag|United States}}: 75{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Multiple-Launch-Rocket-Systems/Grad_a000745001.aspx|title=Grad|work=Deagel|access-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701111444/http://www.deagel.com/Multiple-Launch-Rocket-Systems/Grad_a000745001.aspx|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status = live}}

• 9A52-4 Tornado variable caliber multiple rocket launcher and successor to the BM-21, BM-27, and BM-30
• ASTROS II (Brazil)
• BM-14 140 mm multiple rocket launcher
• BM-27 Uragan 220 mm multiple rocket launcher
• BM-30 Smerch 300 mm multiple rocket launcher
• Fajr-5 (Iran)
• Katyusha, BM-13, BM-8, and BM-31 multiple rocket launchers of World War II
• M270 (USA)
• Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher
• T-122 Sakarya (Turkey)
• Mini-Grad, a Ukrainian improvised MLRS adapted from BM-21 parts

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|first1=Jamie|last1=Prenatt |first2= Adam|last2= Hook|title=Katyusha: Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941–Present|series=New Vanguard 235|publisher= Osprey Publishing Ltd|location=Oxford|year= 2016|isbn=978-1-4728-1086-1|ref={{harvid|Prenatt|2016}}}}
• {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 1980–1981|date=1980|isbn=0-85368-197-X|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|Military Balance 1981}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
• {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2016|date=February 2016|volume=116|isbn=978-1-85743-835-2|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|Military Balance 2016}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
• {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2020|date=February 2020|volume=120|isbn=978-0-367-46639-8|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|Military Balance 2020}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
• {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|date=February 2021|volume=121|isbn=978-1-032-01227-8|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2021}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}

{{Commons category|BM-21 Grad}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925083513/http://www.thetankmaster.com/english/afv/BM-21_1.asp 122 mm Multiple Rocket Launcher (MRL) "GRAD" on the Ural-375 6×6 truck chassis – Walk around photos]
• [http://www.enemyforces.com/artillery/grad.htm Enemyforces.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513023350/http://www.enemyforces.com/artillery/grad.htm |date=13 May 2008 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060708221046/http://www.splav.org/en/arms/grad/index.asp Splav State Research and Production Enterprise]
• [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/bm-11.htm BM-11 at FAS.org]
• [http://www.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=6051 RM-70 at Army.cz]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100915055908/http://www.krucjata.org.pl/military,langusta.php3 WR-40 Langusta at krucjata.org.pl] {{in lang|pl}}
• [http://www.mobhome.de/vehicles/DC_Iraq.htm#bm21 Iraq BM-21] {{in lang|de}}
• [http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/grad/grad.shtml Полевая реактивная система М-21 (M-21 Field Rocket System)]
• [http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/grad_p/grad_p.shtml Легкая переносная реактивная система "Град-П" (Grad-P Light portable rocket system)]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v71eF8HdZb8 Shooting battalion (strike multiple rocket launchers)] YouTube
• [http://rbth.com/defence/2014/08/25/the_grad_system_a_hot_hail_of_cluster-fired_rockets_39283.html The Grad system: A hot hail of cluster-fired rockets]

{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}

{{SovArtyColdWar}}

Category:Wheeled self-propelled rocket launchers

Category:Cold War artillery of the Soviet Union

Category:Self-propelled artillery of Iran

Category:Multiple rocket launchers of the Soviet Union

Category:Chemical weapon delivery systems

Category:NPO Splav products

Category:Cluster munitions

Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s