ZiL
{{Short description|Former Russian truck and heavy equipment manufacturer}}
{{About|the Soviet−Russian vehicle manufacturer||Zil (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = OJSC AMO-ZiL
| traded_as = {{MCX|ZILL}}
{{MCX|ZILLP}}
| image = Экскурсия на ЗИЛ (14869234063).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = ZiL (Zavod Imeni Likhachyova)
| logo = Amo-zil-logo.svg
| industry = Automotive
Defence
| type = Joint-stock
| former_name = {{ubl|AMO (1916–1931)|ZiS (1931–1956)}}
| native_name =
| foundation = {{start date|1916}}
| location_city = Moscow
| location_country = Russia
| products = {{ubl|Racing cars|Luxury automobiles|Heavy road vehicles|Offroad vehicles|Military vehicles}}
| revenue = {{Wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}}
| revenue_year = {{Wikidata revenue|revenue|year}}
| operating_income = {{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}}
| income_year = {{Wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}}
| net_income = {{Wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}}{{Wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}}
| net_income_year = {{Wikidata revenue|net_income|year}}
| fate = Production ended in 2012
| key_people = {{ubl|Igor Zakharov (CEO)|Konstantin Laptev (General Director, 2002–present)}}
| num_employees =
| owner = City of Moscow Property Department{{cite web|title=Список аффилированных лиц|url=http://www.e-disclosure.ru/portal/files.aspx?id=3649&type=6|website=e-disclosure.ru|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826075323/http://www.e-disclosure.ru/portal/files.aspx?id=3649&type=6|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.amo-zil.ru/}}
}}
OJSC AMO ZiL, known fully as the Public Joint-Stock Company – Likhachov Plant ({{Langx|ru|Публичное акционерное общество – Завод имени Лихачёва|translit=Publichnoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo – Zavod imeni Likhachyova}}) and more commonly called ZiL ({{Langx|ru|ЗиЛ)}}, was a major Russian automobile, truck, military vehicle, and heavy equipment manufacturer that was based in Moscow.
The last ZiL vehicle was assembled in 2012. The company continues to exist only as real-estate development site, on which a new urban district will be built by the LSR Group construction company.{{cite news|title=99 Years of ZiL: From Car Plant To Potential New Heart of Moscow?|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/99-years-of-zil-from-car-plant-to-potential-new-heart-of-moscow-50735|access-date=5 April 2017|publisher=Moscow Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020913/https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/99-years-of-zil-from-car-plant-to-potential-new-heart-of-moscow-50735|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}
History
File:Комплексная застройка территории ЗИЛа (июль 2016).jpg
The factory was founded on 2 August 1916 as the Moscow Automotive Society or AMO ({{Langx|ru|Автомобильное Московское Общество (АМО)|translit=Avtomobilnoe Moskovskoe Obshchestvo (AMO)}}). The factory was completed in 1917, just before the Revolution, and was built south of Moscow near Moscow River in Tjufeleva grove. It was a modern building with the latest in American equipment and was designed to employ 6,000 workers. The plans were to produce Fiat F-15 1.5-ton trucks under licence. Because of the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War, it took until 1 November 1924 to produce the first vehicle which was shown at a parade on 7 November, the AMO-F-15. Nevertheless, the factory still managed to assemble trucks bought from Italy in 1917–1919. On 30 April 1923 the factory was named after Italian anarchist Pietro Ferrero, but in 1925 was renamed to First National Automobile Factory (Russian: 1-й Государственный автомобильный завод). 2 years later in 1927 Ivan Likhachev was appointed as a head of the factory. In April 1929, it was agreed on to expand the plant to build Autocar 2.5-ton truck models.
In 1929—1931, the factory was re-equipped and expanded with the help of the American A.J. Brandt Co.,{{sfn|Sutton|1973|p=122}}{{cite web
|url = https://www.mos.ru/news/item/80568073/
|title = Как в 1929−1931 годах модернизировали ЗИЛ
|author =
|language= ru
|date = October 1, 2020
|publisher = Mos.ru
|accessdate = February 23, 2022
}} and changed its name to Automotive Factory No. 2 Zavod Imeni Stalina (ZIS or ZiS). After Nikita Khrushchev denounced the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin in 1956, the name was changed again to Zavod imeni Likhachyova, after its former director Ivan Likhachev.{{sfn|Straus|1998|p=33}}
ZIS 101 (1938) 1X7A8090.jpg|ZIS-101 (1936)
ZIS 102 A (1941) 1X7A8092.jpg|ZIS-102 (1937)
ЗИС-Спорт в Музее автомобильной техники УГМК (Верхняя Пышма) 02.jpg|ZIS-101A Sport (1939)
XXVIII выставка Олдтаймер-галерея ЗИС-110 «Такси».jpg|ZIS-110 (1945)
ZiS-110B in Museum of technique 2016-08-16.JPG|ZIS-110B (1949)
ZiL lanes, road lanes dedicated to vehicles carrying top Soviet officials, were named after the car. The ZiL limousines were the official car that carried the Soviet heads of state, and many Soviet Union allied leaders, to summits or in parades. The limousines were flown to international summits as, for example, in 1987 and 1990 to Washington, D.C. in the US for Mikhail Gorbachev's official state visits.{{cite news
|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/22/crises-now-follow-gorbachev-abroad/6736bad4-2b95-4a1a-b852-da1fc31e96e6/
|title = Crises now follow Gorbachev abroad
|author = Michael Dobbs
|date = November 22, 1990
|newspaper = The Washington Post
|accessdate = February 23, 2022
|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/12/05/gorbachev-is-citys-most-shielded-visitor/75a53ae0-7298-454b-af68-59fb28a6ee51/
|title = Gorbachev is city's most shielded visitor
|author = Saundra Saperstein Torry, John Mintz
|date = December 5, 1987
|newspaper = The Washington Post
|accessdate = February 23, 2022
}}
ZiL had a history of exporting trucks to Cuba, trade resumed in the early 21st century.{{Cite web |url=http://survincity.com/2013/10/zil-resume-exports-to-cuba/ |title=ZIL resume exports to Cuba |access-date=2016-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903231955/http://survincity.com/2013/10/zil-resume-exports-to-cuba/ |archive-date=2016-09-03 |url-status=live }}
The ZiL factory is portrayed in a number of English language documentaries. The 2001 documentary by Daniel Leconte, Lenin if you knew (renamed USSR Memories), follows the fate of a family associated with the factory as well as the factory itself in the 1990s.{{Cite web |last=Leconte |first=Daniel |date=2001 |title=USSR Memories - Daily life of a Russian family in the Soviet Union |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAVqM4geAAk |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Youtube |publisher=wocomoDOCS}} The factory is also a feature of the 2014 documentary, The Last Limousine.{{cite news|title='The Last Limousine' ('Posledniy limusin'): Vladivostok Review|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/last-limousine-posledniy-limusin-vladivostok-737110|access-date=9 June 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421231510/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/last-limousine-posledniy-limusin-vladivostok-737110|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=live}}
ZiL-111G in Ilya Sorokin's Oldtimer-Gallery, 21 March 2010.jpg|ZIL-111G (1962)
ZIL-114-limo.jpg|ZIL-114 (1967)
Zil-117 convertible.jpg|ZIL-117 convertible (1971)
ZiL automobile - 13April-Rehersal-Alabino.jpg|ZIL-4104 convertible (1981)
ZIL 41047 (1990) 1X7A8072.jpg|ZIL-41047 (1985)
After the final ZiL limousine was built in 2012, the Moscow factory administration stopped truck production and the company was declared bankrupt in 2013. ZiL still exists as a legal entity, but produces no vehicles. In 2014 it was announced that the factory site will be turned into a residential development.{{cite news|last1= Нехлебова|first1= Наталия|title= ЗИЛ после жизни|url= https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3125212|access-date= 9 June 2017|work= Журнал "Огонёк"|date= 31 October 2016|pages= 10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170505032832/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3125212|archive-date= 5 May 2017|url-status= live}} Most factory buildings were dismantled in 2015.{{cite news|last1= Sorokina|first1= Anna|title= How a Soviet auto giant became a ghost factory|url= https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2017/08/08/how-a-soviet-auto-giant-became-a-ghost-factory_819154|access-date= 22 August 2017|work= Russia Beyond The Headlines|date= 8 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180130222018/https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2017/08/08/how-a-soviet-auto-giant-became-a-ghost-factory_819154|archive-date= 30 January 2018|url-status= live}}
The factory's equipment and other automotive assets were auctioned off to a new company, "MSTs6 AMO ZIL". It employs 47 staff, mostly former ZiL workers.{{cite news|script-title=ru:Завод индивидуальных лимузинов|url= http://rusautomobile.ru/2015/08/zavod-individualnyx-limuzinov/|access-date= 9 June 2017|work= Русский Автомобиль|language= ru-ru|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170608033621/http://rusautomobile.ru/2015/08/zavod-individualnyx-limuzinov/|archive-date= 8 June 2017|url-status= live}} The company took part in the Moscow International Automobile Salon 2016.{{cite news|script-title=ru:Стенд ЗИЛ на Московском автосалоне|url=https://www.livecars.ru/photo/2016/08/26/zil_mmas/|access-date=9 June 2017|publisher=Livecars.ru|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703045949/https://www.livecars.ru/photo/2016/08/26/zil_mmas/|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status=live |date=27 August 2016 }}
After the building of "MSTs6 AMO ZIL" was demolished in 2020, it was believed that the company ceased to exist. However, it was reported in 2021 that MSTs6 continued to operate. Its staff and equipment were moved to the Moscow Oblast.{{cite web
|url = https://www.autonews.ru/news/61af26e39a7947bbf666c85b
|title = Здесь был ЗИЛ. Репортаж о легендарном заводе, которого не стало
|author = Давид Акопян
|language= ru
|date = December 14, 2021
|publisher = RBC Autonews
|accessdate = February 23, 2022
}}
Owners and management
In 2003, ZiL was transferred to the management of the Moscow Automobile Company ("MAC"), a subsidiary of the Center for Investment Projects and Programs ("CIPP"), which specializes in management consulting, crisis management and the organization of project financing.{{Cite web |title=Длительная медитация уменьшает стресс и замедляет старение |url=https://wek.ru/dlitelnaya-meditaciya-umenshaet-stress-i-zamedlyaet-starenie |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=wek.ru |language=ru}}
Awards
- In June 1942 the VMS was awarded the first Order of Lenin for the excellent organization of the production of ammunition and weapons.
- In October 1944 the plant was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labour.{{Cite web |date=2016-08-02 |title=Завод имени И.А. Лихачева (ЗИЛ) |url=https://ria.ru/20160802/1473325710.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}
- In 1971 the plant was awarded the Order of Lenin for the third successful implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan.
- In 1975 the plant was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for the successful completion of works on creation of capacities up to 200 thousand cars per year issuance.
See also
- List of ZiL vehicles
- Soviet Artillery Factory No. 92 — also named Zavod imeni Stalina (ZiS).
- GM "old-look" transit bus: Soviet versions — ZiS-154 and ZiS-155 models.
References
{{Reflist|refs=
- Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, p. 44. London: Arms and Armour Press. {{ISBN|0-85368-606-8}}.
}}
Literature
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite book| title = Factory and Community in Stalin's Russia: The Making of an Industrial Working Class
| last = Straus | first = Kenneth M. | year = 1998
| publisher = University of Pittsburgh Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bvfaDGDf3kwC
| page = i
| isbn = 978-082298584-6
}}
- {{cite book| title = National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union
| last = Sutton | first = Antony C. | year = 1973
| publisher = Arlington House | location = New Rochelle, N.Y.
| isbn = 978-087000207-6
}}
{{refend}}
External links
{{Commons category|ZIL|ZiL}}
- {{in lang|ru}}—[http://msc6.ru/ Official MSTS6 ZIL website]
- {{in lang|ru}}—[http://www.amo-zil.ru/ Official ZiL website]
- [http://www.speedhunters.com/2015/12/soviet-russia-love/ From Soviet Russia With Love] - article about presidential limousines made by the company
{{automotive industry in Russia}}
{{Russian Automotive Makers}}
{{ZIS/ZIL timeline 1930-1960}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Bus manufacturers of Russia
Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1916
Category:1916 establishments in the Russian Empire