Babel (film)

{{Long plot|date=February 2024}}

Babel contains four main storylines with seemingly unconnected characters. The stories are not told in linear or chronological order. As the movie unfolds, the audience learns how each plot is intertwined with the others.

In a desert in Morocco, Abdullah, a goatherder, buys a gun from his neighbor to shoot the jackals that have been preying on his goats. Abdullah gives the rifle to his two young sons, Yussef and Ahmed, and sends them out to tend to the herd. Doubtful of the rifle's purported range, the two decide to test it out, aiming at rocks and highway traffic. Yussef manages to hit a bus, critically wounding an American woman who is traveling with her husband on vacation.{{cite magazine|title=Babel (Review) |last=Travers |first=Peter |date=20 October 2006 |magazine=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/9387674/review/12087181/babel |access-date=11 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211132639/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/9387674/review/12087181/babel |archive-date=11 December 2006 |url-status=dead}} The two boys flee the scene and hide the rifle in the hills.

Glimpses of television news programs reveal that the US government considers the shooting a terrorist act and is pressuring the Moroccan government to apprehend the culprits. Abdullah, who has heard about the shooting, asks the boys where the rifle is and beats the truth out of them. Finally, the three try to flee but are spotted. The police corner the father and boys on the rocky slope of a hill and open fire. After Ahmed is hit in the leg, Yussef returns fire, striking one police officer in the shoulder. The police continue shooting, hitting Ahmed in the back, severely injuring him. Yussef then surrenders, admitting responsibility for shooting the American and asking for medical assistance; the police are shocked to realize they were shooting at children.

Richard and Susan are an American couple who came on vacation to Morocco. Their infant son Sam recently died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, putting a strain on their relationship.{{Cite web|url=https://www.looper.com/1318134/ending-babel-explained/|title=The Ending Of Babel Explained|last=Onyango|first=Fred|date=24 June 2023|website=Looper|publisher=Static Media|access-date=4 November 2024}} When Susan is shot on a tour bus, Richard orders the bus driver to the nearest village, Tazarine. The other tourists wait for some time, but they eventually demand to leave, fearing the heat and that they may be the target of further attacks. Richard tells the tour group to wait for the ambulance, which never arrives, and eventually the bus leaves without them. The couple stays behind with the bus's tour guide, still waiting for transport to a hospital. A helicopter arrives and carries Richard and Susan to a hospital in Casablanca, where she is expected to recover.

Richard and Susan's Mexican nanny, Amelia, tends to their children, Debbie and Mike, in their San Diego, California home. When Amelia learns of Susan's injury, she worries that she will miss her son's wedding. Unable to secure any other help, she calls Richard, who tells her to stay with the children. Without his permission, Amelia decides to take them with her to the wedding in a rural community near Tijuana, Mexico. Rather than staying the night at the party, Amelia drives back to the States with her nephew, Santiago. He has been drinking heavily and the border guards become suspicious of him and the American children in the car. Amelia has passports for all of them, but no letter of consent from the children's parents allowing her to take them out of the United States. Under pressure, Santiago speeds away in a drunken panic and abandons Amelia and the children in the desert, whereupon awakening in the morning they soon begin to suffer from heat exhaustion.

Amelia leaves the children behind to find help, ordering them not to move. She eventually finds a Border Patrol officer, who places her under arrest. They travel back to where she left the children, but they are not there. Amelia is taken back to a Border Patrol station, where she is eventually informed that the children have been found and that Richard, while outraged, has agreed not to press charges. However, she will be deported from the US where she has been working illegally. At the border, a tearful Amelia is greeted by her newlywed son.

Chieko Wataya (綿谷 千恵子 Wataya Chieko) is a rebellious teenage girl who is deaf and non-verbal. She is also self-conscious and unhappy because of her deafness. While out with friends, she finds a teenage boy attractive, and following an unsuccessful attempt at socializing, exposes herself to him under a table. At a dental appointment, she tries to kiss the dentist, who sends her away. Chieko encounters two police detectives who question her about her father, Yasujiro. She invites one of the detectives, Kenji Mamiya (真宮 賢治 Mamiya Kenji), back to the high-rise apartment that she shares with her father. Incorrectly assuming that the detectives are investigating her father's involvement in her mother's suicide, she explains to Mamiya that her father was asleep when her mother jumped off the balcony and that she witnessed this herself. The detectives are actually investigating a hunting trip Yasujiro took in Morocco. Soon after learning this, Chieko approaches Mamiya nude and attempts to seduce him. He resists her approaches but comforts her as she bursts into tears.

Leaving the apartment, Mamiya crosses paths with Yasujiro and questions him about the rifle. Yasujiro explains that there was no black market involvement; he gave his rifle as a gift to Hassan, his hunting guide on a trip in Morocco. About to depart, Mamiya offers condolences for the wife's suicide. Yasujiro, however, is confused by the mention of a balcony and angrily replies that his wife shot herself, and that Chieko was the first to discover her. As Mamiya sits in a restaurant, watching news of Susan's recovery, Yasujiro comforts his daughter with a hug as she stands at their balcony in mourning.

Babel can be analyzed as a network narrative in which its characters, scattered across the globe, represent different nodes of a network that is connected by various strands. The movie not only incorporates quite a large number of characters but they also are, as is typical for network narratives, equally important. It is noticeable that Babel has multiple protagonists who, as a consequence, make the plot more complex in relation to time and causality.

One of the central connections between all of the main characters is the rifle. Over the course of the movie, the viewer finds out that Yasujiro Wataya visits Morocco for a hunting trip and gives the rifle as a gift to his guide, Hassan Ibrahim, who then sells it to Abdullah from where it gets passed on to his sons. Susan Jones, in turn, is shot with that very same rifle which also has a tragic impact on Amelia Hernández' life. It is observable that "all characters are affected by the connections created between them – connections that influence both their individual trajectories as characters and the overall structure of the plot".{{cite journal |last1=Poulaki |first1=Maria |title=Network films and complex causality |journal=Screen |date=2014 |volume=55 |issue=3 |page=394 |doi=10.1093/screen/hju020 |url=https://academic.oup.com/screen/article-abstract/55/3/379/1624541?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}

It shows how a single object can serve as a connection between many different characters (or nodes in a network) who do not necessarily need to know each other. Even though the rifle is not passed on any further, it continues to influence the characters' lives in significant ways. This demonstrates how the smallest actions on one side of the world can ultimately lead to a complete change of another person's life elsewhere, without there being any form of direct contact between the two (also see Butterfly effect).

It also creates a small-world effect, in which "characters will intersect again and again"{{cite book |last1=Bordwell |first1=David |title=The Way Hollywood Tells It: Story and Style in Modern Movies |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |page=98}} either directly or indirectly and mostly by accident. As Maria Poulaki observes, characters in network narratives "meet and separate not because of the characters' purposeful actions but as an outcome of pure chance".

{{colbegin}}

; Morocco

• Brad Pitt as Richard Jones
• Cate Blanchett as Susan Jones
• Mohamed Akhzam as Anwar
• Peter Wight as Tom
• Harriet Walter as Lilly
• Michael Maloney as James
• Driss Roukhe as Alarid
• Boubker Ait El Caid as Yussef
• Said Tarchani as Ahmed
• Mustapha Rachidi as Abdullah
• Abdelkader Bara as Hassan
• Wahiba Sahmi as Zohra
• Robert Fyfe as Tourist Number 14

; United States/Mexico

• Adriana Barraza as Amelia Hernández
• Gael García Bernal as Santiago
• Elle Fanning as Debbie Jones
• Nathan Gamble as Mike Jones
• Clifton Collins, Jr. as Police Officer at Mexican border
• Michael Peña as Officer John

; Japan

• Rinko Kikuchi as Chieko Wataya
• Kōji Yakusho as Yasujiro Wataya
• Satoshi Nikaido as Detective Kenji Mamiya
• Yuko Murata as Mitsu
• Shigemitsu Ogi as Dentist Chieko attempts to seduce.
• Ayaka Komatsu as Bikini Model in TV Commercial (uncredited)

{{colend}}

In one of the earlier drafts of the script written by Guillermo Arriaga, the Japanese deaf girl was originally a Spanish girl who had recently become blind.

Earlier the main leading couple problems were infidelities, but a child death was introduced to allow Pitt to better understand his character.

According to Alejandro González Iñárritu, the locations of the film played a key role in his life. He made a life changing trip to Morocco at 17. In his previous travels to Japan, he was convinced to return with a camera someday, and finally his own move from Mexico to the USA was also present in the film.

Asked about the idea for the film, which is credited to Arriaga and González Iñárritu, the former said, "It is credited to him because I had this story first placed only in two countries. He asked to have it in four and that's why he has the 'idea by' credit." Asked also if the idea of setting Babel{{'}}s two other stories in Morocco and Japan was from González Iñárritu, Arriaga answered "No, he said put it wherever you want".{{Cite web |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/babel-beginnings-as-life-changing-129834/ |title= 'Babel' beginnings as life-changing day story |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date= 9 February 2007 |publisher=Penske Media |accessdate=8 September 2022}}

When the 24-year-old Rinko Kikuchi auditioned for the role of Chieko, Iñárritu was surprised by her talent but was reluctant due to her not being deaf. The casting process continued with hundred of actresses in the following nine months, with Kikuchi ultimately winning the role a week before filming began.{{cite news |last1=Kuhn |first1=Sarah |title=No Words: Rinko Kikuchi |url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/words-rinko-kikuchi-43742/ |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=Backstage}}{{cite news |last1=Shoji |first1=Kaori |title='Babel' role simply 'had to be me' |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2007/04/19/films/babel-role-simply-had-to-be-me/ |work=The Japan Times |access-date=8 March 2024 |date=2007-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153519/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2007/04/19/films/babel-role-simply-had-to-be-me/#.VDK2wi_P32c |archive-date=2014-10-06 |url-status=live}}

At the volleyball match in Tokyo, most of the audience spectators were played by deaf people.{{cite news |title=Babel: Borders Within |url=https://www.popmatters.com/babel1-2496208945.html |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=PopMatters |date=2007-09-30}}{{Cite AV media |title=Babel |chapter=Common Ground: Under Construction Notes |type=DVD |publisher=Paramount |year=2007}}

Brad Pitt backed out of a role in The Departed, which he produced, in order to film Babel.{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-08-09 |title=AFI Movie Club: BABEL |url=https://www.afi.com/news/afi-movie-club-babel/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=American Film Institute |language=en}}

The film extras portraying migrants in the Mexico shooting were real immigrants hired by the production company.

Babel{{'}}s $25 million budget came from an array of different sources and investors anchored with Paramount Vantage.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3657439/Its-a-messy-chaotic-film-thats-how-I-like-it.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3657439/Its-a-messy-chaotic-film-thats-how-I-like-it.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='It's a messy, chaotic film - that's how I like it'|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=27 December 2006|access-date=25 October 2015}}{{cbignore}}

Filming locations included Ibaraki and Tokyo in Japan, Mexico (El Carrizo,{{cite web|title=Babel |work=Paramount Vantage |date=August 2014 |publisher=Made in Atlantis|url=http://madeinatlantis.com/movies_central/2006/babel.htm |access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909150801/http://madeinatlantis.com/movies_central/2006/babel.htm |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=live}} Sonora, and Tijuana), Morocco (Ouarzazate and Taguenzalt – a Berber village in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains, built into the rocky gorges of the Draa's valley), the US state of California (San Diego), and Drumheller in the Canadian province of Alberta.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Principal photography began using 16mm film{{Cite web |date=2020-08-04 |title=History of 16mm Film |url=https://www.scancafe.com/blog/history-of-16mm-film |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=ScanCafe |language=en-US}} on 2 May and wrapped on 1 December 2005. Several different types of film stock, including three-perf Super 35mm, 35mm, 18.5 anamorphic, were later utilized to give each location a distinct look. After filming, director Alejandro González Iñárritu and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga had a falling-out regarding the authorship of their previous film, 21 Grams.{{Cite news |last=Masters |first=Kim |author-link=Kim Masters |date=2007-02-20 |title=Babel Feud |url=https://slate.com/culture/2007/02/feuding-over-babel.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}} Arriaga argued that cinema is a collaborative medium, and that both he and González Iñárritu are thus the authors of the films they have worked on together. González Iñárritu claimed sole credit as the auteur of those same films, minimizing Arriaga's contribution to the pictures. Following this dispute, Iñárritu banned Arriaga from attending the 2006 Cannes Film Festival screening of Babel, an act for which the director was criticized.{{cite web|title=Dueling auteurs: Whose movie is it? |last=Rafferty |first=Terrence |work=International Herald-Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/19/news/auteur.php |access-date=16 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116184107/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/19/news/auteur.php |archive-date=16 November 2006|date=19 October 2006}}

{{main|Babel (soundtrack)}}

The film's original score and songs were composed and produced by Gustavo Santaolalla. The closing scene of the film features "Bibo no Aozora" by award-winning composer Ryuichi Sakamoto.{{cite web |title=Babel Soundtrack (2006) |url=http://www.soundtrack.net/album/babel/ |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=Soundtrack.Net}} The musical score won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music. It was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/326928/Babel/awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218060910/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/326928/Babel/awards|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2015|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=The New York Times|date=2015|title=Babel - Awards|access-date=25 October 2015}}

Babel was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5008870.stm|title=Multi-lingual film defies stereotypes|website=BBC Online|date=23 May 2006|access-date=21 October 2015}} It was later screened at the Toronto International Film Festival.{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-09-08-live-toronto_x.htm|title=What's happening at the Toronto Film Fest?|work=USA Today|date=17 September 2006|access-date=25 October 2015}} It opened in selected cities in the United States on 27 October 2006, and went into wide release on 10 November 2006.

When the film was released in Japan in 2007, several moviegoers reported queasiness during a scene in which Rinko Kikuchi's character visits a nightclub filled with strobe lights and flashing colors. In response, distributors administered a health warning describing the scene.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/film-japan-movie-health-dc/japan-warning-babel-may-make-you-sick-idUST18453220070502|title=Japan warning: "Babel" may make you sick|work=Reuters|date=3 May 2007|access-date=9 April 2018}}

On 20 February and 21 May 2007, Babel was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment in the United States and the United Kingdom respectively.{{cite web|last1=Rich|first1=Jamie S.|title=Babel : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/26527/babel/|website=DVD Talk|publisher=DVDTalk.com|access-date=15 February 2016|date=11 February 2007}}{{cite web|title=Babel [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Babel-DVD-Brad-Pitt/dp/B000M8MW6A |website=Amazon.co.uk |date=21 May 2007 |access-date=15 February 2016}} On 25 September 2007, Paramount re-released the film as a two-disc special edition DVD. The second disc contains a 90-minute 'making of' documentary titled Common Ground: Under Construction Notes.{{cite web|last1=Spurlin|first1=Thomas|title=Babel: Two-Disc Collector's Edition : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/30630/babel-two-disc-collectors-edition/|website=DVD Talk|access-date=15 February 2016|date=23 September 2007}} Babel has also been released on the high-definition formats, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc.{{cite web|last1=Bracke|first1=Peter|title=Babel HD DVD Review|url=http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/582/babel.html|website=High-Def Digest|publisher=Internet Brands, Inc.|access-date=15 February 2016|date=2 February 2007}}{{cite web|last1=Maltz|first1=Greg|title=Babel Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Babel-Blu-ray/288/#Review|website=Blu-ray.com|access-date=15 February 2016|date=11 September 2007}}

On its first week of release on DVD in North America (19–25 February 2007), Babel debuted #1 in DVD/Home Video Rentals.{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/dvdrentals/chart/?wk=2007-02-25&p=.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311105811/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/dvdrentals/chart/?wk=2007-02-25&p=.htm|archive-date=11 March 2007|title=DVD / Home Video Rentals, Feb. 19-25, 2007|date=February 2007|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=25 October 2015}} Total gross rentals for the week, were estimated at $8.73 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=homevideo&id=babel.htm|title=Babel DVD/Home Video Rentals|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=25 October 2015}} In the first week of DVD sales, Babel sold 721,000 units, gathering revenue of $12.3 million. By April 2007, 1,650,000 units had been sold, translating to $28.6 million in revenue.{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2006/BABEL-DVD.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704221333/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2006/BABEL-DVD.php|archive-date=4 July 2008|title=Babel - DVD Sales|date=4 July 2008|access-date=25 October 2015|website=The Numbers}} In July 2008, its US DVD sales had totaled $31.4 million.{{cite web|url=http://the-numbers.com/movies/2006/BABEL.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724134627/http://the-numbers.com/movies/2006/BABEL.php|archive-date=24 July 2008|title=Babel|website=The Numbers|date=24 July 2008|access-date=25 October 2015}}

Released in seven theaters on 27 October 2006, and then released nationwide in 1,251 theaters on 10 November 2006, Babel grossed $34.3 million in North America, and $101 million in the rest of the world, for a worldwide box office total of $135.3 million, against a budget of $25 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=babel.htm|title=Babel|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=25 October 2015}} Babel is the highest-grossing film of González Iñárritu's Death Trilogy (including Amores perros and 21 Grams{{cite web|url=http://www.orange.co.uk/entertainment/film/23672.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618125905/http://www.orange.co.uk/entertainment/film/23672.htm|archive-date=18 June 2007|title=10 things you didn't know about 19 January releases|website=Orange (UK)|access-date=25 October 2015}}), both in North America and worldwide.{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=amoresperros.htm|title=Amores Perros|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=25 October 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=21grams.htm|title=21 grams|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=25 October 2015}}

Babel received generally positive reviews. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 68% based on 203 reviews, with an average rating of 6.80/10, making the film a "Fresh" on the website's rating system. The critical consensus states that "In Babel, there are no villains, only victims of fate and circumstance. Director Alejandro González Iñárritu weaves four of their woeful stories into this mature and multidimensional film."{{Cite web |url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/babel/ |title= Babel |work=Rotten Tomatoes |publisher=Fandango |access-date=25 March 2025}} At Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 69/100, based on 38 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable" reviews.{{Cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/babel |title=Babel Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic |work=Metacritic |publisher=CBS Interactive |access-date=26 December 2011}} Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.cinemascore.com/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=CinemaScore |language=en-US}}

Film critic Roger Ebert included Babel in his The Great Movies list, stating that the film "finds Iñárritu in full command of his technique: The writing and editing moves between the stories with full logical and emotional clarity, and the film builds to a stunning impact because it does not hammer us with heroes and villains but asks us to empathize with all of its characters."{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=Babel Movie Review & Film Summary (2006)|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/babel-2006|website=RogerEbert.com|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|access-date=15 February 2016|date=22 September 2007}}

The film appeared on many critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2006.{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2006/toptens.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213004758/http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2006/toptens.shtml | archive-date=13 December 2007 | title=Metacritic: 2006 Film Critic Top Ten Lists | website=Metacritic }}

• 1th – Stephen Holden, The New York Times
• 1st – Marc Savlov, The Austin Chronicle
• 1st – Ray Bennett, The Hollywood Reporter
• 3rd – James Berardinelli, ReelViews
• 3rd – Michael Rechtshaffen, The Hollywood Reporter
• 4th – Jack Mathews, Daily News
• 4th – Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter
• 5th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
• 5th – Lou Lumenick, New York Post
• 7th – Michael Wilmington, Chicago Tribune
• 8th – Claudia Puig, USA Today
• 9th – Kevin Crust, Los Angeles Times
• 9th – Tasha Robinson, The A.V. Club
• 9th – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Timeshttps://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-movies-of-2006
• Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Dana Stevens, Slate Magazine
• Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Ruthie Stein, San Francisco Chronicle
• Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Steven Rea, Philadelphia Inquirer

• Hyperlink cinema – the film style of using multiple inter-connected story lines
• List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
• Winchester '73— a Western narrative also following a rifle

{{Reflist}}

• {{Official website|https://www.paramount.com/movies/babel}}
• {{IMDb title|0449467}}
• {{Mojo title|babel}}
• {{Metacritic film}}
• {{Rotten Tomatoes|babel}}

{{Alejandro González Iñárritu}}

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|title = Awards for Babel

|list =

{{David di Donatello Best Foreign Film}}

{{Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture Drama}}

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